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HEMATOLOGY

LABORATORY NORMAL
EXAM RESULT ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
JULY 8, 2009
VALUES
• INCREASED (Leukocytosis)
• White blood cell (WBC) count is a count of the actual
number of white blood cells per volume of blood. This
test is included in general health examinations and to
4.5-11.0 x help investigate a variety of illnesses. White blood cells
WBC Count 15.5 x 10^9/L are made in the bone marrow and protect the body
10^9/L
against infection and aid in the immune response. An
elevated WBC count occurs in infection, allergy,
systemic illness, inflammation, tissue injury, and
leukemia.

WBC Differential Count


• Is the determination of the proportion of each of the five types of white blood cells in a sample of 100 white blood
cells.
• It assesses the ability of the body to respond to and eliminate infection. It reveals if these cells are present in
normal proportion to one another, if one cell type is increased or decreased, or if immature cells are present. This
information is helpful in diagnosing specific types of illnesses that affect the immune system. It also detects the
severity of allergic and drug reactions plus the response to parasitic and other types of infection. It is essential in
evaluating the reaction to viral infections and response to chemotherapy. It can also identify various stages of
leukemia.
• DECREASED
• Lymphocytes are responsible for the immune response
and regulation of antibody production. It can increase in
cases of viral infection, leukemia, cancer of the bone
Lymphocytes marrow, or radiation therapy. Decreased lymphocyte
0.22-0.44 0.10
levels can indicate diseases that affect the immune
system, such as lupus, and the later stages of HIV
infection.
• INCREASED
• Eosinophils are a type of phagocyte and they are
associated with antigen-antibody reactions.. It can
0.10 increase in response to allergic disorders, inflammation
Eosinophils 0.00-0.04 of the skin, and parasitic infections. They can also
increase in response to some infections or to various
bone marrow disorders. Decreased levels of eosinophils
can occur as a result of infection.
• NORMAL
• Monocytes are present in tissues as macrophages.
Monocytes act as phagocytes in certain chronic
inflammatory diseases. It can increase in response to
0.02 infection of all kinds as well as to inflammatory
Monocytes 0.00-0.07
disorders. Monocyte counts are also increased in
CYTHOPATHOLOGY (CYTOLOGY REPORT)

• Cytopathology is the examination of cells from the body under the microscope to identify the signs and characteristics of
disease. Cytopathology is often loosely called "cytology," a word that simply means the study of cells. A cytopathology
report tells us whether the cells studied contains signs of disease.
• A cytology report also recorded as suspicious is not considered as diagnostic of cancer and unless supported by a positive
biopsy (as reported on a pathology report) or by a clinical impression of cancer, these cases should not be abstracted.

Site of Biopsy:

Soft palate Mass Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

Diagnosis:

Soft palate cytology – Negative for Malignant cells consider Plaeomorphic Adenoma

Description of Findings:
Cytology shows moderately cellular smears composed of epithelial cells arranged in vague glands and in
sheets. These cells exhibit mild variations in nuclear size with smooth borders. Small aggregates of spindly cells set in
myxoid materials are also seen. These are framed into bloody background.

COMPATIBILITY TEST (CROSS MATCHING)


• Cross matching is done by mixing a small sample of recipient blood with a small sample of the donor blood. The mixed blood is looked
under a microscope to see if there is any clumping of blood. If there is no clumping it indicates that it is safe to transfuse the donor blood.
People must receive blood of the same blood type else serious, sometimes fatal, transfusion reaction can occur. Cross matching is essential
for organ transplantation since ABO antigens are also found on most body organs.

BLOOD GROUP A Rh (D) POSITIVE

RESULTS:

Major Cross Matching

• 37°C with LISS Phase ------------------------- No Hemolysis ; No agglutination


• AHG Phase---------------------------------------- No Hemolysis ; No agglutination

REMARKS:

• Compatible

BLOOD CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY NORMAL
EXAM RESULT ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
JUNE 29, 2009
VALUES
• NORMAL
• The blood glucose test is ordered to measure the
amount of glucose in the blood right at the time of
sample collection. It is used to detect both
hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, to help
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) 3.9-5.8 mmol/L 5.2 mmol/L diagnose diabetes, and to monitor glucose levels
in persons with diabetes. Blood glucose may be
measured on a fasting basis (collected after an 8
to 10 hour fast), randomly (anytime), post prandial
(after a meal), and/or as part of an oral glucose
tolerance test (OGTT / GTT).
• INCREASED
• ALT is an enzyme found mostly in the liver; smaller
amounts of it are also in the kidneys, heart, and
muscles. Under normal conditions, ALT levels in
the blood are low.
• The ALT test detects liver injury. ALT values are
Serum Glutamic Pyruvic usually compared to the levels of other enzymes,
Transaminase (SGPT) or such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate
0-40 m/L 56m/L
Alanine Aminotransferase aminotransferase (AST), to help determine which
(ALT) form of liver disease is present.
• Very high levels of ALT (more than 10 times the
highest normal level) are usually due to acute
hepatitis, often due to a virus infection. In acute
hepatitis, ALT levels usually stay high for about 1–
2 months, but can take as long as 3–6 months to
come back to normal.
• NORMAL
• AST is an enzyme found mostly in the heart and
liver, and to a lesser extent in other muscles.
When liver or muscle cells are injured, they release
AST into the blood.
• Very high levels of AST (more than 10 times the
Serum Glutamic- highest normal level) are usually due to acute
Oxaloacetic Transaminase hepatitis, often due to a virus infection.
0-40 m/L 39 m/L • In some diseases of the liver, especially when the
(SGOT) or Aspartate
Aminotransferase (AST) bile ducts are blocked, or with cirrhosis and certain
cancers of the liver, AST may be close to normal,
but it increases more often than ALT. When liver
damage is due to alcohol, AST often increases
much more than ALT (this is a pattern seen with
few other liver diseases). AST is also increased
CT SCAN
• A CT scan is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-
sectional images (often called slices), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of
any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general x-rays.

CLINICAL HISTORY & IMPRESSION:

Soft Palatal Mass, Right, Probably Benign

CT OF THE OROPHARYNX:

• Multiple plain and contrast enhanced axial CT images of the oropharynx were obtained with no untoward reaction

• A large isodense mass lesion measuring 10 x 5.8 x 4.1 cm is seen in the right nasopharyngeal area with involvement of
the right parapharyngeal space causing deformity of the nasopharyngeal cavity and slightly compressing the right
rossenmulla fossa

• Medial to the mandible there is an associated thinning of the left plerygoid process

• There is soft tissue density with air fluid level in right maxillary sinus

IMPRESSION:

• Isodense mass lesion , right nasopharyngeal area as described Acute Sinusitis, Right Maxilla
CHEST RADIOGRAPHY

• The chest x-ray is the most commonly performed diagnostic x-ray examination. A chest x-ray makes images of the heart,
lungs, airways, blood vessels and the bones of the spine and chest.
• An x-ray (radiograph) is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. Imaging
with x-rays involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of
the body. X-rays are the oldest and most frequently used form of medical imagin

Date: June 6, 2009

Chest X-ray

Chest Appearance View

Lungs are clear

Hearts is not enlarged

Aorta is atheromatous

Diaphragm & sulci are intact

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