Materi 3

Perangkat Keras dan

Perangkat Lunak
Sistem Informasi Manajemen
Dr. Hary Budiarto
What is a Computer?
Definisi:
„ Suatu sistem yang mempunyai perangkat
komponen input, pengolahan, output,
storage, dan kontrol.
Tipe Sistem Komputer
Eniac (1943)
…A general view of the ENIAC, the world's first all
electronic numerical integrator and computer.

From IBM Archives.

Mark I (1944)
… The Mark I paper tape readers.

From Harvard University Cruft Photo Laboratory.

IBM SSEC (1948)
The First Mouse (1964)
Computer Today

„ Sound
„ 3D
„ Animation
„ Video
„ Devices
… Size (small->very
large)
… Portable (PDA,
phone)
… Plasticity
„ Context
sensitive/aware
„ Personalizable
„ Ubiquitous
Sistem Mikrokomputer

„ Personal Computer (PC) – adalah

mikrokomputer yang digunakan secara
individu
„ Professional Workstation – adalah komputer
yang terkoneksi pada suatu jaringan untuk
digunakan dalam pengolhan busnis
„ Laptop – adalah komputer kecil yang dapat
dibawah kemana-mana
Sistem Mikrokomputer …Cont.
„ Network Server – adalah komputer yang
kinerjanya lebih baik digunakan untuk
resource sharing dalam jaringan komputer
dan digunakan sebagai server untuk
internet
„ Computer Terminals – adalah komputer
yang mempunyai ketergantungan pada
komputer server untuk kemampuan
perangkat lunaknya, storage dan
processingnya
Sistem Mikrokomputer ….Cont
„ Network Computers –adalah komputer
yang mempunyai tempat storage yang
minimal dan tersambung pada jaringan
komputer.

„ Information Appliances – adalah suatu

perangkat mikrokomputer bertipe hand-
held.
Fitur PC
Sistem Komputer Midrange
Definisi:
„ Merupakan jaringan server primer yang
dapat menangani pengolahan data skala
luas dengan berbagai aplikasi bisnis
Mainframe Systems
Definition:
„ Adalah sistem komputer yang sangat
cepat, dan berkinerja tinggi.
Supercomputer Systems
Definisi:
„ Adalah sistem komputer yang didesain
khusus untuk keperluan scientific,
engineering, dan aplikasi binis yang
membutuhkan kecepatan dan perhitungan
numerik yang sangat besar.
Sistem Fungsi Organisasi Hardware
„ Input Devices berfungsi untuk mengkonversi
data ke bentuk elektronik dalam sistem
komputer secara langsung maupun melalui
suatu jaringan telekomunikasi
„ Processing Components, adalah bagian utama
yang berfungsi sbg Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
… Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) – adalah bentuk
fungsi aritmetika dan logika yang dibutuhkan
untuk menjalankan software
Sistem Fungsi Organisasi Hardware
„ Output Devices adalah perangkat yang
memproduksi informasi elektronik untuk
keperluan presentasi pada end users
„ Storage Devices adalah tempat penyimpanan
data yang diproses melalui suatu intruksi yang
dijalankan melalui software
„ Control Components adalah bagian utama dari
CPU’s yang menginterprestasikan instruksi yang
harus dijalankan dalam melakukan kegiatan
pengontrolan.
Computer Processing Speeds
„ Millisecond – thousandth of a second

„ Microsecond – millionth of a second

„ Nanosecond – billionth of a second

„ Picosecond – trillionth of a second

Computer Clock Speeds
„ MIPS – million instructions per second

„ Megahertz (MHz) – millions of cycles per

second

„ Gigahertz (GHz) – billions of cycles per

second
Throughput
Definition:
„ Kemampuan microprocessor melakukan tugas
yang diberikan untuk proses komputasi dan
pengolahan data secara penuh selama periode
waktu tertentu
Depends on:
„ Buses – size of circuitry paths that interconnect
microprocessor components
„ Registers – that process instructions
„ Cache – high-speed memory
„ Specialized Processors
Computer Peripherals
Definition:
„ Nama umum yang diberikan untuk semua
perangkat input, output dan storage yang
merupakan suatu bagian dari sistem
komputer yang bukan bagian dari CPU.
Peripherals Advice
Online vs. Offline
„ Online – devices are separate from but
can be electronically connected to and
controlled by a CPU

„ Offline – devices are separate from and

not under the control of the CPU
Input Technologies
„ Keyboard
„ Pointing Devices
„ Pen-Based Computing
„ Speech Recognition Systems
„ Optical Scanning
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Definition:
„ Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars, etc
used for user selection
QWERTY Layout Keyboard

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A S D F G H J K L ; '

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Z X C V B N M , . /
Dvorak Layout Keyboard

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Pointing Devices
„ Electronic Mouse – Moving mouse on pad
moves cursor on screen. Pressing buttons on
mouse activates activities represented by
selected icons.
„ Trackball – Stationary device with a roller ball on
top used to move cursor on screen.
„ Pointing Stick – Small button-like device which
moves cursor in direction of pressure placed on
stick.
Pointing Device
Pointing Devices
„ Touchpad – Small rectangular touch-
sensitive surface which moves the cursor
in the direction of finger moves on the pad.

„ Touch Screen – Video display screen that

emits a grid of infrared beams, sound
waves, or a slight electric current that is
broken when the screen is touched.
Pointing Device
Pen-based Computing
Definition:
„ Pressure-sensitive layer under slate-like
liquid crystal display screen and software
that digitizes handwriting, hand printing,
and hand drawing
Speech Recognition Systems
„ Discrete – user must pause between each
spoken word

„ Continuous – software can recognize

conversationally-paced speech
Optical Scanning
Definition:
„ Devices that read text or graphics and
convert them into digital input for your
computer
Optical Character Recognition
(OCR)
Definition:
„ The machine identification of printed
characters through the use of light-
sensitive devices
Digital Sculpture

To record and archive the

morphological features of
heritage artifacts from
the past culture
Other Input Technologies
„ Magnetic Stripe – devices that read data
stored in the magnetic stripe on the back
of cards

„ Smart Cards – devices that read a

microprocessor chip embedded in a card
Other Input Technologies
„ Digital cameras – devices that allow you to
capture, store, and download still photos
and full motion pictures

„ Magnetic Ink Recognition (MICR) –

devices that can read characters printed
on source documents with an iron oxide-
based ink
Output Technologies
„ Video Output

„ Printed Output

„ Voice Response
Video Output
„ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – similar to
vacuum tubes in television

„ Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – electronic

visual displays that form characters by
applying an electrical charge to selected
silicon crystals
Printed Output
„ Inkjet Printers – spray ink onto the page

„ Laser Printers – use an electrostatic

process similar to a photocopying machine
Storage Trade-Offs
Binary Representation
Definition:
„ Data are processed and stored in a
computer system through the presence or
absence of electronic or magnetic signals
in the computer’s circuitry or in the media
it uses
Bit vs. Byte
„ Bit – binary digit, which can have a value
of either zero or one

„ Byte – basic grouping of bits that the

computer operates as a single unit,
typically eight bits
Storage Capacities
„ Kilobyte (KB) – one thousand bytes
„ Megabytes (MB) – one million bytes
„ Gigabytes (GB) – one billion bytes
„ Terabytes (TB) – one trillion bytes
„ Petabytes (PB) – one quadrillion bytes
ASCII Codes
Binary Number System
Definition:
„ Number system used by computers to
perform computations since it has only two
digits
Binary Number System
Direct vs. Sequential Access
„ Direct (or Random) Access – Each
storage position has a unique address.
Each storage position can be individually
accessed without having to search through
other storage positions.
„ Sequential Access – Data are recorded
one after another in a predetermined
sequence. Locating an individual item of
data requires searching the recorded data
until the desired item is located.
Direct vs. Sequential Access
Semiconductor Memory
Characteristics:
„ Small
„ Fast
„ Shock Resistant
„ Temperature Resistant
„ Volatile – contents of memory is lost when
power is interrupted
„ Used for Primary Storage
RAM vs. ROM
„ Random Access Memory (RAM) – each
memory position can be both sensed and
changed

„ Read Only Memory (ROM) – can be read

but not erased or overwritten
Firmware
Definition:
„ Frequently used programs which are
permanently burned into ROM during
manufacture
Magnetic Disks
Characteristics:
„ Fast
„ Large
„ Reasonably Priced
„ Used for Secondary Storage
Types of Magnetic Disks
„ Floppy Disks – single disk inside a
protective jacket

„ Hard Disk Drives – several disks, access

arms and read/write heads in a sealed
module

„ Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks

(RAID) - disk arrays of interconnected
microcomputer hard disk drives
Formatting Disks
Hard Disk Drives
Magnetic Tape
Definition:
„ Read/write heads of magnetic tape drives
record data in the form of magnetized
spots on the iron oxide coating of the
plastic tape
Optical Disks
Software
Remote Information System

Satellite Connection
Camera

Control Screen
High Res Screen Modem Connection

Microscope

Keypad
Remote Information System Application
Summary
„ Major types of computers include
microcomputers, midrange computers,
mainframe computers and
supercomputers.
„ A computer is a system of information
processing components that perform input,
processing, output, storage, and control
functions.