DISEASE & DESCRIPTION SIGNS & SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT

1. Hydrocephalus  Abnormal  Diuretics

-an excess of CSF in the ventricles or enlargement of the  Shunt
the subarachnoid space. head  Endosccopic third
 soft spot (fontanel) is ventriculostomy
tense and bulging
 scalp can appear thin
 bones separated in
baby's head
 prominent scalp
veins
 vomiting
 drowsiness
 irritability
 downward deviation
of baby's eyes
 seizures
 poor appetite.

2. Spina Bifida  weakness or  Surgery to repair the

-a condition where the bones in the paralysis in the legs spine
vertebral column do not fully cover the  urinary incontinence  Physical therapy
spinal cord, leaving it exposed.  bowel incontinence  Occupational therapy
Symptoms range from mild to severe,  a lack of sensation in  Clear interminttent
and it can affect physical and the skin Catetherization
intellectual development.  a build up of  Anticholinergics
cerebrospinal fluid  Botox injection
TYPES (CSF), leading to  Mitrofanoff procedure
a. Occulta: This is the mildest form. hydrocephalus, and  Enema
Most patients have no neurological possibly brain
signs or symptoms. There may be a  colostomy
damage
small birthmark, dimple or tuft of hair  cognitive symproms
on the skin where the spinal defect is.
 type 2 Arnold-Chiari
The person may never know they have
Malformations
spina bifida unless a test for another
 learning difficulties
condition reveals it by chance.
b. Closed neural tube defects: In this  paralysis
version, there can be a variety of
potential defects in the spinal cord's fat,
bone, or meninges. In many cases,
there are no symptoms; however, in
some, there is partial paralysis and
bowel and urinary incontinence

c. Meningocele: The spinal cord

develops normally, but the meninges, or
protective membranes around the
spinal cord, push through the opening in
the vertebrae. The membranes are
surgically removed, usually with little or
no damage to nerve pathways

d.Myelomeningocele: Myelomeningoc
ele is the most severe form of spina
bifida. In this condition, the spinal cord
is exposed, causing partial or complete
paralysis of the body below the opening.
The symptoms are outlined in detail
below.

3. Cerebral Palsy  Long term

- a disorder of movement, muscle tone  Variations in muscle rehabilitation
or posture that is caused by damage tone, such as being  Multidisciplinary
that occurs to the immature, developing either too stiff or too follow up
brain, most often before birth. floppy  Educational
programs
 Stiff muscles and
exaggerated reflexes
(spasticity)

 Stiff muscles with

normal reflexes
(rigidity)

 Lack of muscle
coordination (ataxia)

 Tremors or
involuntary
movements

 Slow, writhing
movements (athetosis)

 Delays in reaching
motor skills
milestones, such as
pushing up on arms,
sitting up alone or
crawling

 Favoring one side of

the body, such as
reaching with only one
hand or dragging a leg
while crawling

 Difficulty walking,
such as walking on
toes, a crouched gait,
a scissors-like gait with
knees crossing, a wide
gait or an
asymmetrical gait

 Excessive drooling or
problems with
swallowing

 Difficulty with
sucking or eating

 Delays in speech
 development or
difficulty speaking

 Difficulty with precise

motions, such as
picking up a crayon or
spoon

 Seizures

4. Meningitis  2-3 days URTI  Antibiotics for 21

-inflammation of the membrane of the  Cold hands and feet days Ampicillin,
brain and spinal cord caused by  Unsually pale or Cephalosphorins,
infectious process, commonly caused by mottled skin Ceftriaxone
Streptococcus B pneumoniae  Leg pain  IVF
 Purple rash  Corticosteroid
 Sensitivity to light  Bed rest
 Fever
 Classical sign: nuchal
rigidity, headache, +
Brudzinsnky, +
kernigs sign
 Poor suck
 Weak cry
 Lethargy, drowsiness
 Hydrocephalus
 Hearing loss
 Blindness
 Developmental
difficulties
5. Mental Retardation  speech therapy
 Rolling over, sitting  occupational therapy
-characterized by below-average up, crawling, or  physical therapy
intelligence or mental ability and a lack walking late  family counseling
of skills necessary for day-to-day living.  training with special
People with intellectual disabilities can  Talking late or having assistive devices
and do learn new skills, but they learn trouble with talking  nutrition services
them more slowly. There are varying
 SPED
degrees of intellectual disability, from
mild to profound.  Slow to master things
like potty training,
dressing, and feeding
himself or herself

 Difficulty
remembering things

 Inability to connect
actions with
consequences

 Behavior problems
such as explosive
tantrums

 Difficulty with
problem-solving or
logical thinking