Dr Hassan Mujtaba
Course Content
• Introduction
– Phase Relations
– Soil Mineralogy
– Index Properties
– Soil Classification
– Interparticle Forces
Course Content
• Ground Water and Seepage:
– Effective stress concept
– Principal Stresses
– Stress Path
– Stress Distribution
– Stress Strain Behaviour of Sands
– Strength of sands
– Mohr Coulomb Theory
– 1 & 2 Dimensional Flow
Course Content
• Ground Water and Seepage (cont’d):
– Permeability & Flow Nets
– Drained Stress-Strain and Strength Behaviour
– Stability of drained slopes
– Pore Pressure during undrained loading
• Settlement and Consolidation
• Settlement due to exceptional causes
• Frozen Soils
Reference Books
• Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering
– Holtz and Kovacs
• Geotechnical Engineering Principals and Practices
– Donald. P. Coduto
• Advance Soil Mechanics
– Braja M Das
• Principal of Geotechnical Engineering
– Braja M Das
Reference Books
• Soil Mechanics
– Lambe and Witman
What is soil
• The word 'soil' is derived from the Latin
word solium which, means the upper layer
of the earth that may be dug or plowed;
specifically, the loose surface material of
the earth in which plants grow. (In
Agriculture)
What is soil (cont’d)
• In geology, earth’s crust is assumed to
consist of unconsolidated sediments which
is called mantle.
• Foundations
• Retaining Structures
• Stability of Slopes
• Underground Structures
• Pavement Design
• Earthen Dam and Embankments
• Miscellaneous Soil Problems
SCOPE OF SOIL ENGINEERING
USES OF SOIL
• As supporting material to bear the load of
structures resting on earth.
• Raw construction material for earthern
structures like dams, leeves, raods,
airfields
• Processed material in the form of burnt
bricks
• In Pottery industry china clay (kaolinite) is
used as raw material
Uses of Soil
• Kaolinite is used in paper, paint and
pharmaceutical industry
• Bentonite (clay) is used in drilling industry
for stabilization of boring and in slurry
trench construction for stabilizing
foundation excavation
• In medicines (kaoline mixture)
Why soils are important for Civil Engineers
• Organic soils
• Marine soils
• Pyroclastic soils
Some Typical Soil Names
• Clay: finest soil particle wise having grain diameter less
than 0.002 mm. It is quite hard when dry and shrinks
during the process of drying. It possess much cohesion
and shrinks during the process of drying. It undergoes
large settlement when wet. It feels smooth when touched
with fingers.
VV
• POROSITY (n) n= ×100
– (0-100%) V
Va
ac =
Vv
Va
A = na =
V
Weight Volume Relationships
• BULK UNIT WEIGHT W
γb =
V
Ws
• DRY UNIT WEIGHT γd =
V
Wsat
• SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT γ sat =
V
Ww
• WATER (MOISTURE) CONTENT w= 100
Ws
– Moisture content varies from 10-30% for sands and 10% to
more than 300% for clays
γd
• RELATIVE COMPACTION Rc = 100
γ dmax
emax e
Dr
emax e min
γ dmax γd -γ dmin
Dr =
γd γ dmax -γ dmin
Relative Density
Gs w
• Maximum Void ratio- emax
d min
1
Gs w
• Minimum Void Ratio emin
d max
1
γ dmax γ d -γ dmin
Dr =
γd γ dmax -γ dmin
• Relative Density
emax e
Dr
emax emin
Problem
Relationships between various parameters
Relationships between various parameters
TWO BASIC SOIL TYPES
Sieve Analysis
Hydrometer Analysis
Using Stoke’s Law
TWO BASIC SOIL TYPES
• Granular Soil
– Cohesionless visible to naked eye
– Particles are large and equi-dimensional
– They have very low specific surface area
– Only mass forces are acting
– Coefficient of permeability is high
– Capillary pressure is very low
– Engineering properties from in-situ penetration test
– Tests are carried out in drained loading conditions
available
Granular Soil
F
100
90
Cu - 5.79 to 7.33
Cc - 0.86 to 0.97
80
Percent finer by weight, %
60
50
40
.
30
Range of samples
20 medium to fine sand
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm
GRAVEL SILT & CLAY
SAND
100 Coarse Sand
90 Medium Sand
80
Fine Sand
Percent finer by weight, %
70
Silt
Clay
60
50
40
.
30
Range of samples
20 medium to fine sand
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle size, mm
GRAVEL SILT & CLAY
SAND
TWO BASIC SOIL TYPES
• Cohesive Soil