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Dual Power Supply Construction

Powell Abel Makaripe


Elelectrical and Elelctronic
engineering Science
University of Johannesburg
Johannesburg, South Africa
powellmamripe@gamail.com

Abstract—This report gives the detailed construction of a II. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS


dual power supply using transformer bridge rectifier and
regulators. The output voltage of the power supply should A. Background theory
between 15V and -15 V. As stated in the introduction, a power supply is a device
that transforms either AC voltage or DC voltage into DC or
Keywords—dual power supply, bridge rectifier, regulator,
AC voltage respectively. A dual power supply is an electric
transformer
power supply that provides positive polarity and negative
I. INTRODUCTION polarity as well as ground potential. There are some circuits
which require both positive and negative rails for proper
A power supply is a device that is used to supply electricity functioning. In most cases the power supply converts a high
to the load that is connected to it [1]. Power supply also refers AC input voltage into a low DC output voltage. This is
to devices that convert one form of electrical energy into illustrated on the graphs below
another form of electrical energy. The term power supply is
used to refer to any device that converts AC voltage into DC
voltage or from DC voltage into AC voltage [2].
Most electronic devices require low DC voltages to function
without being damaged. The device that is mainly used to
power these devices is a power supply that converts AC
voltage into low DC voltage. Many electronic devices like
televisions for example, have power supplies that convert an
AC voltage into a low DC voltage.
Figure 1 Input voltages
A. Objectives of the experiment
The aim of the experiment was to construct a dual power
supply that has the following properties:
 It would take an AC voltage and convert it into an
output DC voltage can be varied to a desired
voltage.
 It would regulate the output voltage such that the
output would be a constant DC voltage
 The output has two voltage outputs, 0V to +15V,
and 0V to -15 V (the output voltage also varied Figure 2 Output voltage
from 14-18V).

The following components were used in the construction of


B. Operating principle for the power supply
the power supply:
 A transformer The dual power supply has the following units basic:
 A bridge rectifier
 Diodes
 Resistors
 Transistors
 Capacitors PROTECTIO RECTIFICAT REGULATIO
 Variables
INPUT FILTERING OUTPUT
N ION N

The above components were soldered to a circuit board


following the layout which was provided.
The power supply was constructed in such a way that it
would operate using the following principles of operation:
(i) Operating principles of a transformer

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE


III. EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS AND METHOD

A. Components used in the construction of the power


supply
The components used in the construction of the power
supply are listed in the table below.
Table 1 list of components

Component Specifications Qty


Figure 3 transformer circuit diagram
1 Bridge rectifier WO4 1
The figure above shows a transformer which has both the
2 Diodes IN4007 6
primary and secondary windings [3]. The primary voltage (vp),
the secondary voltage (vs), number of turns in both the 3 Pos. Regulator LM317T 1
secondary and primary winds (Ns and Np respectively) and the
current flowing through the secondary and primary winding 4 Neg. regulator LM337T 1
are related by the following equation (1) [3]:
5 Resistors 1000Ω 3
𝑣𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝑖𝑠
= = (1) 6 Resistors 2
𝑣𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝑖𝑝 220Ω
(ii) The operating principle of bridge rectifier and filtering 7 Variable Resistors 5000Ω 2
The bridge rectifier consists of diodes arranged in a circuit 8 Capacitors 1000µF 2
shown in the figure below [4].
9 Capacitors 100nF 2
10 LED 1
11 Switch SPDT 1
12 3way connectors 2
13 Poly-switch fuse 2
14 Fuse 0.1 A 1
15 Fuse Holder 1
16 Panel sockets 4mm 3
Figure 4 bridge rectifier
17 Transformer 220V/12v 1
The bridge rectifier converts alternating current which
18 Enclosure 1
reverses periodically into direct current which flows in one
direction.
The functions of the components list in the table above has
the following functions:
(a) The transformer
 In general, a transformer either steps up a voltage
or steps down a voltage.
 In the construction of the power supply the
The above graph shows a rectified wave of an alternating transformer was used to step down the AC
current. The rectified wave form can be smoothening by voltage from 220V to 12V.
connecting the bridge across a capacitor to give the following
wave.
(b) The Bridge rectifier
 The bridge rectifier converts AC voltage to DC
voltage [4].
 In general, the bridge rectifier consists of four
diodes connected in a bridge configuration.

Figure 6 Resistors

(f) The fuse


 Protects the appliance by breaking the circuit
when the current flowing in the power supply
increases.

(c) Capacitors
 Capacitors are connected to form a filter circuit
which is connected parallel to the output of
rectifier.

Figure 7 fuse

B. Construction of the power supply


Listed below are the steps taken during the construction
of the power supply:
 The function of the filter is to smooth the peaks  The bridge rectifier, the capacitors, diodes and
of obtained from the rectifier.
the poly-switch fuses where soldered to the
circuit board following the diagram which was
shown on the power supply construction sheet.
 The enclose was drilled using the following size
for different holes:

(1) Power Cord and Plug: 11 mm


(2) Fuse: 11 mm
(3) LED: 6 mm
(4) Switch: 6 mm
(5) POTS: 8 mm
(6) 3 Output Ports: 4 mm
(d) Diodes (7) Transformer and Circuit Board Bolts: 3 mm
 They conduct current in only one direction

 One end of the power cable was connected to a


3-pin plug with the yellow/green wire being
connected to the earth, blue wire being
connected to neutral and the brown wire being
connected to the live. Inside the enclosure, at
least at least 10cm of the cable was required for
the following connections:
Figure 5 A diode
 The top of the fuse was connected to the switch
and the bottom was connected the transformer
live wire.
(e) Resistors
 The following connections were made to the
 Protect other circuit components by limiting the input jumper J1:
current flow.
(1) Connect J1:1 to Transformer Left Bottom
(2) Connect J1:2 to Transformer Middle % error = 0.67%
(3) Connect J1:3 to Transformer Right Bottom

 Connections where made between the left-hand The errors associated with our nominal DC voltage was
side terminal of Pot1 and the R4 at the top left of probably due to the fact that components are not perfect.
the board using a 25 cm red wire. Another There is a tolerance margin associated with each
connection was made between the middle component. Because of this, our voltage was probably
terminal of the pot1 and R4 at the top middle of skewed slightly. Other percent errors show accurate creation
the board using a black wire. of the power supply we were required to design.
When the power supply was switched on the LED turned on
 Connections were made between the left-hand
showing that power was circulating in the power supply
side terminal of Pot2 to R3 at the top left of the The output voltage was determined using a multimeter and
board. Another connection was made between the multimeter was also used to check if all components in
the middle terminal of Pot2 and R3 at the top the circuit where operating well.
middle of the board. When pot1 was varied the voltage reading on the multimeter
 The LED was mounted on the enclose and swung between 0-1V and 18.1V, and when Pot2 was varied
connected to the circuit board using wires. the multimeter varied between 0V and -18.1V.
 Capacitors were soldered to the circuit board as
was shown on the power supply chart.
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
 Diode and resistors where connected to the
circuit board as was shown on the power supply The objective of this practical was to construct a dual power
chart. supply that had an output voltage between+15V and -15V
making use of a transformer, bridge rectifier, capacitor,
 The following connections where made to the
regulators and diodes. When the power supply was turned on
output jumper2: the output voltage was as expected.
(1) +Output: RED: LHS: J2:3 (Bottom), 15 cm of
wire I gained a lot of experience in soldering from this practical
(2) Ground: GREEN: MIDDLE: J2:2 (Middle), 11 and I have also leant how to convert AC voltage to DC
cm of wire voltage.
(3) -Output: BLACK: LHS: J2:1 (Top), 6 cm of wire VI. REFERENCES

 Heat sinks where mount to the regulators which


soldered to the circuit board. [1] K. GUPTA, " REPORT ON POWER SUPPLY".
 The circuit board, transformer and other [2] W. Stranburg, "Power Supply Design Project".
components were mounted to their respective [3] M. Salam and Q. Rahman, Power Systems, Singapore:
positions om the enclosure. Springer Science+Business Media, 2016.
[4] J. Stiles, "The Bridge Rectifier," 2004.

IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS


A. Comparison of outputs to construction specifications

- Our construction specified


DC output voltage = +15V and -15V (in some cases 14-
18V)
AC input voltage =220-240 V at 50Hz
-Results obtained where
DC output voltage=18.1V and -18.1V
The error in AC input-voltage is:

% error = abs{[(220 V RMS–220 V RMS) / 220 V RMS]}


x 100

% error = 0%

The error in DC output voltage is:

% error = abs{[(18 V – 18.1 V) / 15 V]} x 100

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