Reporter: Alexander M.

Calub Jr
BEED-I
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and all`s that carry messages
to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. It coordinates
all body functions and enable an individual to adapt to changes in the internal and
external environment.
The nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which
includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) the
autonomic system.
Bone, meninges, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CFS) protect the brain and the
spinal cord from shock and infection cranial bones or skull surrounds the brain and
opens at the base where the spinal cord exits while the vertebral column protects
the spinal cord.
The brain is shaped like a mushroom and consists of four principal parts: the
brain stem, the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the diencephalon. It weighs
approximately 1.3 to 1.4 kg.
The brain stem is also known as the medulla oblongata and is located
between the pons and the spinal cord. The cerebrum forms the bulk of the brain
and is supported on the brain stem. It is divided in to two hemispheres. Each
hemisphere controls the activities of the side of the body opposite that
hemisphere. The hemispheres are divided into four lobes: frontal lobe, temporal
lobes, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe, the cerebellum is located behind and below
the cerebrum. The diencephalon is also known as the fore brain stem. It includes
the thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus is where sensory and other
impulses go while the hypothalamus is a smaller part of the diencephalon.
The meninges cover and protect the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. They
consists of three layers of connective tissue: the dura mater (outer most layer), the
arachnoid (middle layer), membrane and the ria mater (inner most layer).
Cerebrospinal fluid nourishes cells, transports metabolic waste, and cushions
the brain. This colorless fluid circulates through the ventri-brain and spinal cord,
and back to the venous sinuses on top of the brain where it is reabsorbed. The
ependymal cells constantly produce CSF at a rate of about 150 ml/day.
The spinal cord is a long tube like structural which extends from the brain. It
is composed of a series of 31 segments. The spinal cord is about 43 cm long in adult
woman and 43 cm long in adult man and weighs about 35-40gms. Two major all
types compose the nervous system, the nervous and neuroglia. The neuron is the
basic unit in the nervous system. It is a conducting cell and detect and transmit
stimuli by electromechanical messages. A typical neuron has a cell body and long
arms that conduct impulses from one body part to another. Parts of a neuron are
the cell body dendrites and axon. The cell body is like any other cell with a nucleus
or control center. The dendrites has several highly brandied, thick extensions that
appear like cables while the axes is long thin process that carries impulses away
from cell body to another neuron.
The neuroglia or glial cells serve as the supportive cells of the CNS, forming
roughly 40% of brain`s bulk. Four types of neuroglia exist, the astroglia that supplies
nutrients to the neurons, the ependymal cells that helps produce CSF, the microglia
that phagocytose waste products from inspired neurons, and the oligodendroglia
that support and electrically insulate CNS exons by forming protective myelin
sheath.
The cranial nerves has 12 pairs that transmit motor or sensory messages, or
both. All cranial nerves except olfactory and optic nerves exit from the midbrain,
pons, or medulla oblongata, of the brain stem. The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are:
Olfactory(CN I), Optic(CN II), Oculomotor(CN III), Trochlear(CN IV), Trigeminal (CN
V), Abducens(CN VI), Facial(VII), Acoustic(VIII), Glossopharyngeal(CN IX), Vagus(CN
X), Spinal Accessory(CN XI), Hypoglossal(CN XII).
The spinal nerves has 3 pairs and are named according to the vertebra
immediately below the exit point from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve consists
of afferent and afferent neurons which carry messages to and from particular body
regions. The 31 pairs are the Cervical (C1-C8), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5),
Sacral (S1-S5), and coccygeal (C1).
The vast Autonomic Nervous System innervates all internal organ. The
nerves of ANS carry messages to the viscera from the brain stem and neuro-
endocrine system. The ANS has 2 major divisions; the sympathetic nervous system
and parasympathetic NS.
The sympathetic NS stimulate the body`s fight- or fight response. It is
constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis; while the
parasympathetic NS look after the workings of one`s body during rest &
recuperation. It also controls heart rate & body temperature under normal
conditions.
Reporter: Zillah Marie B. Petilla Instructor: Dr. Erlinda D. Sison
BEED-III Reference: Internet

REALISTIC BOOKS FOR CHILDREN

Contemporary realistic fiction contains literary works that are believable and set in the modern
world. These works of fiction are believable in nature and contain characters who could
potentially be real people. When it comes to the story and plot of this type of fiction, the story
that has been crafted, while it is made up and false, could potentially take place. Unlike modern
fantasy, where magic and fantastical worlds can be found, contemporary realistic fiction is
rooted in the realm of reality.

Examples of Realistic stories:

Clara Lee and the Apple Pie Dream*

Jenny Han; Illustrated by Julia Kuo
Publisher: Little Brown, 2011
One day Clara Lee wakes after having a dream that her Grandpa has been killed by the mustache
man. When she reveals her fear of the dream to her grandfather, Clara discovers that in her
Chinese culture dreams where people die are actually a sign of good luck. So Clara sets to
counting all of the good things that happen to her throughout the day, and most importantly
giving a speech for the Little Miss Apple Pie contest. The only thing holding her back is the belief
that she isn't as American like her classmate ... who's family can be traced back for generations
in her small town. With a little luck on her side and some encouragement from Grandpa, Clara
Lee discovers that she may actually be more American than she thinks. This novel explores the
challenges of being a minority in small town America and is appropriate for young readers who
enjoy a little comedy and a heart-warming story.

Ang Kapuri-puring Kuting,

Teach your children manners and respect via this kitten who says thank you, greets her elders,
helps others and does not say hurtful things even when she is angry. Each page has one short
sentence so it's perfect for very young readers.
Author: Eugene Y. Evasco / Illustrator: Dominic Agsaway / Publisher: Lampara Books

Salamat Po

Young children learn through repetition and saying “salamat po” is an important sign of gratitude
and respect we want them to learn. The book is also a sweet story of young child who says
“salamat po” for all his blessings throughout the day.

VOCABULARY WORDS:
Contemporary- living or occurring at the same time.
Fiction- literature in the form of prose, especially short stories and novels, that describes
imaginary events and people
Crafted- exercise skill in making (something)
Realm- a kingdom
Parte pa rin ang librong ito ng Mga Aral nina Pagong at Matsing ng Lampara Books. Ang librong ito ay kuwento ni Sir
Eugene Evasco at iginuhit ni Dominic Agsaway. Kung mapapansin ninyo, kabaligtaran ito ng naunang kuwento na
ginawan ko din ng book review: Ang Mainggiting Kuting. Halos pareho din ang mga karakter ng kwento at pati ang
istilo ng pagguhit.
Maraming kagandahang-asal na ipinamalas si Kuting sa kuwento. Siyempre hangad ng may-akda na matutunan din
ito ng mga batang magbabasa ng kuwento. Unang magandang-asal na taglay ni Kuting ay ang pagmamano sa
nakatatanda. Kaugalian ito ng mga Pilipino na tanda ng paggalang sa nakatatanda.
Nakikinig sa payo ng mga nakatatanda. Hindi tulad ng ibang kabataan na hindi nakikinig sa mga magulang at kung
minsan ay sumasagot pa ng pabalang. Sa panahon ngayon dumarami na rin ang mga kabataan na hindi sumusunod
sa kanilang mga magulang kaya madalas ay nakakaranas ng kapahamakan. Lagi kasi nating tandaan na mahal tayo ng
ating mga magulang at ang mga ginagawa nila ay para sa ating kapakanan. Sabi ng Panginoon sa Exodus
20:12 "Igalang mo ang iyong ama at ang iyong ina: upang ang iyong mga araw ay tumagal sa ibabaw ng lupa na
ibinibigay sa iyo ng Panginoon mong Dios".
Marunong ding magpasalamat si Kuting. Dapat ay hindi tayo maging mareklamo sa kung ano ang ibinigay sa atin ng
Panginoon. Piliin natin na makita ang maganda sa lahat ng gma bagay at karanasan. Kasi kung lagi tayong titingin sa
kamalian, kakulangan at hindi maganda sa bawat bagay, lagi lang tayong malulungkot at mabibigo. Sabi nga nila
"count your blessings". Magpasalamat sa lahat ng bagay na iyong natatanggap.
Magalang din si Kuting sa nakakatanda. Tinutulungan niya ang mga ito lalo na kung nakikita niya na nahihirapan ang
mga ito. Maraming mga kabataan Pilipino ang nakikita kong magalang pa rin. Lalo na sa mga nakatatanda.
Gusto ko din kay Kuting ay ang malasakit niya sa kalikasan at sa kapligiran. Hindi siya nagtatapon ng basura kung
saan-saan. Sa bagay na ito kulang ang mga Pilipino. Wala tayong disiplina sa pagtatapon ng ating mga basura. Kahit
ang maliit na pabalat ng kendi, sa halip na ibulsa o itapon sa basurahan, mas pinipili ng karamihan na itapon sa daan.
Nakakalungkot na walang disiplina ang mga Pilipino pagdating sa pagtatapon ng basura. Kaya hindi ako nagugulat
kung bakit sobrang dumi ng mga kalsada lalo na sa mga syudad tulad ng Maynila.
Hindi rin siya nagsasabi ng masasamang salita o nagmumura. Ang problema sa mga kabataan ngayon madalas nilang
naririnig ang mga mura kaya inaakala nila ay katanggap-tanggap ito at ayos lang sabihin. Sana sa mga nakatatanda,
maging mabuting halimbawa tayo sa mga bata.
At dahil sa taglay na katangian ni Kuting, mahal na mahal siya ng mga tao sa paligid niya. Iginagalang kasi niya ang
mga tao sa paligid niya maging ang kanyang kapaligiran. Sana mabasa ito ng mga kabataan at matuto mula sa buhay
ni Kuting.

Young Reader Reaction: This is an excellent story that shows children that if you believe that you can do something, have good
luck and the correct level of confidence, you can achieve your goal. This is a well-written book with very good illustrations. It is
easy for young readers to understand the message. Young girls will really enjoy reading it, and I would buy this as a gift for a
young girl. The only downside for me was that there are parts where the story gets a little repetitive and boring. Overall, it is a
great book to motivate children and show them that with belief and confidence you can achieve anything that you want to
achieve in life.
Reporter: Alexander M. Calub Jr. Instructor: Dr. Erlinda D. Sison
BEED-I Reference: Internet

THE ESSAY

An essay is a piece of writing, usually from an author's personal point of view.

Essays are non-fictional but often subjective; while expository, they can also
include narrative. Essays can be literary criticism, political manifestos, learned
arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author.

TYPES OF ESSAY:

1. Narrative essays
The aim of a narrative essay is to describe a course of events from a subjective
vantage point and may be written in first-person present or first person past tense.
Though not always chronological, narrative essays do follow the development of a
person through a series of experiences and reflections. The focus of the essay is
often to more clearly identify the point of view of the narrator, and to express
common features of subjectivity.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Fairy tales are narratives. The plot typically begin with "Once upon a time ..." and
end with "happily ever after."
Novels that you read are narratives. For example the Harry Potter series is a set of
books that relate the story of Harry's education as a wizard at Hogwarts, and his
fight against the evil Voldemort.

2. Persuasive essays
In a persuasive essay, the writer tries to persuade the reader to accept an idea or
agree with an opinion. The writer's purpose is to convince the reader that her or
his point of view is a reasonable one. The persuasive essay should be written in a
style that grabs and holds the reader's attention, and the writer's opinion should
be backed up by strong supporting details.
 3. Argumentative essays
Argumentative essays are most often used to address controversial issues - i.e.
serious issue over which there is some evident disagreement. An argument is a
position combined with its supporting reasons. Argumentative papers thus set out
a main claim and then provide reasons for thinking that the claim is true. [edit]
Imitation Iimitation essays are essays in which the writer pulls out the main thesis
and outline of a particular paper, and then writes an essay in his or her own style.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Wild animals should not be bred in captivity.
a. Animals do not thrive long-term in captivity.
b. Places like zoos and animal-themed amusement parks should focus on housing
animals that are too sick or injured to survive in the wild.
c. No man-made habitat can mirror what animals have in the wild.
d. Counter-argument-places that breed animals in captivity help to educate the
public on wild animal species. However, there are plenty of animals who are sick or
injured that these places could house, and the general public could learn from
these animals.

4. Expository Essays: Just the Facts

The expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a

balanced analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or
defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing
encompasses a wide range of essay variations, such as the comparison and
contrast essay, the cause and effect essay, and the “how to” or process
essay. Because expository essays are based on facts and not personal
feelings, writers don’t reveal their emotions or write in the first person.

5. Descriptive Essays: Painting a Picture

A cousin of the narrative essay, a descriptive essay paints a picture with

words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of
special significance. However, this type of essay is not description for
description’s sake. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper
meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should
show, not tell, through the use of colorful words and sensory details. The
best descriptive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, with a result that is
highly evocative.