Design Notes

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Contents

Design of Box culvert with dispersion width method ........................................................... 1

STAAD coordinates system .................................................................................................... 2
End forces: ............................................................................................................................. 2
Section forces:........................................................................................................................ 2
For axial forces ....................................................................................................................... 2
Max Bending moment due to several point loads ................................................................. 3
Vehicle definition in staad pro: ............................................................................................... 3
Design of Steel built up I Plate Girder by limit state Method as per IRC 24-2010 ................ 3
Design Steps for steel I girder ................................................................................................ 3
Design of Welds as per IS 800-2007 and IRC 24-2010 ........................................................... 4
Type of welds: ........................................................................................................................ 4
Design Stress: ........................................................................................................................ 6
Design of Bolted connection as per IS 800-2007 and IRC 24-2010 ....................................... 7
IRC Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 7
Tacking Bolts: ......................................................................................................................... 8
Types of failure of Bolted connection: ..................................................................................... 8
Shear capacity of bearing bolts: ............................................................................................. 9
Bearing capacity of bolts:.......................................................................................................10
Efficiency of joint ...................................................................................................................11
Bearing bolts with Eccentric connection when load is perpendicular to the plane of bolts. .....12
Design of POT and POT cum PTFE Bearing .........................................................................13
Definitions .............................................................................................................................13
Design of POT cum PTFE Bearing ........................................................................................16
Design of steel and concrete members .............................................................................................. 17
Design of Elastomeric pad................................................................................................................... 17
Design of PTFE ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Moments due to rotational stiffness of elastomeric pad ................................................................... 18
Moments due to rotational resistance of cylinder piston due to friction .......................................... 18
Effective contact width we ................................................................................................................. 19
Hoop stress on cylinder wall ............................................................................................................... 19
Shear stress on cylinder and base interface ....................................................................................... 20
Bending stress at cylinder and base interface .................................................................................... 20

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 Design of Box culvert with dispersion width method
1. Coefficient of Earth pressure at rest, Ko, should be used for earth pressure calculation as the side
walls couldn’t move in the direction of the pressure. Force due to this pressure may be assumed
to act at height H/3 for structural purposes.

2. If the dispersion width is less than the available width than dispersion is taken as available width
in the transverse direction of span.

Dispersion Width beff= a*x*(1-x/L)+bw

a=constant depending on B/L ratio

bw = width of tyre dispersed through wearing coat i.e b+2wc

3. If the length of dispersion is less than that available (less than effective span) than the load is
reduced in the ratio of dispersion length and available length.

Dispersion length= contact length of tyre +2*(slab+ wearing coat)

4. Coefficient of Earth pressure at rest, Ko, should be used for earth pressure calculation as the side
walls couldn’t move in the direction of the pressure. Pressure may be assumed to act at height
H/3 for structural purposed.

5. For for ratio av/d<2 i.e at section < 2d shear strength of concrete increase parabolically as shown
in fig. below. And for av/d>2 shear strength remains constant. Hence, on a safer side, critical
section is taken at deff.

If shear section is taken at haunch or inside deff then enhanced shear strength should be used
which as under.

τce=τc*2*d/av

6. Permissible settlement to calculate spring constant for soil should be taken as 75mm(for raft)

Spring constant (stiffness of soil) =SBC/settlement (P/displacement)

SBC:safe bearing capacity of soil.

Spring value for staad= spring constant x tributary base area of the Node

Ravi
[Pick the date]

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 STAAD coordinates system
All member and section forces results are in local coordinate system.
End forces:
Moments: Right hand rule is followed where thump points to the positive direction of the member axis and
fingers shows the direction of moment.
Mx:+ve at start and at end in finger bending direction and vice versa
My:+ve at start and –ve at end and vise versa for same side bending
Mz: +ve at start hogging
-ve at start Sagging
+ve at End Sagging
-ve at End Hogging
Section forces:
Mz: -ve Sagging (at any section in the member)
+ve Hogging (at any section in the member)
For axial forces
Positive at the start node indicates compression at the start node.
Positive at the end node indicates tension at the end node.
Negative at the start node indicates tension at the start node.
Negative at the end node indicates compression at the end node.
In envelope of beam end forces: +ve Compression
Compression +ve
-ve Tension Tension -ve
Y

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 Max Bending moment due to several point loads
1. The Max BM under any wheel load occurs when the center of span is midway between CG of
loads system and wheel load under consideration.

2. The Max BM for any section in a beam due to several point loads occurs when the section divides
the load in the same ratio as it divides the span.

Vehicle definition in staad pro:

Left to right wheel definition e.g 85 is first wheel(right end wheel) while moving left to right
TYPE 2 LOAD 40 60 60 85 85 85 85
DIST 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96 WID 1.93

Design of Steel built up I Plate Girder by limit state Method as per

IRC 24-2010
Design Steps for steel I girder
Steps 1:Section properties
Calculate section properties of I girder at different section for
(i) Non composite Girder section properties-
For stage 1: For design load of self wt and green concrete on non composite girder.
(ii) Stage 2a: Composite Properties with modular ratio as 15 for DL and SIDL (permanent loads)
(iii) Stage 2b: Composite Properties with modular ratio as 7.5 for live loads (Transient loads)

Steps 2:Factored moments and forces

List all moment and forces with load factors as per IRC 6-2014
For ultimate strength check use load factors in Table 3.2 of IRC:6-2010
For serviceability check use load factors in Table 3.3 of IRC:6-2010

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Steps 3:Class of section(Plastic, compact, semi compact or slender)
Find class of comp flange and web section and overall class as per Table 2 (Limiting width to thickness
ratio)
For comp flange use outstanding flange width (up to face of web on one side)

Steps 4:minm thickness of members

Check web limiting thickness for serviceability as per transverse stiffener provision as per clause
509.6.1.1 IRC:24-2010

Check comp flange thickness to avoid buckling requirement per clause 509.6.1.2 IRC:24-2010

Steps 5:max outstanding width of comp flange

Calculate maximum allowable outstanding width of comp flange against its class classification as per
table 2 (Limiting width to thickness ratio) of IRC:24-2010
Recalculate member properties if the allowable width of comp flange is less than actual width of comp
flange.

Steps 6: shear strength

Calculate Nominal Plastic shear strength of section for pure shear clause 509.4 IRC:24
0.5
(i) Nominal shear strength Vn= Vp where Vp = Avfyv/3^
(ii) Check whether web is susceptible to shear buckling or not.
If (d/tw)/Є < 67, susceptible to shear buckling,
Nominal shear strength Vn = Vcr
Vcr=Av*ζb Clause 509.4.2.2 IRC:24-2010
(iii) Design shear strength
Vd = Vn/γm0 where Vn=Lesser of Vp and Vcr

Design of Welds as per IS 800-2007 and IRC 24-2010

Type of welds:
Butt, Fillet slot and plug weld

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Butt weld:
Complete penetration: Throat thickness =of thinner part joined e.g Doube U,V and J joints
Incomplete penetration: Throat thickness =5/8th of thinner part joined
Effective length : Length of full size weld
Minimum length : Four times the size of weld.4s
Intermittent weld length : </ 16 times thinner part joint
Fillet weld:
Size for normal weld : minimum weld leg size
Size for deep penetration not less than 2.4mm : min leg size+2.4mm
Minm size:

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 <10mm plate 3
10 to 20mm plate 5
20 to 32mm plate 6
32 to 50mm plate 8
Max size for square end plate:1.5 mm less than the edge thickness of thinner plate
Max size for round end plate:s<=3/4* t( t= thickness of plate at toe
Effective throat thickness:
For non inclined plates= 3mm < eff t <0.7s or 0.7t, where t=thinner plate thickness,
For Inclined plates= K * t

Angle bet fusion faces 60-90 91-100 101-106 107-113 114-120

Constant K 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5

Effective length: Weld length – 2s

Lap joint: Lesser of 4s and 40mm
Intermittent weld length :L >= 16 times thinner part joint for tension, L>=12 times thinner part joint for
comp
Plug weld: Effective area of plug weld=Nominal area of hole

Design Stress:
 Non eccentric welds
fwd=fu/3^0.5/γmw
fu=smaller of ultimate stress of weld or parent metal.
γmw =1.25 for shop welds, 1.5 for field weld

Reduction factor for fwd for welded joint greater than 150*t

βtw=1.2-0.2*L/(150*t) <=1.0

 Eccentric welds:Moment and weld plane is same

Direct shear stress q1 = P/((2*b+d)*t)

Shear stress due to moment q2= P*e*rmax/Izz
Vector sum of above stresses=(
q1^2+q2^2+2*q1*q2cosθ)^0.5
Izz:Polar moment of inertia=Ixx+Iyy

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  Combined axial and shear stresses

For fillet welds: fe =fa^2+3q^2<= fu/3^0.5/γmw

Fa= axial stress
q=shear stress due to shear for or tension

• This check is not required for Fillet weld when

Side fillet weld joining cover plates and flanges.
Fillet weld where some of the normal and shear stresses does not exceed fu/3^0.5/γmw

• This check is not required for butt weld when

Butt welds are axially loaded
In single and double bevel welds sum of normal and shear stress does not exceed design normal
stress and shear stress does not exceed 50% of design shear stress.

 Eccentric welds: Moment is at right angle to weld plane

Direct shear stress q = P/(2ht)

Bending stress at extreme edge of weld ,
fwd=M/Z= 6*P*e/(2*t*h^2)
Eqv stress fe =(f^2+3q^2)^0.5 <= fu/3^0.5/γmw
Effective depth h’= (6M/(2*t*fwd))^0.5
h=1.1*h’

Design of Bolted connection as per IS 800-2007 and IRC 24-2010

IRC Recommendations
 Pitch P </ 2.5d where d is nominal diameter of bolt.
 Pitch P >/ 16t or 200m whichever is less for tension members (t is thickness of thinner member)
12t or 200m whichever is less for comp members (t is thickness of thinner member)
 In case of butt joint max pitch restricted to 4.5d for a distance 1.5 times the width of plate from
butting surface.
 Minim edge distance </ 1.5*Dia of hole rolled machine flame out, sawn and planed edges.
 Maximum edge distance /> 12€ where €= (250/fy)^0.5,t is thk of thinner part(10.2.4.3 IS 800 )

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  Maximum edge 40+4*t where t is the thickness of thinner plate.
 Maximum gauge distance /> 100+4*t or 200 whichever is less.

Tacking Bolts:
 Tacking bolts are provided If pitch/gauge distance (c/c of bolts any direction) exceeds lesser of
12*t or 200 for comp members and lesser of 16*t or 200 for tension members.
Spacing of tacking bolts >/ Lesser of 32*t or 300 for bolts exposed to weather
>/ Lesser of 16*t or 200 for bolts not exposed to weather
In case where members are made of two flats or angle or tees or channels spacing of tacking
bolts </ 1000 mm for tension members and 600mm for compression members.

Types of failure of Bolted connection:

a) Bursting or shearing of plates
b) Crushing of plates
c) Rupture of plates
Bursting and crushing can be avoided by providing minimum edge/end distance are provided.

The design strength of thinnest plate in joint is against rupture is

γml = Partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress=1.25

fu= Ultimate stress capacity of material.
An=net effective area of plate at critical section given by

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 b= width of Plate
t= Thickness of thinner plate
do= Dia of bolt hole (2mm in addition to the dia of hole in case of directly punched holes.
g= Gauge length between bolt holes.
Ps= Staggered pitch length between lines of bolt holes.
N= No of holes in critical section
i= Subscript for summation for all inclined legs.

Shear capacity of bearing bolts:

Vnsb=Nominal shear capacity of bolt

γmb =Partial safety factor for bolt material

fub=Ultimate tensile strength of bolt

nn = No of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane.
ns = No of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane.
Βlj, βlg, βpk =Shear reduction factors for long joint, large grip length and packing plate
Asb =Nominal shank area of bolt
Anb=net area of bolt at threads, may be taken as the area corresponding to root diameter of threads

Reduction factors in shear capacity of bolts

For Long joints:
if the distance between first and last bolt (lj) in the direction of load, exceeds 15d, the shear capacity Vdb
shall be reduced by factor βij

where, 0.75<=Βij<=1.0 where d is the nominal diameter of the bolt.

For Large grip length

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If the total thickness of connected plates exceeds 5 times the diameter d of bolts, the design shear
Capacity Vdb shall be reduced by

lg= grip length=total thickness of connected plates. lg >/ 8d

If Packing plates are used

If the packing plates of thickness more than 6mm are used in joint then shear capacity is to be reduced by
a factor

Tpk=thickness of thicker packing plate in mm

Bearing capacity of bolts:

Bearing strength of bolt

Where
Vdpb= Design bearing strength
Vnpb= Nominal bearing strength=
γmb=Partial safety factor for material =1.25

Where Kb is smaller of

e,p = end and pitch distances.

do = diameter of hole
fub,fu = Ultimate tensile stress of bolt and plate respectively.
d = Nominal diameter of the bolt.
t = summation of thickness of the connected plates experiencing bearing stress in same direction. If
bolts are counter sunk it is to be reduced by the half depth of counter sinking.

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Design procedure

 Area of bolt at root =0.78Asb

 Asb =area of bolt at shank= π*d^2/4

Efficiency of joint
Efficiency n=strength of joint*100/Strength of plate

 Strength of plate is less yielding as compared to rupture.

Bearing bolts with Eccentric connection when load is in the plane of bolts.

Direct shear force F1=P/n

Shear force due to moment P.e, F2 = p*e*r/Σr
2

Resultant force of F1 and F2 = sqrt (F1 +F2 +2F1*F2*cosθ)

2 2

No of bolts required to resist force V and moment M,

n= (6M/VP)^0.5
Where n= No of bolts required in each row
V= strength of bolt, if there are two vertical lines then v=2*v

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p= Pitch of bolts
M= Applied factored Moment

Tension capacity of bolts:

Fub=Ultimate stress of bolt

Fyb=Yield stress of the bolt
An=net area of the rest of the bolt
Ash=Shank area of bolt
Bolts subjected to combined shear and tension

Vsb =Design shear strength

Vdh=Design shear force
Tb=Design tensile force
Tdh=Design shear strength
Bearing bolts with Eccentric connection when load is perpendicular to the plane of bolts.

yi=distance of bolts from NA

Prying Force:
P force tend to move plate in right direction hence it stretch bolts in right direction axially.

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Reaction force works in left direction in between bolts.
As plate bends, inside portion tends to move towards right and portion of plate beyond bolts tends to
move towards left direction. As a result bolt will tend to bend but reaction force towards right side on outer
side of plate restrain it from bending by applying additional tensile force on the bolts.
Therefore for equilibrium the net force on each bolt will be =P/2+Qf
Qf= reaction force or prying force.

Design of POT and POT cum PTFE Bearing

Definitions
POT bearing
A bearing consisting of metal piston supported by unreinforced elastomer which is confined within a metal
cylinder. Pot bearing may be provided with sliding assembly with or without guide along a desired
direction sliding in a desired direction over PTFE termed as POT PTFE

FIXED type Pot bearing:

Bears Vertical and horizontal loads in both directions and allows rotation in both direction without
permitting any movement in horizontal plane.

Fixed Bearing

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Free Sliding Type Pot cum PTFE Bearing:
Bears and transmit vertical load and allows movement in any direction and allows rotation in any
direction.

Guided Sliding Type Pot cum PTFE Bearing:

Bears and transmit vertical load and horizontal load in only one direction and allows rotation in any
direction.

Free Sliding Type Pot cum PTFE Bearing

PTFE sliding assembly:

A bearing consisting of sliding assembly, with or without horizontal restraint. Such bearing does not allow
rotation in any direction.

Free PTFE sliding assembly:

Bears and transmits only vertical loads and allow movement in any direction.

PTFE Sliding Bearing

Guided PTFE sliding assembly:
Bears and transmits vertical loads and horizontal load in only one direction.

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Pin Bearing:
Bears and transmits horizontal loads in any direction and allows rotation in any direction but does not
bearing vertical loads.

Pin Bearing
Metallic Guided Bearing:
Bears and transmits vertical loads and horizontal loads in one direction and allows rotation in any
direction.

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Internal seal:
A sealing arrangement between piston and cylinder of pot and Pot cum PTFE bearing to prevent
extrusion of confined elastomeric pad.

External seal:
A sealing arrangement provided for preventing ingress of moisture and debris through the gap between
the piston and cylinder for pot bearing through the gap between the pin and cylinder of pin bearing.

Wiper seal:
A sealing arrangement provided for retaining the lubrication and preventing combination of sliding
surfaces.

Design of POT cum PTFE Bearing

Recommendations by IRC83 part III-2002

Design Horizontal force shall not be less than 10% and shall not be greater than 25% of design vertical
load.

Max permissible

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Design of steel and concrete members
Concrete:
• Max permissible bearing stress in concrete is 0.5*fck?
• Max permissible bending stress in concrete is 0.33*fck
• Perm stress in concrete can be increased by 25% in case of seismic load combination.
• In case of co existing direct and bending comp stresses the following criteria should be
satisfied.

Steel:
• Permissible stress in axial tension in steel shall not exceed 0.6fy
• Permissible stress in bending compression in steel shall not exceed 0.66fy
• Permissible shear stress in steel shall not exceed 0.45fy
• Permissible bearing stress in steel shall not exceed 0.75fy
• In case of Bending stress(tension or bending) and shear stress obtained by following
formula shall not exceed by 0.9fy

Design of Elastomeric pad

• Average stress in confined elastomeric pad of Pot shall not exceed 35 Mpa and extreme
Fibre Pressure shall not exceed 40 Mpa

• Min avg stress under any combination of load shall not be less than 5 Mpa.

• Max permissible deflection at perimeter under rotation shall not exceed 15% of the pad
thickness below the internal seal.

Design of PTFE

• Average pressure on PTFE shall not exceed 40 Mpa and extreme fiber pressure shall not
exceed 45Mpa.
• No increase in permissible stress is allowed in case of seismic, wind or any other load
combination.

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Moments due to rotational stiffness of elastomeric pad

Moments due to rotational resistance of cylinder piston due to friction

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 For pot bearing total induced moment will be Mtd=Med+Mrd
For Pin bearing total induced moment will be Mtd=Mrd

Design values for translational and rotational movement shall be determined by multiplying the
respective calculated values by a factor of 1.3

The line of action of horizontal force shall be considered at the middle of the contact width of
piston and cylinder for pot bearings and that of pin and cylinder for Pin bearing.

The average pressure on the concrete adjacent to the bearing component shall not exceed the
permissible value of 0.25fck and peak stress shall not exceed 0.75fck under any critical load
combination.

Effective contact width we

Effective contact width we of the flat contact surface shall be calculated using the following
expression.

Hoop stress on cylinder wall

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Shear stress on cylinder and base interface

Bending stress at cylinder and base interface

Minimum thickness of cylinder base shall not be less that 2.5% of inner diameter of Pot
cylinder.
Minimum thickness of steel backing plate of stainless steel for sliding component shall
not be less than 2.5% of maximum dimension (diameter or diagonal in plan).
However minimum thickness of any steel component shall not be less than 12mm.

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