Submitted Abstract List

(updated 26 Jan 2010)

No Abstract Title Author

Comparing Ordinary Kriging And Ordinary Cokriging Methods for estimating Bedrock
1 M. Nur Heriawan et al
Elevation of Lateritic Nickel Deposit at Gee Island, East Halmahera

2 Forward Modeling 2D of GPR Response for Coal Characterization and Surrounding Eddy Ibrahim
Ground Penetrating Radar Polarization and Scattering from Layered Coal at Tambang
3 Eddy Ibrahim and Suheidi
Air Laya, Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera, Indonesia
Comparison Between the Methods of Finite Element and Kriging on the Estiamtion of
4 Ferdy Firmansyah et al,.
Nikel Laterite Resource
5 Gologi Teknik Daerah Kertajati Kabupaten Majalengka, Jawa Barat Untung Sudarsono et al
6 Reservoir Characteristics of Formation in Upper Kutai Sub-Basin Andi Ruswandi et al
Distribusi Ukuran Butir Matriks Breksi Gunung Api di Daerah Lombok Timur, Nusa
7 Sigit Maryanto
Tenggara Barat
Best Practice on Ore/Waste Delineation in Cu-Au Porphyry Deposit : A Case Study in
8 Eddy Priowasono et al
Batu Hijau Deposit
9 Ancaman Bahaya Letusan Gunung Api Skala Besar dan Monogenesis di Indonesia Sutikno Bronto
 Comparing Ordinary Kriging And Ordinary Cokriging Methods for estimating Bedrock Elevation of Lateritic Nickel
Deposit at Gee Island, East Halmahera

M. Nur Heriawan1 , Syafrizal 1 , Robby Hartanto A.2 , Lukman Efendi 3

1
Earth Resources Exploration Research Group, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering – ITB
2
Undergraduate Program Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering – ITB
3
Unit Geomin PT. Aneka Tambang, Tbk.
E-mail: heriawan@mining.itb.ac.id

ABSTRACT

One of the challenge s in exploration of lateritic nickel deposit in Gee Island, East Halmahera is the fact that some exploration
drillholes have not passed through the bedrock zone (unfinished drillholes) . As we would like to obtain an optimum model of
lateritic nickel reserve, we need to perform an accurate estimation of geometric zone of bedrock position in unfinished drillholes. In
this study , we compare Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Ordinary Cokriging (COK) methods which assumed having high capability to
produce an accurate estimation. Based on the drilling pattern at Gee Island, we divided the target area into two blocks, i.e. North
and South Blocks. The elevations of top and bottom of High Saprolit e Ore Zones (HSOZ) will be used to estimate the bedrock
position. The bottom elevation of HSOZ was assumed to be the top elevation of bedrock which was the main target of estimation.
Hence, the variogram and cross-variogram analysis as well as their fitting model were constructed using GSLIB Program to obtain
the geostatistical parameters . The estimation of bedrock elevation resulted by OK and COK methods were plotted along line Y=X
versus the actual data from mine-out to see the unbiasedness. The scatter plot showed that the result tend to be unbiased with high
coefficient of correlation (ρ ). OK estimation vs. actual data showed ρ 0.969 and 0.939 respectively for North and South Blocks,
while COK estimation vs. actual data showed ρ 0.970 and 0.948 respectively for both North and South Blocks. By this result, we
conclude that in estimating bedrock elevation, COK method shows relatively higher accuracy rather than OK method.

Keywords: ordinary kriging, ordinary cokriging, bedrock elevation

Received: 21 December 2010

Forward Modeling 2D of GPR Response for Coal Characterization and Surrounding

Eddy Ibrahim
Department of Mining Engineering, University Of Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
eddy_ibrahim@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Forward modeling 2D of GPR response with 100 MHz, and 1GHz center frequencies was conducted using a known geometry of
coal layering outcrop observed on site and permittivity values resulted from laboratory measurement assuming that permittivity is
approximately constant with frequency. Other physical properties used in calculation are taken from literature. A simulation was
carried out by perpendicular broad side antenna orientations. Result of modeling GPR responses could determined position and
thickness coal layering very well. Signature wave on GPR response from coal layering was multiple reflection. Field measurement
was carried out using RAMAC system with 200 MHz antenna. The measurement on site was conducted on coal seam overlaid and
underlaid by clay layers due to stage of modeling. Result of implementation have suitable each other.

Keywords; Forward modeling 2D, coal characterization, multiple reflection

Received: 30 December 2010
 Ground Penetrating Radar Polarization and Scattering from Layered Coal at Tambang Air Laya, Tanjung Enim, South
Sumatera, Indonesia

Eddy Ibrahim* and Suheidi**

*)
Department of Mining Engineering, University Of Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
eddy_ibrahim@yahoo.com
**)
Division of Exploration PTBA

ABSTRACT

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) polarizaton is important consideration when designing a GPR survey and is useful to constrain the
size, shape, orientation, and electrical properties of buried objects. The polarization of the signal measured by receive antenna is a
function of the polarization of the transmit antenna and scattering properties of subsurface target. Layered coal fracture such as face
cleat with occasional water contents represent important enviromental and coal exploration targets. The backscattered fields from
layered coal fracture may be strongly depolarized depending on the orientation of the fracture or face cleat relative to the antennas,
the electrical properties of the fracture and the radius of the fracture compared to the incident wavelength. These polarization
dependent scattering properties have important implication for the target detection, survey design, and data interpretation.

Keywords; Design survey, polarization and scattering, coal fracture, cleat system
Received: 30 December 2010

Comparison Between the Methods of Finite Element and Kriging on the Estiamtion of Nikel Laterite Resource

Ferdy Firmansyah 1, Lilik Eko Widodo2, M. Nur Heriawan3

1
Pusdiklat Geologi - Departemen Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral, Jl.Cisitu Lama No 37 Bandung 40135,
Email:ferdy94@gmail.com
2
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Telp. 022-2502239 ext. 140,
Email: lew@mining.itb.ac.id
3
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Telp. 022-2502239 ext. 132,
Email: heriawan@mining.itb.ac.id

ABSTRACT

Mineral resource (gold, nickel etc) is generally stated by the conventional model and non-deterministic (geostatistic) model.
Geometry model is carried out by the conventional model in the form of the block/grid. Whereas in carrying out the estimation of
the content, the method used is the geostatistic method. Although being regarded as adeq uate but it would be better if the method
used has the similar basis in geometry and content modelling.

The Finite Element method with the basis of calculus (deterministic) have limitations in handling some non -continuous objects.
This method cannot detect a limit that is not continuous. However despite of the weakness this method has advantages in
modelling. The element can be adjustable in the modelling process. After successful use in the calculation of coal resources then
this method will be used to count laterite nickel resources.

The estimation of the laterite nickel resource is lim ited by Cut of Grade (Cog); i.e,;for limonite nickel, the content of Ni = 1.0%
and Fe = 25%; for saprolite nickel the content of Ni = 1.4% and Fe = 25%. The result of the Ni content estimation using the
kriging method is 86.726 ton whereas using the element method is 74.830 ton.

To determine the accuracy of the of laterite nickel resource calculation, we need a parameter that can be measured. So, cross-
validation analysis is carried out to test the accuracy of estimation methods. The results from this test suggest that the finite element
method can match the accuracy of the kriging method and even higher, therefore this method can be used in modelling and
estimating the resources of laterite nickel. Results of the analysis also show that even more elements that are used then this method
become increasingly accurate.

Received: 05 January 2010

 Geologi Teknik Daerah Kertajati Kabupaten Majalengka, Jawa Barat

G. Hasibuan, U. Sudarsono, I. B. Sudjarwo, dan IBP A. Candana

BADAN GEOLOGI, Jl. Diponegoro 57 Bandung 40122, e-mail: untung@dgtl.esdm.go.id

SARI
Studi geologi teknik di daerah Kertajati dilaksanakan berkaitan dengan rencana dibangunnya Bandar Udara Internasional Jawa
Barat (BIJB) di kawasan tersebut. Studi mencakup kondisi morfologi dan geologi, sifat keteknikan tanah dan batuan, yang
dilaksanakan dengan metoda pemetaan geologi teknik, uji lapangan dengan alat penetrometer kapasitas 2.5 ton, pemboran tangan,
uji laboratorium mekanika tanah, dan analisis mineral lempung.
Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa rencana tapak BIJB merupakan daerah datar bergelombang ringan dengan kemiringan lereng
kurang dari 3% dan ditutupi oleh batuan sedimen berumur Kuarter (Qos), dan endapan aluvium (Qa) berumur Holosen yang secara
geologi teknik dibedakan menjadi batuan, tanah ditransport dan tanah residu.Tanah ditransport berupa endapan aluvium terdapat di
bagian tenggara daerah studi yaitu di desa Kertajati berupa lanau plastis (MH) abu-abu kehitaman, lunak.
Tanah residu terdapat hampir di seluruh daerah studi, berdasarkan uji penetrometer dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga lapisan, dari atas
ke bawah sebagai berikut : Lapisan 1 merupakan lapisan paling atas tersusun atas lempung lunak plastis (CH) dengan perlawanan
konus, qc, berkisar antara 2–15 kg/cm2 dan perbandingan friksi fr =3%; Lapisan 2 mempunyai perlawanan konus berkisar antara 2–
20 kg/cm 2 dan perbandingan friksi fr antara 1,5% - 3% dan ditafsirkan sebagai lempung pasiran atau pasir lempungan; dan
Lapisan 3 terletak di bawah lapisan 2 mempunyai perlawanan konus berkisar antara 20 -100 kg/cm 2 dan perbandingan friksi antara
0,5% - 1,5% dan ditafsirkan sebagai pasir. Di bawah lapisan 3 terdapat batuan dasar yang mempunyai perlawanan konus =150
kg/cm 2.
Untuk membangun bandara bertaraf internasional masih diperlukan studi geologi teknik lebih rinci termasuk uji lapangan untuk
memperoleh parameter-parameter desain guna rekayasa pembangunan BIJB

Kata kunci : BIJB, penetrometer, perlawanan konus (qc), perbandingan friksi (fr).

ABSTRACT
Engineering geological studies in Kertajati area are implemented in relation with construction plan of the International Airport of
West Java (BIJB) in the region. The study includes morphological and geological conditions, nature of soil and rock engineering
properties conducted by methods of engineering geology mapping, field tests with a capacity 2.5 ton penetrometer, hand drilling,
soil mechanical laboratory testing, and clay mineralogical analysis.
The study shows that the Airport site plan is lightweight corrugated flat area with slope of the area less than 3% and covered by
Quarter age sedimentary rocks (Qos), and alluvium deposits (Qa) Holocene age that are devided by their engineering geological
characteristics of rocks, transported and residual soils.Transported soils were founded in the southeastern part of the study area in
the village of Kertajati are plastic silts (MH) blackish gray and soft.
Residual soils found in almost whole of the area, based on penetrometer tests could be grouped into three layers, from top to
bottom as follows : Layer 1 is the top layer that composed high plasticity soft clays (CH) with cone resistance (qc) ranging between
2 - 15 kg/cm 2 and friction ratio (fr) =3%; Layer 2 has a cone resistance ranging between 2 - 20 kg/cm 2 and friction ratio between
1,5% to 3% then interpreted as sandy clays or clayey sands; and Layer 3 is laid at bottom layer 2 has cone resistance ranges from
20 to 100 kg/cm 2 and friction ratio between 0,5% - 1,5% then interpreted as sands. Baserock is below there three layers has cone
resistance =150 kg/cm 2.
For building an International Airport is still necessary engineering geology study in more detail, including field tests to obtain
design parameters for engineering development of the airport.

Received: 19 January 2010

 Reservoir Characteristics of Formation in Upper Kutai Sub-Basin

Agus Priyantoro* , Engkus Kusmana*, Andi Ruswandi*

* PPPTMGB “LEMIGAS”

ABSTRACT
Based on field work supported by laboratory analyses of samples from Upper Kutai Sub-basin have resulted sedimentation is
initially in Early Cretaceous-Early Eocene that produced sediments dominated by fluvial deposits (Kiham Haloq Formation). Up-
wards, the sediments ar e continued as fluvial-deltaic deposits of Batu Kelau Formation deposited in Middle Eocene, fluvial-deltaic
to shallow marine of Batu Ayau Formation deposited in Middle to Late Eocene, and shallow marine deposits that consist of
sandstone, massive shale, and limestone in Early to late Oligocene (Ujoh Bilang Formation).
Reservoir rocks indentified in Upper Kutai Sub-Basin are sandstones of Kiham Haloq Formation (fluviatile), deposited in
Paleocene (porosity 5 – 8%), Batu Ayau Formation (fluvial – deltaic) in Middle – Late Eocene (porosity 13 – 29%, permeability
1.2 – 268 mD), Limestone of Batu Ayau Formation in Late Eocene (porosity 4 – 8%), sandstone of Ujoh Bilang Formation in
Oligocene (porosity 14.1%, permeability 0.58 mD), and limestone of Ujoh Bilang Formation in Oligocene (porosity 4 - 8%).
Porosity types that developed within sandstone reservoirs are interparticle pores and microporosity that produced from decaying of
unstable grains due to weathering. Whereas in limestone reservoir porosity that is developed include dissolution porosity such as
mouldic and vugular pore types.

Received: 20 January 2010

DISTRIBUSI UKURAN BUTIR MATRIKS BREKSI GUNUNGAPI

DI DAERAH LOMBOK TIMUR, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

Sigit Maryanto

Pusat Survei Geologi, Badan Geologi J l. Diponegoro No. 57 Bandung 40122

Telp. 022-7203205 ext. 180, e-mail: sigitmaryanto@ymail.com

ABSTRAK

Batuan gunungapi yang termasuk ke dalam Formasi Kalipalung, Formasi Kalibabak, dan Formasi Lekopiko tersingkap dengan baik
di daerah Lombok Timur dan pada umumnya berupa breksi gunungapi. Karakter matriks breksi gunungapi pada ketiga formasi
tersebut diteliti berdasarkan data pengujian besar butir di laboratorium, dalam kaitannya dengan perkembangan proses
pengendapan batuan. Hasil pengujian besar butir terhadap delapan puluh satu sampel matriks breksi gunungapi yang dipilih secara
acak menunjukkan adanya kesamaan karakter padaFormasi Kalipalung dan Formasi Kalibabak. Kedua formasi ini terendapkan
dengan mekanisme pengendapan aliran peruntuhan atau laharik. Di lain fihak, perbedaan nyata terjadi antara kedua formasi
tersebut dengan Formasi Lekopiko, yang mana pengendapan Formasi Lekopiko telah terpengaruh oleh mekanisme pengendapan
epiklastika aliran lumpur.

Received: 22 January 2010

 Best Practice on Ore/Waste Delineation in Cu-Au Porphyry Deposit :
A Case Study in Batu Hijau Deposit

Dahroni, Ruli Amrullah Hasbi, Eddy Priowasono, Dudy Setyandhaka, Johan Arif

PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara

Jl. Sriwijaya 258 Mataram Lombok NTB
Email: dudy.setyandhaka@newmont.com;eddy.priowasono@newmont.com, johan.arif@newmont.com,
ruli.amrullah.hasbi@newmont.com , wahyudi.malik@newmont.com

ABSTRACT
Batu Hijau is one of the largest Cu-Au Porphyry deposits in the world and the ore body is mined by means of open pit method.
Batu Hijau mine operates large shovels and trucks to mine material, classified as either ore or waste depending on its economic
value ($ Cu/t + $ Au/t + $ Ag/t). The principal objective of an optimized grade control procedure in Batu Hijau is to maximize the
financial returns from short-term mining of a related bench creating ore block polygon release. Interpretation of ore and waste
polygon outlines are very critical aspects to delineating sub-optimal results and potential cause on misclassification and dilution of
ore and waste material that could lead to financial losses.

In normal condition, ore/waste delineatio n should be proceed when all assay data (blasthole) is available. Production
Geologists/Engineers shall wait until the data (particularly later turn-around flotation recovery data) is completed before ore
delineation is initiated and block polygon is released. However, when the broken ore inventory is very low, the Production
geologists are in pressure to delineate ore/waste based on the limited data. In case of an unexpected mine plan change, the
exploration block model could be used in areas where there’s no blasthole assay information.

Polygon release is very important to providing data on the material type for further processing and to distinguishing material
assignment that should be sent to the crusher, to be stockpiled or wasted. The optimization of polygon release and polygon shape
by grade control based on all supporting data (i.e. distribution of individual blast hole assay, lithology, alteration, structures,
hardness) and operational perspectives will delineate optimal results that avoid misclassification and minimize dilution of ore and
waste which could lead to financial losses.

Received: 22 January 2010

ANCAMAN BAHAYA LETUSAN GUNUNG API SKALA BESAR DAN MONOGENESIS DI INDONESIA

Oleh: Dr. Ir. Sutikno Bronto

Pusat Survei Geologi, Badan Geologi, Dept. ESDM
Jl. Diponegoro 57 Bandung 40122
E-mail: sbronto@gerdc.esdm.go.id; HP: 08164227924

Sari
Indonesia mempunyai banyak gunung api, yang berpotensi menimbulkan bencana bagi manusia dan lingkungan hidup di
sekitarnya. Usaha mitigasi sudah dilakukan terhadap 129 gunung api aktif, yang lokasi sumber bahaya dan berdasar sejarah
kegiatan jenis ancaman bahayanya sudah diketahui. Namun demikian, ancaman bahaya letusan gunung api yang lebih besar, baik
berupa letusan gunung api kaldera maupun longsoran kerucut gunung api masih memerlukan penelitian dasar geologi. Begitu pula
terhadap potensi ancaman bahaya gunung api monogenesis, karena dapat membentuk lubang letusan baru di luar pusat gunung api
aktif yang ada. Pemikiran ini dilandasi oleh kenyataan bahwa sampai sekarang belum ada letusan besar setara G. Tambora 1815
dan G. Krakatau 1883, namun kegiatan tektonika yang menimbulkan tsunami dan gempa bumi besar sudah sering terjadi. Kedua,
erupsi gunung api lumpur Sidoarjo berlangsung cukup lama dan kawasan gunung api semakin dipadati oleh pemukiman serta
kegiatan usaha.

Kata kunci: bahaya, gunung api, kaldera, letusan, longsoran, monogenesis

Abstract
Indonesia has a lot of volcanoes which their potentially hazards threaten people and environment. Mitigation efforts have been
conducting to 129 active volcanoes where source locations and types of hazard are relatively well defined, mainly based on
historical records. However, volcanic hazards due to larger eruptions, such as caldera explosions and gigantic volcanic debris
avalanches, still require basic geological data. This also includes potentially hazard studies on monogenetic volcanoes, that may
form a new vent at outside of the present active volcano. This idea is proposed based on facts that there has no a large scale
explosion since the Tambora 1815 and Krakatau 1883 eruptions, but large scale tectonic activities have frequently occurred
recently causing big tsunamis and earthquakes. Secondly, Sidoharjo mud volcano has been erupting for long time, and volcanic
areas are occupied for living and business, intensively.

Received: 26 January 2010