Solubility of solids in liquids and Partial

molal volume
Hogi Sugiharto and Ihaw Lius Halim
Dannis Farina Nury
Laboratorium Kimia Fisika, Departemen Teknik Kimia FTI ITS
Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111

R E P O R T I N F O A B S T R A C T

Report History :
Experiment 8 October 2018 The purpose of this experiment is to determine the density of
Received 15 October 2018 liquid, solid and viscosity of liquid. Firstly, Picnometer
was measured using ohauss scale for 3 times. Then 10 ml of
______________ aquadest was taken using a measuring pipette to the
picnometer. Picnometer containing water was measured using
Keywords :
the ohauss scale for 3 times, then the water mass was
Density
Fluids
calculated by substracting the mass of the picnometer
Mass
containing water with the mass of the picnometer. Then the
Viscosity density was calculated by dividing the mass of water with the
volume of water. The steps were repeated for oil. For the
second experiment, The viscometer was set up by using the
stative and the clamp, then 10 ml of aquadest was taken using
a measuring pipette to the viscometer. Then the water was
sucked up using the rubber bulb until the upper mark, rubber
bulb was released and time needed for the water to reach the
lower mark was measured using a stopwatch, The time needed
was noted. The steps were repeated for oil. The density of
water was 975,61 Kg/𝑚3 and the density of oil was 876,06
Kg/𝑚3 . The viscosity of oil was 7,82.10−3 Pa.s and viscosity
of water was 8,904. 10−4 Pa.s
1. Preface

In everyday life two material in the form of pure material and mixed material can be
found in nature and in our surroundings, pure material is very rarely found. Most of the material
is composed of mixtures of substances. This mixture is in the form of a homogeneous mixture and
heterogeneous mixture. At chemical equilibrium there is a binary mixture term which means a
mixture consisting of two kinds of substances. A mixture of a solution certainly has partial
properties. In the presence of these partial properties, the composition of a mixture can be
known and the partial properties can be analyzed. It is the change in the molecular environment
and changes in the forces acting between molecules that will produce variations in thermodynamic
properties of the mixture if the composition changes (Dogra, 1990). Partial molal volume of a
mixture can be used to determine how much substance A or substance B is in a mixture. Therefore,
to find out, experiments were conducted on partial molal volume of the mixture.

One of the physical properties that we can observe at any time is the solubility of a
solid in a water solvent. The concentration of solute in saturated solution at a certain
temperature is called solubility. Solubility is the amount of substance that can dissolve in a
number of solvents to form a saturated solution. The way to determine the solubility of a
substance is to take a certain amount of pure solvent, Then estimate the amount of substances
that can form a solution until it is saturated, which is characterized by the presence of
insoluble solids. After being shaken or stirred, there will be an equilibrium between substances
that dissolve with insoluble substances (Atkins, 1994). Solubility plays an important role in
Representative author Tel : +62 878 5319 4533
E-mail address : Ihawhalim@gmail.com
everyday life, such as when you want to dissolve sugar when you want to make iced tea. The
solubility of a compound in the solvent depends on the physical and chemical properties of the
solute. such as temperature, solute size and solvent volume.

2. Tools, Materials and Experimental Methods

2.1 Tools and Materials

The tools used in this experiment is a pycnometer to measure the density of solution,
ohauss balance to measure pycnometer mass and mass of the solution, biuret with clamps and
statives for the titration process, a test tube for a heated solution container, a glass
beaker as a container, erlenmeyer for a solution container. Water heater to heat the solution,
the thermometer to determine the temperature of the solution.

The material used in this practicum is benzoic acid to be tested for its solubility,
aquadest for dilution and dissolution, NaOH as benzoic acid titrant, PP indicator, NaCl to
make various concentration solutions

2.2 Experimental Methods

The first experiment aims to observe the solubility of solutes at different temperatures.
Firstly 1 gram of benzoic acid was taken and then dissolved using 125 ml of aquadest in a
beaker. Then the beaker was placed on the water heater and then heated to 70-75 oC while
stirred slowly. After all benzoic acid has dissolved, the solution was separated into 4 test
tubes of 20 ml each. For the first 2 tubes was cooled in room temperature and a glass stirrer
was inserted into one of the test tubes. For the other 2 test tubes the temperature was
maintained at 45oC and the glass stirrer was inserted into one of the test tubes. Then the
formation of crystals in the solution was observed. Then each of the solution was filtered
from the highest temperature and 5 ml was taken then diluted to 50 ml, then the mass of the
solution was weighed. Then the PP indicator was added and then titrated with 0.05 M NaOH and
the volume of the titrant is recorded.

The second experiment aims to determine the partial molal volume of NaCl and water in a
variety of solutions ranging from 0.3 molal to 3 molal. Firstly, 5 test tubes containing 25 ml
of solution owith a concentration range of 0.3 molal to 3 molal was prepared, then each
solution was weighed with a pycnometer to determine the density of each solution
concentration. Then, aquadest was inserted into the pycnometer to determine the aquadest
density.

Free Variables = Types

Attached Variables = Time & Density
Control Variables = Volume of liquid

3. Results & Discussion

3.1 Experiment results

Table 1.Experiment Solubility of solids in liquid

 Toc With glass rod Condition V NaOH (ml) S Benzoic acid (ml)
25 o
- Crystal formed 2 0,002
25 o
√ Crystal formed 2,1 0,003
45 o
- No Crystal 4,2 0,0044
formed
45 o
√ No Crystal 4,3 0,0045
formed

Table 2. Experiment for Partial molal volume

Solution Molality Mass d (g/cm3) V1kg V2 ϕv

(molal) (gram)
1 1 10,9091 1,09091 970,2908581 59,214 -27,23335739
2 1,3 10,9238 1,09238 985,0509896 32,89626 -10,52677528
3 1,6 11,043 1,1043 990,310604 17,55024 -5,483901565
4 2 11,1976 1,11976 997,5351861 14,156 -1,100599186
5 2,6 11,376 1,1376 1012,746132 45,63704 4,309386904

Mass of pycnometer : 10,6137 gram Mass of aquadest : 9,527 gramn

Volume of pycnometer r ; 10 ml Density of aquadest : 0,9527 gr/ml

Volume of air : 10 ml
Mr NaCl : 58,5

3.2 Discussion

Untuk eksperimen menentukan kelarutan terlarut asam benzoat dalam praktikum ini pada suhu
berbeda-beda, digunakan suhu ruang dan suhu 45 deg C. Dengan melakukan langkah percobaan
sesuai metode eksperimen di dapatkan data volume NaOH 0,05 M yang dibutuhkan untuk menitrasi
larutan pada suhu ruang berturut-turut adalah 2 ml dan 2,1 ml dan volume NaOH yang dibutuhkan
untuk menitrasi larutan dengan suhu 45 deg C adalah 4,2 ml dan 4,3 ml. Pada titrasi ini
digunakan indikator PP dengan range sekitar 8,00-10,00 maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan perubahan
warna terjadi saat kondisi pH basa (mol 𝑂𝐻 − > mol 𝐻 + ), namun dikarenakan titran dan titrat
yang digunakan dalam jumlah sedikit sehingga dapat digunakan persamaan titrasi berikut untuk
penyederhanaan perhitungan.

mol 𝑂𝐻 − = mol 𝐻 +

𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 .𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐴𝑠.𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑜𝑎𝑡 ............................. (1)

Dengan rumus diatas dapat ditentukan mol asam benzoat terlarut dalam 50 ml larutan tersebut.
Sehingga didapatkan untuk kelarutan asam benzoat pada suhu ruang secara berturut adalah 0,0001
mol / 50 ml larutan dan 0,00015 mol / 50 ml larutan. Untuk suhu 45 deg C didapatkan kelarutan
asam benzoat secara berturut-turut adalah 0,00021 mol/50 ml larutan dan 0,000215 mol/50 ml
larutan. Kemudian dengan menggunakan massa jenis air hasil dari percobaan kedua yaitu sebesar
0,9527 gr/ml dengan mengasumsikan asam benzoat awal terlarut berupa padatan sehingga tidak
memiliki kontribusi pada volume larutan, maka digunakan persamaan molalitas untuk menentukan
kelarutan asam benzoat dalam molal.
 𝑔𝑟 1000
m= . ........ (2)
𝑀𝑟 𝑧𝑎𝑡 𝑝 ( 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)

𝑔𝑟
1000
𝑘𝑔
m = mol asam benzoat . 𝑔𝑟
50 𝑚𝑙 .0,9527 𝑚𝑙

maka didapatkan kelarutan asam benzoat dalam molal pada suhu ruang secara berturut-turut
adalah 0,002 molal dan 0,003 molal. Untuk suhu 45 deg C didapatkan kelarutan asam benzzoat
secara berturut-turut adalah 0,0044 molal dan 0,0045 molal. Dengan membandingkan hasil
percobaan diatas, terjadi perbedaan nilai kelarutan antar suhu yang sama dikarenakan adanya
pengaduk kaca yang dimasukkan kedalam larutan tersebut, dan kelarutan dengan pengaduk lebih
tinggi dikarenakan kelarutan zat dapat lebih tinggi apabila terjadi pengadukan karena gesekan
antar partikel terlarut dengan partikel pelarut lebih tinggi pada saat terjadi pengadukan.
Dengan pengamatan antar suhu berbeda dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu, maka
akan semakin besar pula nilai kelarutan zat tersebut, hal ini dikarenakan semakin tinggi suhu
maka gerakan partikel terlarut akan semakin tinggi (energi kinetik) pula sehingga tumbukan
antar partikel pelarut dan terlarut akan semakin tinggi yang dibuktikan dengan kesebandingan
energi kinetik dengan suhu (Maron, 1974)
3
Ek = KT .......................... (3)
2

Ek ≈ T

untuk eksperimen kedua digunakan variasi konsentrasi larutan 1 molal ; 1,3 molal ; 1,6 molal ;
2 molal ; 2,6 molal dengan massa piknometer yang telah ditimbang sebesar 10,6137 gram dan
massa piknometer + larutan secara berturut-turut adalah 21,5228 gram ; 21,5375 gram ; 21,6567
gram ; 21,8113 gram ; 21,9897 gram. Maka untuk mendapatkan massa masing-masing larutan
digunakan persamaan :

Mass of fluid inside picnometer = Mass of picnometer with the fluid – Mass of picnometer
..................... (4)

lalu untuk mencari massa jenis masing-masing larutan dengan asumsi volume piknometer 10 ml
digunakan persamaan :
𝑚
𝜌= ..........(5)
𝑣

maka di dapatkan massa jenis (gr/ml) masing-masing larutan secara berturu-turut adalah......
1,09091 ; 1,09238 ; 1,1043 ; 1,11976 ; 1,1376. Kemudian dapat ditentukan volume dari 1Kg
larutan dengan rumus :
(1000+𝑚(1𝑘𝑔)𝑀2 )
𝑉1𝑘𝑔 = ......... (6)
𝑑

Dengan M2 adalah besarnya massa molekul relatif NaCl yaitu sebesar 58,5 gr/mol, d sebagai
densitas masing-masing konsentrasi larutan, dan 𝑚(1𝑘𝑔) merupakan molalitas. Maka didapatkan
hasil V1kg sesuai tabel ( . .... ) kemudian untuk menentukan V2 diperlukan grafik V1Kg vs
molal polinomial derajat 3 didapatkan
V2 merupakan turunan pertama dari persamaan derajat 3 pada gambar grafik (....) didapatkan
V2 = 60,954𝑥 2 - 227,92𝑥 + 226,18

Maka didapatkan nilai V2 untuk masing-masing konsentrasi sesuai tabel (......) V2 didapati
berbanding terbalik dengan konsentrasi tetapi terjadi penyimpangan pada konsentrasi 2,6 molal
(diatas 2 molal) yang tampak dapat dilihat pada grafik (.....) dan pda tabel (.....) . hal ini
terjadi karena larutan sudah jenuh diatas saat konsentrasi 2,6 molal sehingga terjadi error.
Selanjutnya menentukan apparent molal volume (ϕv) dengan persamaan :

(V1kg− 1000)

𝜑𝑉 = 𝑑
...................... (7)
𝑚

Maka di dapatkan hasil ϕv sesuai tabel (....) dan digambarkan dengan grafik ϕv VS molal
sebagai berikut :

Terjadi error pada persamaan diatas dilihat dari grafik (.....) dimana terlihat bahwa 𝜑𝑉<0 dan
dengan melihat persamaan (7) maka disimpulkan bahwa hal ini terjadi karena nilai V1Kg<1000 dan
terbukti pada tabel (.....). hal ini terjadi saat pengukuran densitas tidak benar, karena
nilai pada neraca ohauss yang bergerak dan tidak stabil atau pengkalibrasian tidak tepat.

Kesimpulan :

Nilai kelarutan padatan pada praktikum ini (Asam Benzoat) dipengaruhi oleh suhu, semakin
tinggi suhu semakin tinggi pula nilai kelarutan zat tersebut. Nilai V2 berbanding terbalik
dengan konsentrasi dari konsentrasi 1 molal hingga 2 molal, dan mengalami penyimpangan saat
2,6 molal.

4. Conclusion

The density of water was 975,61 Kg/𝑚3 and the density of oil was 876,06 Kg/𝑚3 , and the
viscosity of oil was 7,82.10−3 Pa.s larger than the viscosity of water which is 8,904. 10−4
Pa.s at 25°C. From the results of the density of oil, water and viscosity of oil, it can be
concluded that the viscosity is not always directly proportional to the density.

5. References
 Bahl, B., Tuli,G.,&Bahl, A.(1997).Essentials Of Physical Chemistry. S. India: Chand &
Company Ltd, 354-35
Giancoli, douglas. 2014. Physics: Principles and Applications. New York: Prantice Hall
Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2007). Fundamental of physics 8th edition.
United States : John Wiley & Sons Inc, 9.

6. Appendix

A. Density of water

Mass of pycnometer = 12,0653 g

Mass of Pycnometer + Water = 21,8214 g

Mass of water = (Mass of Pycnometer + Water) – (Mass of pycnometer )

= 21,8214 g - 12,0653 g
= 9,7561 g

Volume of water = 10 ml

9,7561
Density of water = = 0,9756 gr/ml = 975,6 Kg/𝑚3
10

B. Density of oil

Mass of pycnometer = 12,0653 g

Mass of Pycnometer + Oil = 20,8259 g

Mass of oil = (Mass of Pycnometer + Oil) – (Mass of pycnometer )

= 20,8259 g - 12,0653 g
= 8,7606 g

Volume of oil = 10 ml

8,7606
Density of oil = = 0,8761 gr/ml = 876 Kg/𝑚3
10

C. Viscosity of water

𝑃𝑎.𝑠
𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟= 0,8904 cP . 0,001
𝑐𝑃
−4
= 8,904. 10 Pa.s

D. Viscosity of oil
 Kg
876 . 316 𝑠 . 8,904. 10−4
𝜂𝑜𝑖𝑙= 𝑚3
Kg
975,6 3 . 32,31 𝑠
𝑚
= 7,82 . 10−3 Pa.s