Sony Cheema Final Thesis After Viva

STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AND COAL

BOTTOM ASH
Thesis
Submitted to the Punjab Agricultural University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Minor Subject: Computer Science and Engineering)
By
Devinder Singh
(L-2013-AE-142-M)
Department of Civil Engineering

College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology
© PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
LUDHIANA-141004
2016
1
CERTIFICATE I
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Study on the performance of concrete
using sugarcane bagasse ash and coal bottom ash” submitted for the degree of Master of
Technology in the subject of Civil Engineering (Minor subject: Computer Science and
Engineering) of the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, is a bonafide research work
carried out by Devinder Singh (L-2013-AE-142-M) under my supervision and that no part of
this thesis/dissertation has been submitted for any other degree.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully
acknowledged.
_______________________
(Dr. Jaspal Singh)
Major Advisor
Professor
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana-141004
2
CERTIFICATE II
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Study on the performance of concrete
using sugarcane bagasse and coal bottom ash” submitted by Devinder Singh (Admn No.
L-2013-AE-142-M) to the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of Civil Engineering
(Minor subject: Computer Science and Engineering) has been approved by the Student’s
Advisory Committee along with Head of the Department after an oral examination on the
same.
___________________________ ___________________________
(Dr. Jaspal Singh) (Dr. Maneek Kumar)
Major Advisor External Examiner
Professor
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
Patiala
___________________________
(Dr. N.K. Khullar)
Head of the Department
___________________________
(Dr. Neelam Grewal)
Dean, Postgraduate Studies
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I bow my head to “AKAL PURKH” the ALMIGHTY by whose kindness I
have been able to clear another mile stone in my life.
Emotions cannot be adequately expressed in words because then emotions are
transformed into mere formality. It is, indeed a great privilege to explicate my deep gratitude
and respect towards my major advisor Dr. Jaspal Singh (Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering) for his friendly attitude, constant encouragement, constructive criticism and
critical examination of manuscript which led to the successful completion of the study.
I feel elated in expressing thanks to the members of my advisory committee Dr. N.K.
Khullar (Professor-cum-Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Dean PGS Nominee), Dr.
S.S. Sooch (Senior Research Engineer, School of Energy Studies for Agriculture) and Dr.
(Mrs.) B.K. Sawhney (Associate Professor, School of Electrical Engineering & Information
Technology), for their expert advice and cooperation from time to time in conducting the
research work and assisting in writing the manuscript. I am highly grateful to Er. Sarvesh
Kumar (Assistance Professor, Department of Civil Engineering) who was not my committee
member but still his helping hand enabled me to facilitate my thesis work.
I express heartiest thanks to Sh. Mohanjit Singh (Lab Technician), Sh. Shiv Kumar
(Lab Attendant), Sh. Jasbir Singh (Brick Layer) and other members of the technical staff of
department of Civil Engineering for their help in experimental work. I am also thankful to Sh.
Gurmeet Singh Soni and other Non-Teaching staff of the Department of Civil Engineering.
In my opinion, God would not be everywhere; therefore, he made loving parents. A
formal acknowledgement of my emotions is inadequate to convey the depth of my feeling of
gratitude to my loving parents Sh. Sukhwinder Singh and Smt. Sukhdeep Kaur. I am
gracefully thankful to my sister Harmandeep Kaur. I am forever indebted to my parents for
their understanding, endless patience and encouragement when it was most required and for
providing me the means to learn and understand.
I have been fortunate to come across my funny & good friends without whom life
would be bleak, I am happy to acknowledge the shadow support and moral upliftment
showered upon me by Jagmeet, Rajindervir, Gagandeep, Gurjit, Karanpartap, Manmeet,
Sandeep, Komaldeep, Harpreet, Mandeep and Kamaldeep.
Last but not the least, I duly acknowledge my sincere thanks to all those who love and
care for me. Every name may not be mentioned but none is forgotten.
(Devinder Singh)
4
Title of Thesis : Study on the performance of concrete using sugarcane
bagasse ash and coal bottom ash
Name of the student and : Devinder Singh

Admission No. L-2013-AE-142-M
Major Subject : Civil Engineering
Minor Subject : Computer Science and Engineering
Name and designation of : Dr. Jaspal Singh

Major Advisor Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Degree to be Awarded : M.Tech.
Year of award of Degree : 2016
Total Pages in Thesis : 56 + Vita
Name of University : Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana – 141004,

Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
The basic objectives of the sustainable development are the preservation of natural resources,
reduction of environmental pollution and appropriate utilization of waste materials. In case of
concrete construction, these objectives can be fulfilled by partial replacement of cement and
aggregates with agrowaste like sugarcane bagasse ash, rice husk ash etc. and industrial waste
like copper slag, steel slag, fly ash, coal bottom ash etc. The present study focuses on
investigating the effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as partial replacement of cement
and Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. This study
primarily deals with the characteristics of concrete, including compressive strength and
workability. Moreover, this study also investigates the thermal stability of all concrete mixes
at elevated temperature. Twenty five mixes of concrete were prepared at different
replacement levels of SCBA (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20%)) with cement and CBA (0%, 10%,
20%, 30% & 40%) with fine aggregates. The water/cement ratio in all the mixes was kept at
0.55. The workability of concrete was tested immediately after preparing the concrete
whereas the compressive strength of concrete was tested after 14, 28 and 60 days of curing.
Based on the test results, a combination of 10% SCBA and 10% CBA is recommended. This
research also indicates that the contribution of SCBA and CBA doesn’t change the thermal
properties of concrete.
Keywords: Compressive strength, Coal bottom ash, Elevated Temperature, Sugarcane

bagasse ash, Workability
_________________________ _______________________
Signature of Major Advisor Signature of the student
5
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6
CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page No.
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-10
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 11-20
3.1 General 11
3.2 Material used 11
3.2.1 Cement 11
3.2.2 Aggregate 11
3.2.2.1 Coarse aggregates 12
3.2.2.2 Fine aggregates 12
3.2.3 Sugarcane bagasse ash 12
3.2.4 Coal bottom ash 13
3.2.5 Water 13
3.3 Methods 14
3.3.1 Methods of Concrete Mix Design 14
3.3.2 Specific gravity 14
3.3.3 Standard consistency of cement as per 14
BIS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988
3.3.4 Determination of Initial and Final Setting time as per 15
BIS: 4031 (Part 5) - 1988
3.3.5 Compressive strength of cement as per 15
BIS: 4031 (Part 6) - 1988
3.3.6 Sieve analysis for coarse and fine aggregates as per 16
BIS: 2386 (Part 1) - 1963
3.3.7 Workability of concrete as per 16
BIS: 1199-1959
3.3.8 Compressive strength of concrete as per 18
BIS: 516 -1959
3.3.9 Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature 19
3.3.10 Statistical Analysis of compressive strength test results 20
7
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21-51

4.1 Properties of Materials 21
4.1.1 Properties of cement 21
4.1.2 Properties of aggregate 21
4.1.2.1 Properties of coarse aggregates 21
4.1.2.2 Properties of fine aggregates 23
4.1.3 Properties of sugarcane bagasse ash 23
4.1.4 Properties of coal bottom ash 23
4.2 Testing of concrete 24
4.2.1 Mix design of concrete by BIS recommendations 25
4.2.1.1 Stipulation for proportioning 25
4.2.1.2 Test for data materials 25
4.2.1.3 Target strength for mix proportioning 26
4.2.1.4 Selection of water-cement ratio 26
4.2.1.5 Selection of water content 27
4.2.1.6 Calculation of cement content 27
4.2.1.7 Proportion of volume of coarse aggregates and 27
fine aggregates
4.2.1.8 Mix calculations 27
4.2.2 Preparation of Trial Mixes 28
4.3 Workability of concrete 30
4.4 Compressive strength of concrete 31
4.5 Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature 37
4.6 Cost analysis 43
4.7 Statistical analysis 44
4.7.1 Analysis of variance 44
4.7.2 Multiple comparisons among replacement levels of 45
SCBA and CBA
4.7.3 Development of prediction equation for compressive strength 46
of concrete and checking of developed relationship
V SUMMARY 52-53
REFERENCES 54-56
VITA
8
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.

4.1 Properties of OPC 43 grade cement 21
4.2 Properties of coarse aggregates 22
4.3 Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates (10 mm size) 22
4.4 Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates (20 mm size) 22
4.5 Sieve analysis of proportioned of coarse aggregates 22
4.6 Sieve analysis of fine aggregates 23
4.7 Chemical properties of SCBA 23
4.8 Physical properties of CBA 24
4.9 Designation of concrete mix 24
4.10 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates 25
4.11 Assumed standard deviation 26
4.12 Minimum Cement Content, maximum Water-Cement ratio and 26

minimum grade of concrete for different exposures with normal
weight aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum Size
4.13 Maximum water content per cubic metre of concrete for nominal 27
maximum size of aggregate
4.14 Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate 27

for different zone of fine aggregate.
4.15 Proportion of different materials 28
4.16 Quantities per cubic meter for trial mixes (M25) 28
4.17 Mix proportions of different concrete mixes 29
4.19 Test results for workability of concrete 30
4.19 Test results for average compressive strength of concrete 32
4.20 Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in compressive strength of 33

concrete
4.21 Residual compressive strength of concrete mixes at different 38

temperature range
4.23 Percentage loss in compressive strength at different temperature 39

range
4.23 Cost of concrete’s ingredients 43
4.24 Cost of waste materials 43
9
4.25 Total cost of each mixture of concrete 44
4.26 Analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and CBA 45

for 14 days compressive strength


4.29 Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of 46

SCBA
4.30 Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of 46

CBA
4.31 Measured and estimated compressive strength values of 14 days 47

concrete

concrete

concrete
10
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.

3.1 Sugarcane bagasse ash 13
3.2 Coal bottom ash 13
3.3 Procedure of slump test 17
3.4 Casting of cube specimens 18
3.5 Demoulding and Testing of cube specimens 19
3.6 Heating of cube specimens into muffle furnace 20
4.1 Slump values of concrete with different replacement levels of 31
SCBA and CBA
4.2 Compressive strength of concrete with different replacement 34
levels of cement with SCBA for 0% CBA
levels of fine aggregates with CBA for 0% SCBA
4.12 Compressive strength of concrete at different temperature ranges 40
with different replacement levels of cement with SCBA and 0%
CBA
CBA
CBA
11
CBA
CBA
with different replacement levels of fine aggregates with CBA
and 0% SCBA
and 5% SCBA
and 10% SCBA
and 15% SCBA
and 20% SCBA
4.22 Variation of estimated compressive strength and measured 50
compressive strength for 14 days concrete mixes
12
ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS
SCBA Sugarcane bagasse ash

CBA Coal bottom ash
cm Centimeter
g Gram
3
g/cm Gram per cubic centimeter
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
Kg Kilogram
kg/m3 Kilogram per cubic meter
kN/s Kilonewton per second
L Liter
3
L/m Liter per cubic meter
m Meter
2
m /kg Square meter per kilogram
mm Millimeter
2
N/mm Newton per square millimeter
µm Micrometer
°F Degrees Fahrenheit
°C Degree Celsius
% Percent
13
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the world’s most consumed construction material because of its excellent
mechanical and durability properties. Worldwide, the concrete industry produces over 10
billion tons of concrete annually (Meyer 2006). At present, concrete industry is cursed with
the scarcity of the aggregates and environment pollution from cement production. The cement
industry has a significant contribution in global warming because combustion of fuel in the
cement kiln and the electricity used for grinding the clinker, emit large amount of CO2.
Cement industry is responsible for about of 5% of global CO2 emissions (Worrell et al 2001).
Furthermore, the natural resources of aggregates are depleting gradually due to development
in infrastructure all around the world. The ban on mining in some areas is further increasing
the problem of availability of natural aggregates. Therefore, it becomes very essential and
more significant to find out the substitutes for both cement as well natural aggregates. Apart
from it, the continuous growth of agro and industrial waste is the principle cause of many
environmental concerns and burdens which can be reduced by using these wastes in concrete
construction.
Agrowaste is the waste produced from various agricultural goods. Bagasse from
Sugarcane, wheat husk and wheat straw from Wheat, groundnut shell from Groundnut, and
rice husk from Paddy are the wastes of agriculture. Most of the developing countries
produced near about 400 million tons of agricultural waste annually. Nowadays, some of the
wastes such as rice husk, bagasse, shell of ground nuts etc. are partly used as a fuel for power
generation. This utilization results into ash which causes the problem of disposal. Moreover,
the chemical composition of the ash has diverted these wastes into the useful materials which
can be used in concrete construction. Apart from above mentioned agrowaste ashes, some
researchers identified that the sugarcane bagasse ash can also be used as pozzolan in concrete.
Sugarcane is one of the major crops grown in over 110 countries. According to Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO), India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the
world. It produces 340 million tons of sugarcane every year. The fibrous matter that remains
after crushing and juice extraction of sugarcane is known as bagasse. When this bagasse is
burned under controlled temperature, it results into ash. The resulting Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) contains high levels SiO2 and AL2O3, which can help to enabling its use as a
supplementary cementitious material (SCM). The use of SCBA as SCM not only reduces the
production of cement which is responsible for high energy consumption and carbon emission,
but also can improve the compressive strength of cement based materials like concrete and
mortar (Janjaturaphan and Wanson 2010). This improved compressive strength depends on
both physical and chemical effects of the SCBA. The physical effect also called filler effect
1
which relates to shape, size and texture of the SCBA particles while the chemical effects
relate to the ability of SCBA to participate in the pozzolanic reaction with calcium hydroxide
by providing reactive silicious compounds (Srinivasan and Sathiya 2010).
In the last few decades there has been speedily increase in the waste and by-products
production from the various industries. This obviously causes for many environmental issues
and raises the potential to contaminate natural resources of living such as water, air and soil.
So, the appropriate disposal of these wastes and by products is a serious burden of every
country. The safe disposal of such industrial wastes is very expensive. Furthermore, there is a
lack of disposal sites which can appropriately handle such wastes without causing harmful
effects on the environment. Therefore, researchers from all over the world are focusing on
that ways of utilizing these wastes, where their harmful effects are reduced. The concrete
industry is one of the places where the beneficial use of these waste could have good future.
The significant study has been published towards the use of many industrial wastes such as
fly ash, blast furnace slag, copper slag, steel slag and silica fume in concrete manufacturing.
No doubt, large amount of such wastes is used in concrete production, but coal bottom ash (a
waste from coal fired thermal plants) is still not used in any form.
Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) is produced in furnaces of coal fired thermal plant. It is a
non combustible material produced after burning of coals, mainly comprise of fused coarser
ash particles. This unutilized ash has to be disposed off either dry or wet to an open area near
the plant or mixing it with water and pumping into water bodies which causing pollution. To
overcome this type of problem, it is necessary to utilize bottom ash. The bottom ash forms up
to 25% of the total ash while the fly ash forms the remaining 75%. In India, over 70% of
electricity is generated by combustion of fossil fuels, out of which nearly 61% is produced by
coal fired plants (Aggarwal et al 2007). The coal fired thermal power plants are burned about
407 million tons of coal for generation of power and produce about 131 million tons of coal
ash annually (Singh and Siddique 2014). In addition, it has been also observed that the CBA
is well graded and majority of its grains sizes are similar to grains sizes of river sand. This
grain size of CBA is within the limit given by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) specification
(Kadam and Patil 2013). These physical properties of CBA make it attractive to be used as
fine aggregates in production of concrete.
Sometimes concrete structures are exposed to fire. Fire decreases the durability and
strength of such concrete structures. Meanwhile, the resistance capacity of ordinary concrete
against fire alone is very complicated because concrete is a composite material with
components having different thermal properties. Fire resistance of concrete depends upon
many factors like the size and shape of structures, type of admixes, cement and aggregates
used. Aggregates have very high resistance against the fire but cooling of the heated
aggregates may results to formation of internal pressure. This internal pressure may cause of
2
changes the volume of aggregates. Furthermore, the hydrated cement contains a significant
amount of free calcium hydroxide and will decompose into calcium oxide due to loss of water
at 400–4500 C (Metin Husem 2005). This calcium oxide changes into calcium hydroxide
again, when kept under moist environment. These chemical changes are responsible for
contraction of cement paste. Some of the deformation of concrete is due to this contraction.
Due to such changes in volume of aggregates and cement paste, the concrete may spall. In
fact, normal concrete can be with stand up to about 100–1200 C without any significant loss in
compressive strength. It is feared therefore that replacement of any ingredient of concrete
with other materials (agricultural or industrial waste) might changes the properties of concrete
at higher temperature.
Several researchers have investigated the individual effect on the strength properties
of concrete by replacing either cement with SCBA or fine aggregates with CBA. The
information available on the performance of fresh as well as hardened concrete using
combination of SCBA and CBA is rare. The main objective of this study is to investigate the
workability and compressive strength of concrete by using SCBA and CBA as combination.
Moreover, this study also examines the effect of elevated temperature on thermal stability of
all concrete mixes.
Keeping above in view, the present study has been planned with the following
objectives:
i) To study the compressive strength characteristic of concrete using sugarcane bagasse
ash (as partial replacement of cement) and coal bottom ash (as partial replacement of
fine aggregates).
ii) To study the workability characteristic of concrete using sugarcane bagasse ash and
coal bottom ash.
iii) To study the effect of elevated temperature on compressive strength of concrete using
sugarcane bagasse ash and coal bottom ash.
3
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Worell et al (2001) investigated the carbon dioxide emissions from global cement
industries. The results showed that the cement industry contributes about 5% to global
anthropogenic CO2 emissions from calcination of lime stone and combustion of fuels in a
kiln. China has the largest share of total emission (33%) followed by United States (6%),
India (5%), Japan (5%) and Korea (4%).
Husem (2006) studied the variation of compressive and flexural strengths of
ordinary and high-performance micro-concrete at high temperatures. In the experiment,
concrete specimens were exposed to high temperatures (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000°C) and
cooled differently (in air and water). Compressive and flexural strengths of these concrete
samples were compared with each other and then compared with the samples which had not
been heated. The results indicated that concrete strength decreases with increasing
temperature, and the decrease in the strength of ordinary concrete is more than that in high-
performance concrete. The type of cooling also affects the residual compressive and flexural
strength.
Aggarwal et al (2007) studied the effect of coal bottom ash as replacement of fine
aggregates in concrete. The various aspects such as workability, compressive strength,
flexural and splitting tensile strength were studied in the experiment. Five mix proportions
were made by replacing sand with CBA by weight. First was control mix (without CBA), and
the other four mixes contained CBA. The proportions of fine aggregate were replaced ranged
from 20% to 50%. The 150 mm concrete cubes were cast for compressive strength, 150×300
mm cylinders for splitting tensile strength and 101.4×101.4×508 mm beams for flexural
strength. The tests were performed at 7, 28, 56, 90 days in accordance with the provisions of
the BIS: 516-1959. The results pointed out that compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength and flexural strength of CBA concrete specimens were lower than control concrete
specimens at all the ages. The strength difference between CBA concrete specimens and
control concrete specimens became less distinct after 28 days. The results also showed that
the workability of concrete decreased with the increase in CBA content due to the increase in
water demand.
Souza et al (2007) studied the effects of addition of various proportions of SCBA on
the properties of mortar and concretes. The ash was partial substituted (0%, 10%, 20% and
30%) with cement at constant w/c ratio of 0.5. The study has been conducted as follows:
workability with the flow table test, compressive strength at the ages of 1, 7, 14, 21 and 56
days, total water and capillary absorptions after 28 days of curing, pore size distribution at the
age of 28 days, gas permeability at the ages of 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and pore size
4
distribution. The results revealed that SCBA can be replaced up to 20% and water capillary
sorption increased as with the addition of SCBA.
Ganesan et al (2007) studied the effect of SCBA as supplementary cementitious
material on the properties of concrete. Seven different proportions of concrete mixes (SCBA
ranging from 5% to 30% by weight of cement) including the control mix were prepared with
a water binder ratio of 0.53. Compressive strength of bagasse ash blended cement concrete
cubes was determined after 7, 14, 28 and 90 days curing and splitting tensile strength test was
conducted on SCBA blended concrete cylinders after 28 days. It was concluded that up to
20% of OPC can be replaced with well-burnt SCBA without any adverse effect on the
desirable properties of concrete.
Bishr (2008) studied the effect of elevated temperature on the compressive strength of
concrete made with silica fume (as a partial replacement of cement). Six mix proportions
were made. First was control mix (without Silica fume), and the other five mixes contained
Silica fume. Cement was replaced with Silica fume by weight. The proportions of cement
replaced ranged from 0% to 15%. The 100 mm cubes were casted and cured for 28 days.
Three cubes of each mix proportion were placed at elevated temperature i.e.
20,150,300,500,700 and 900°C for four hours in the electric oven. The values of the
compressive strength for the various mixes at elevated temperatures were measured. The
results demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete with or without silica fume
decreases with increasing temperature, the peak value in the ratio of the compressive strength
at high temperature to that at ambient temperature is observed around 300°C. This peak value
could be attributed to the evaporation of free water inside the concrete.
Cordeoro et al (2008) studied the pozzolanic and filler effects of a residual SCBA in
mortars. Initially, the influence of particle size of SCBA on the packing density was
examined. After that, the pozzolanic activity of SCBA and compressive strength of mortars
were also observed. In addition, the behavior of SCBA was also analyzed by comparing with
insoluble material of the same packing density. The results showed that there was a direct
relationship between the compressive strength of mortar containing SCBA and the Blaine
fineness of the ash. Moreover, the compressive strength of mortar containing SCBA is
inversely proportional to SCBA’s particle size. According to the results, the finest SCBA
produced by vibratory grinding, provided the highest packing density of mortar. This density
generated a higher compressive strength and pozzolanic activity. Thus, it was concluded that
the SCBA showed good physical and chemical properties so it is appropriate for use as
mineral admixture.
Andrade et al (2009) studied the effect of CBA as partial replacement of fine
aggregate on properties of fresh concrete. In the study, the concrete mixes were prepared by
two forms of CBA addition that is equivalent volume replacement, correcting bottom ash
5
quantities according to the moisture content and non-equivalent volume replacement, without
replacement of CBA according to the moisture content of the aggregate. The CBA was
replaced up to 100%. The compressive strength of concrete was investigated at 3, 28 and 90
curing ages. It was concluded that the compressive strength is decreased when natural sand is
substituted by coal bottom ash.
Behnood and Ghandehari (2009) studied the comparison of compressive and splitting
tensile strength of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene (PP) fibers heated
to high temperatures. Mixes were prepared with silica fume at 0%, 6% and 10% cement
replacement and polypropylene fibers content of 0, 1, 2, and 3 kg/m3. The specimens were
heated at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600°C for three hours. A strength loss was observed for
all concrete mix after exposure to 600°C. The relative compressive strengths of concretes
containing PP fibers were higher than those of concretes without PP fibers. The splitting
tensile strength of concrete was more sensitive to high temperatures than the compressive
strength. Presence of PP fibers was more effective for compressive strength than splitting
tensile strength above 200°C. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the addition
of 2kg/m3 PP fibers can significantly promote the residual mechanical properties of high
strength concrete during heating.
Chusilp et al (2009) investigated the physical properties of SCBA concrete such as
compressive strength, water permeability, and heat evolution. SCBA was obtained from a
sugar factory. It was ground with the help of ball mill until the particles retained on a No. 325
sieve were less than 5wt%. The OPC was replaced with SCBA at different replacement levels
(10, 20 and 30%) with constant w/c ratio (0.50). The results of experiment showed that, at the
age of 28 days, the concrete samples containing 10–30% ground bagasse ash by weight of
binder had greater compressive strengths than the control concrete (concrete without ground
bagasse ash), while the water permeability was lower than the control concrete. Concrete
containing 20% ground bagasse ash had the highest compressive strength at 113% of the
control concrete. The water permeability of concrete decreased as the fractional replacement
of ground bagasse ash increased. It was also observed that for the heat evolution, the
maximum temperature rise of concrete containing ground bagasse ash was lower than the
control concrete and the maximum temperature rise of the concrete was reduced 13, 23, and
33% as compared with the control concrete when the cement was replaced by ground bagasse
ash at 10, 20, and 30wt% of binder respectively.
Cordeiro et al (2010) described the characterization of SCBA produced by controlled
burning and ultrafine grinding. Initially, the optimum burning conditions of the bagasse were
examined which helped to find maximum pozzolanic activity. The results demonstrated that
an amorphous SCBA with high specific surface area and reduced loss on ignition can be
produced with burning at 600°C in muffle oven. After observing optimum burning they
6
investigated the grinding procedure of SCBA. The results also pointed out that the grinding in
vibratory mill for 120 min enabled the production of an ash with pozzolanic activity index of
100% which can be replaced cement up to 20%
Janjaturaphan and Wansom (2010) studied the pozzolanic activity of SCBA. The
study found that the total amounts of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 for all SCBAs are higher than
the minimum requirement stated for Class N pozzolan (> 70%) according to ASTM C618
(2003). Although the moisture contents for all SCBAs are higher than the maximum
requirement of 3%, this possesses no serious problem to the use of SCBAs as an SCM, since
it can be easily reduced by oven-drying at 105-110ºC overnight or by sun-drying, for a more
energy-efficient and economical means.
Fairbairn et al (2010) studied the effect of SCBA as partial replacement of cement in
concrete. SCBA was replaced with cement at the ratio of 0%, 10%, 15% and 20 %. All
specimens were cured for 7, 28, 90 and 180 days. Based on their test results, it was concluded
that an optimum of 10% SCBA blend with OPC could be used for reinforced concrete.
Srinivasan and Sathiya (2010) studied the effect of SCBA as partial replacement of
cement in concrete. The study was carried out on SCBA obtained by controlled combustion of
sugarcane bagasse which was procured from the Tamilnadu province in India. SCBA was
partial replace with cement at the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% by weight. In the
experimental work, a total of 180 numbers of concrete specimens were casted. The specimens
considered in this study consisted of 36 numbers of 150 mm side cubes, 108 numbers of 150
mm diameter and 300 mm long cylinders, and 36 numbers of 750 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm
size prisms. The specimens were removed from the mould after 24h and then cured under
water for a period of 7 and 28 days. The study examined the compressive strength, split
tensile strength, flexural strength, young’s modulus and density of concrete. It was concluded
that the SCBA in blended concrete had significantly higher compressive strength, tensile
strength, and flexural strength compare to that of the concrete without SCBA. It was also
found that the cement could be advantageously replaced with SCBA up to maximum limit of
10%.
Paula et al (2010) evaluated the effects of the partial replacement of OPC by SCBA in
mortars. Firstly, they burned SCBA on stove at 600°C and then at 700°C. The second burn
was lasted for 3 hrs. After this burn, it was cooled naturally and then ground by using ball
mill at different grinding time at different grind times (0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, 420, 540 and
660 min). The SCBA was replaced with cement at different replacement levels i.e. 0%, 10%,
20% and 30% in mortar proportion (1:3). The results showed that the addition of SCBA
retards the setting time of mortars by 10 minutes. It was also observed that SCBA in blended
mortar had significantly higher strength up-to 10% of replacement.
Ismail et al (2011) examined the residual compressive strength of concrete
7
containing palm oil fuel ash (POFA) after exposure to elevated temperatures and subsequent
cooling. Specimens from OPC and POFA concrete mixes were prepared and subjected to
various temperature levels such as 100, 300, 500 and 800°C. The POFA concrete contains
20% partial replacement of cement by weight. Furthermore, two cooling systems which
include cooling at room temperature by the natural breeze and water-spray were involved.
Compressive strength test was conducted on control specimens as well as concrete specimens
revived through the two cooling systems. It was concluded from the study that the residual
performance was found to be higher in POFA concrete than in the normal concrete. In
addition, water-cooling was realized to aggravate strength reduction in both normal and
POFA concretes when compared with air-cooling.
Krishna et al (2011) studied the effect of elevated temperature on strength of
differently cured concretes. The study investigated the effect of sustained elevated
temperature on compressive strength, strength loss, weight loss, and method of curing.
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), OPC with 10%
replacement by micro silica were used in the experimentation. The experiments were
conducted on a design M40 grade concrete mix proportions of 1:1.61:1.95, designated as mix
A: 1:1.59:1.95, designated as mix B: and 1:1.595:1.95, designated as mix C: containing OPC-
43, PPC-43 and OPC with 10% micro silica respectively as cementing materials with a w/c
ratio = 0.43. After conducting workability tests, this homogeneous concrete mass was poured
into the cube moulds of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm and compacted on vibrating table. They
were cured for 28 days employing two different curing techniques such as conventional wet
curing (curing tank) and by application of membrane forming curing compound. After 28
days of curing, the specimens were transferred to the muffle furnace wherein they were
heated to 150°C, 300°C and 450°C for 1 hour. After 1 hour they were air cooled to room
temperature. The results revealed that the specimens of the concrete mixes: A, B and C
suffered an increasing loss in their compressive strength on exposure to increasing sustained
elevated temperatures. The loss of strength is comparable in mixes A & B while it’s more in
mix C when cured by conventional water curing.
Fairbairn et al (2012) observed the viability of possible CO2 emissions reductions
scenarios for the cement manufacturing through the implementation of Clean Development
Mechanisms (CDM) associated with the partial replacement of cement by sugar cane bagasse
ash (SCBA). The prime motive of this study was to explore thermal, chemical and mechanical
behavior of concretes containing 5 to 20%. This study revealed that there is improvement on
the performance of all analyzed properties. Moreover, the CO2 emissions of two hypothetical
scenarios of CDM Project implementation were evaluated. The analysis of the experimental
results indicated that there are emission reductions on both scenarios.
Lavanya et al (2012) studied the effect of SCBA as partial replacement of cement in
8
concrete. SCBA was partially replaced with cement at the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
30% for three different water cement ratios i.e. 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45. For each water cement
ratio and replacements 3 cubes were casted and its average compressive strength is tabulated
for 7, 14 and 28 days. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that: SCBA can
increase the overall strength of the concrete when used up to a 15% cement replacement level
with w/c ratio of 0.35. SCBA is a valuable pozzolanic material and it can potentially be used
as a partial replacement for cement.
Otuoze et al (2012) studied the effect of SCBA as partial replacement of cement in
concrete. In this study, SCBA collected was burnt in an incinerator at a controlled
temperature of 600°C. A total of one hundred and eight (108) specimens in all, each
measuring 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm were casted and cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for
0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40% SCBA blended with OPC. The results showed that SCBA
is a good pozzolana for concrete cementation and partial blends of it with OPC could give
good strength development and other engineering properties in concrete. An optimum of 10%
SCBA blend with OPC could be used for reinforced concrete. Higher blends of 15% and up to
35% of SCBA with OPC are acceptable for plane or mass concrete.
Rukzon and Chindaprasirt (2012) studied the effect of SCBA as partial replacement
of cement in high strength concrete. In the study cement was partially replaced with 10%,
20% and 30% of SCBA. For all mixes, 100 mm diameters and 200 mm height of cylindrical
specimens were cast for compressive strength testing. They were tested at the ages of 7, 28
and 90 days. The results demonstrated that SCBA improves the strength of concrete. The
concrete containing up to 30% of SCBA exhibited better compressive strength than
conventional concrete.
Bajare et al (2013) studied the efficiency for the partial replacement of cement with
CBA as well as if it is possible to use CBA as micro filler like fly ash with pozzolanic
properties in production of concrete. This ash was grinded for 4, 15, 30 and 45 minutes to find
out how the grinding period has an impact on the CBA pozzolanic activity. 20% and 40% of
cement in the concrete mix was replaced by the grinded coal bottom ash. Three different
reference mixes were prepared .In one of the reference mixes 100% of cement was used as
binder and in two mixes cement was partially replaced by inert filler – dolomite flour – 20
and 40% from the cement mass respectively. Four different mixes with coal bottom ash were
prepared – two of them with coal bottom ash grinded for 4 minutes and other two with coal
bottom ash grinded for 15 minutes, replacing with it 20 and 40% from the cement .The
specimens were cured for 7 ,14 and 28 days. The study concluded that CBA can effectively
replace cement up to 20% of its total amount without reducing compressive strength of
concrete and dolomite flour is more useful as micro filler than CBA.
Kadam and Patil (2013) studied the effect of CBA as sand replacement on properties
9
of concrete with different water cement ratio. In the study, natural sand was replaced with
coal bottom ash by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% by
weight. The results showed that the compressive strength was increased up to 20%
replacement and split tensile strength and flexural strength increased up to 30% replacement.
Malkit and Siddique (2013) studied the effect of coal bottom ash as partial
replacement of sand. Various properties of concrete such as density, compressive strength,
flexural strength, split tensile strength and durability were investigated in this paper from the
review of published research work. The study pointed out that density, compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete decrease when natural sand is
substituted by coal bottom ash due to the porosity and higher water demand of coal bottom
ash particles.
Malkit and Siddique (2014) investigated the strength properties and micro-structural
properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate.
The cubes of size 150 mm were casted for examining the compressive strength and splitting
tensile strength of concrete mixes. Cylinders of size 150 mm x 300 mm and 100 mm x 200
mm were casted for measuring the modulus of elasticity of concrete. The compressive
strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete specimens was measured at 7 days, 28 days,
90 days and 180 days curing age respectively. Modulus of elasticity of concrete was
calculated at the curing age of 28 days, 90 days and 180 days. The fixed water cement ratio of
0.45 was applied in all the concrete mixes. At the early age, compressive strength reduced
marginally on the inclusion of CBA in concrete. However, 28 days compressive strength of
concrete was not found to be significantly affected by replacing river sand with coal bottom
ash because pozzolanic activity of coal bottom ash is slow up to 14 days and starts after 28
days of curing age. Splitting tensile strength of concrete improved at all the curing ages on
use of CBA as fine aggregate in partial or full replacement of river sand. Modulus of elasticity
of concrete mix containing CBA as fine aggregate in partial or full replacement of river sand
was lower than that of control concrete.
Muangtong et al (2013) examined the effects of fine SCBA on the workability and
compressive strength of mortars. Initially, the clinker was designed. After that it was replaced
with SCBA with different replacement levels at the range of 0, 20 and 40%, whereas gypsum
was constant added. For cement mortars, sand, cement, SCBA and water were mixed and
cast into cube moulds (50mm x 50mm x 50mm) for compressive strength and fluidity of
cement mortar testing. The results revealed that replacing clinker with 20% SCBA was
appropriate for production in laboratory scale and w/c ratio of 0.735 is suitable on workability
of the resultant cement.
10
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 General
This chapter briefly explains the materials used and methods adopted to conduct the
study of workability and compressive strength of concrete containing SCBA and CBA.
3.2 Material used
3.2.1 Cement
Cement is a binder that binds together the other materials. It has cohesive and
adhesive properties in the presence of water. It is obtained by burning the mixture of
calcareous and argillaceous materials. This mixture is properly intimated and fused in kiln at
about 1450°C and a product called clinker is obtained. The clinker is cooled and the cooled
clinker is mixed with a few percent of gypsum, then ground to get cement. Cements used in
construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon
the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water. Hydraulic cements such as OPC set
and become adhesive due to a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The
chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite
durable in water and safe from chemical attack. The different types of cement as classified by
BIS are OPC, Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), rapid hardening portland cement, portland
slag cement, hydrophobic portland cement, low heat portland cement and sulphate resisting
portland cement. The OPC is the commonly used in concrete construction. It is more suitable
than other cements, for use in general concrete construction where there is no exposure to
sulphates in the soil or in ground water. It is classified into three grades namely 33 grade, 43
grade and 53 grade. This classification depends upon the compressive strength of cement at
28 days. The physical properties of cement were determined in accordance with BIS
specification and are given in Chapter IV.
3.2.2 Aggregates
The aggregates are the essential constituents of concrete. The aggregates occupy
almost 85 per cent of the volume of concrete. So, their effect on various properties such as
compressive strength, shrinkage, creep etc. is undoubtedly considerable. Without the study of
aggregates in depth and range, the study of the concrete is incomplete. Almost all natural
aggregates materials originate from bed rocks which are classified into three categories
namely igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.
Aggregates can be classified on the basis of their size and weight. On the basis of
their weight, aggregates are classified as normal weight, light weight and heavy weight
aggregates. But, to know more about concrete it is very essential that one should know more
about the classification based on their sizes. Therefore, on the basis of their size, aggregates
can also be classified on the basis of the size of the aggregates as coarse aggregates and fine
11
aggregates.
3.2.2.1 Coarse aggregates
Aggregates most of which is retained on 4.75-mm BIS Sieve are known as coarse
aggregates. The various types of coarse aggregates described as:
i) Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of rock.
ii) Crushed gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone.
iii) Partially crushed gravel or stone when it is a product of the blending of above two
The shape of coarse aggregates is an important characteristic since it affects the
workability and strength properties of concrete. The shape of aggregates is very much
influenced by the type of crusher and the reduction ratio i.e. the ratio of size of material into
crusher and the size of finished product. The coarse aggregates can be classified on the basis
of their shape as rounded, irregular or partly rounded, angular and flaky. Regarding the shape
characteristics of different types of aggregate, angular shape tends to improve the strength
because of interlocking characteristics, while the rounded shape improves the workability
characteristics because of lower internal friction. Furthermore, the graded coarse aggregate is
described by its nominal size i.e. 40 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm and 10 mm. Crushed stone
aggregates of nominal size 20 mm and 10 mm in the proportion of 50:50 were used
throughout the experimental study. The aggregates were washed to remove dust, dirt and were
dried to surface dry condition. The properties of coarse aggregates such as specific gravity,
water absorption and fineness modulus were determined and are given in Chapter IV.
3.2.2.2 Fine aggregates
Aggregates most of which passes 4.75-mm BIS Sieve are known as fine aggregates
i) Natural sand - Fine aggregates resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and
which has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
ii) Crushed stone sand - Fine aggregates produced by crushing hard stone.
iii) Crushed gravel sand - Fine aggregates produced by crushing natural gravel.
According to size, the fine aggregates may be described as coarse, medium or fine
aggregates. Depending upon the particle size distribution, the fine aggregates are divided into
four grading zones as per BIS: 383-1970. The grading zones become finer from grading zone
I to grading zone IV. The sand conforming to zone II was used in this study. The properties of
fine aggregates such as specific gravity, fineness modulus and water absorption were
determined and are given in Chapter IV.
3.2.3 Sugarcane bagasse ash
Sugarcane bagasse ash is produced when bagasse is reutilized as a biomass fuel in
boilers. When this bagasse is burned under controlled temperature, it results into ash. The ash
obtained from the boiler of a sugar mill was used in this study shown in Figure 3.1. The sugar
mill is situated at Budhewal village which falls at a distance of about 4 kms from Jandaili on
12
Ludhiana-Chandigarh road. The collection of the ash was carried out during the boiler
cleaning operation. The chemical properties of SCBA are given in Chapter IV.
Figure 3.1: Sugarcane bagasse ash

3.2.4 Coal bottom ash
Coal bottom ash is the waste product of coal fired power plant. It is a non
combustible material produced after burning of coal in furnace of coal fired thermal power
plants. The CBA obtained from Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant was used in this study shown
in Figure 3.2. The thermal plant is situated at Lehra Mohabbat which locates on State
Highway No. 12, runs from Bathinda to Barnala. The physical properties of CBA are given in
Chapter IV.
Figure 3.2: Coal bottom ash

3.2.5 Water
Water is an important constituent of concrete as it is responsible for chemical reaction
with cement. Due to its importance, mixing and curing water should not contain undesirable
organic substances or inorganic constituents in excessive proportions. In this project clean
13
potable water was used for both mixing and curing of concrete. It was free from organic
matter, silt, oil, sugar, chloride and acidic material as per BIS: 456-2000.
3.3 Methods
The procedure of methods used for testing concrete, cement, coarse aggregates and
fine aggregates are given below:
3.3.1 Methods of concrete mix design
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their
relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required strength,
durability and workability as economical as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. In
present study mix design was done by BIS mix design method which is based on BIS: 10262-
2009.
The basic steps involved in the concrete mix design can be summarized as follows:
i) Based on the level of quality control the target mean strength is estimated from the
specified characteristic strength.
ii) The water cement ratio is selected for the mean target strength and checked for the
requirements of durability.
iii) The water content for the required workability is determined.
iv) The cement content can be determined from the water cement ratio and water content
obtained in step (ii) and (iii) respectively and is checked for the water requirements.
v) The relative proportion of fine and coarse aggregates is selected from the
characteristic of coarse and fine aggregates.
vi) The trial mix proportions are determined.
vii) The trial mixes are tested for verifying the compressive strength and suitable
adjustments are made to arrive at the final mix composition.
3.3.2 Specific gravity
The specific gravity is a dimensionless defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a
unit volume) of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference
substance. The reference substance is water for liquids or air for gases. The specific gravity of
the solid is the ratio of its weight in air to the difference between its weight in air and its
weight after immersed in water.
3.3.3 Standard consistency of cement as per BIS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit a vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of
33-35 mm from the top of the mould.
i) Weigh approximately 400 g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water.
The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
ii) Fill the vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel.
14
iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.
iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
v) Note the reading on the gauge.
vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different quantities of
water until the reading on the gauge is 5 mm to 7 mm. The water content for the cube
is the standard consistency of cement.
3.3.4 Determination of Initial and Final Setting time as per BIS: 4031 (Part 5) - 1988
i) Take 400 g of cement and prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85P of water by weight
of cement where P is standard consistency of cement as found earlier.
ii) Gauge time is kept between 3 to 5 minutes.
iii) Fill the vicat mould with cement and smoothen the surface of the paste making it
level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is known as test
block.
iv) For initial setting time place the test block confined in the mould and resting on non
porous plate under the rod bearing needle, lower the needle gently in contact with the
surface of the test block.
v) In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test block. Repeat this procedure
until the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of
the mould.
vi) The period elapsing between the times when water is added to the time at which the
needle fails to pierce the test block by about 5 mm is the initial setting time.
vii) For determining the final setting time, replace the needle of vicat apparatus by the
needle with an annular attachment.
viii) The cement is considered finally set when upon applying the final setting needle
gently to the surface of the block; the needle makes an impression thereon, while the
attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time when water is added
to the cement and the time at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of
the test block while the attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.
3.3.5 Compressive strength of cement as per BIS: 4031 (Part 6) - 1988
Compressive strength of cement is determined from cubes of 70.6 mm X 70.6 mm X
70.6 mm in size, made of cement mortar with one part of cement and three parts of standard
sand. The quantity of materials for each cube taken as follows:-
Cement : 200 g
Standard sand : 600 g
Water : (P/4+3.0) percent weight of cement and sand
Where P is the percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency
determined as found in 3.3.3
15
Procedure:
i) Gauge a mixture of cement and standard sand in the proportion of 1:3 by weight
using (P/4+3.0) percent of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Fill the cube moulds by compacting it for two minutes on a vibrating machine.
iii) Smooth the top surface of the cubes with flat side of trowel.
iv) Immediately upon completion of moulding, place the cube moulds in an atmosphere
of 27⁰C± 2°C.
v) After 24 hours, remove the specimen from the moulds and keep them in water for
curing till testing.
vi) Test the cubes at 3, 7 and 28 days age in the compression testing machine.
vii) Report the average compressive strength in N/mm2.
3.3.6 Sieve analysis for coarse and fine aggregates as per BIS: 2386 (Part 1) - 1963
i) The sample was dried on a hot plate or in an oven at a temperature of 110ºC (230ºF).
ii) The air dry sample was weighed and sieved successfully on the appropriate sieves
starting with the large.
iii) Each sieve was shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace passes,
but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking was done with
a varied motion, left to right, backward and forward, circular clockwise and anti-
clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the
sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
iv) Lumps of fine materials, if present, was broken by gentle pressure with fingers
against the side of the sieve. Light brushing with a soft brush on the underside of the
sieve was used to clear the sieve openings.
v) On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any
material cleaned from the mesh, was weighed.
3.3.7 Workability of concrete as per BIS: 1199-1959
Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar which determines the
ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated, and finished. The
strength and durability of hardened concrete, in addition to labour costs, depend on concrete
having appropriate workability. Workability test methods have been classified in terms of the
type of flow produced during the test. Commonly used test methods are:-
i) Slump Test
ii) Compacting Factor Test
iii) Vee Bee Consistometer Test
iv) Flow Table Test
In present study, workability was found by slump test. The test is an empirical test
16
that measures the workability of fresh concrete. The test is popular due to the simplicity of
apparatus used and simple procedure. The apparatus consist of slump cone, scale for
measurement and temping rod.
The basic steps involved in the slump test can be summarized as follows:
i) The mould for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The
base is 200 mm (8 in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm
(4 in).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 3.3: Procedure of slump test
17
ii) The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in
three layers, whose workability is to be tested.
iii) Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod,
rounded at the end as shown in Figure 3.3(a).
iv) When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off
(leveled with mould top opening) by means of rolling motion of the trowel as shown
in Figure 3.3(b).
v) The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it
could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of
handles or foot - rests brazed to the mould.
vi) Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly
and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump as shown in
Figure 3.3(c).
vii) The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
viii) The slump is measured by placing the scale just besides the slump concrete as shown
in Figure 3.3(d).
The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale
3.3.8 Compressive strength of concrete as per BIS: 516-1959
The quantities of cement, coarse aggregates (20 mm and 10 mm), fine aggregates,
bagasse ash, coal bottom ash and water for each batch were weighed separately. Firstly, the
cement and bagasse ash were mixed dry then after fine aggregates and coal bottom ash were
mixed uniformly in dry form. The coarse aggregates were mixed to get uniform distribution
(a) (b)
Figure 3.4: Casting of cube specimens
18
throughout the batch. Water was added to the mix and then mixed thoroughly for 3 to 4
minutes in mechanical mixer.
Compressive strength of concrete was determined from cubes of 150 mm X 150 mm
X 150 mm in size. Cube moulds were cleaned and oil was applied. Then the concrete was
filled into the cube moulds and get vibrated to ensure proper compaction as shown in Figure
3.4(a). The surface of the concrete was finished with the top of the mould using trowel. The
finished specimens were left to harden in air for 24 hours as shown in Figure 3.4(b). The
specimens were removed from the moulds after 24 hours of casting as shown in Figure 3.5(a).
These were placed in the water tank, filled with potable water in the laboratory.
Specimens were taken out from the curing tank at the ages of 14, 28, and 60 days.
Surface water was wiped off and specimens were immediately tested after removal from the
curing tank. The compressive strength of concrete cubes was found on Universal Testing
Machine (UTM) as shown in Figure 3.5(b). A loading rate of 5kN/s was applied for the
compressive strength test.
(a) (b)
Figure 3.5: Demoulding and Testing of cube specimens
3.3.9 Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature
Compressive strength of concrete was also determined at different temperature
ranges. The cubes of 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm in size were used for this purpose. All the
cubes were cured for 28 days prior to heating. The hardened concrete cubes were then
transferred to the muffle furnace as shown in Figure 3.6(a). They were heated from room
temperature to 150°C, 300°C and 600°C for two and half hour to achieve a uniform
temperature distribution across them as shown in Figure 3.6(b). After that furnace was turned
off and samples were cooled to room temperature. All cooled specimens subjected to
compression test under UTM.
19
(a) (b)
Figure 3.6: Heating of cube specimens into muffle furnace
3.3.10 Statistical analysis of compressive strength test results
Statistical analysis was applied on results of compressive strength test at normal
temperature. Statistical analysis was done by using factorial Completely Randomized Design
(CRD). The effect of SCBA and CBA on compressive strength of 14, 28 and 60 days were
found out with the help of factorial CRD and critical difference was found. The multiple
comparisons among different replacement levels of SCBA and CBA were also performed to
check the pair wise comparisons. The numbers of levels for SCBA and CBA was five and
five respectively. The experiments were replicated three times. The results are given in
Chapter IV.
20
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present chapter deals with the results of tests conducted on materials used in
research work. The performance of various mixes containing different percentage of SCBA
and CBA is discussed. All the tests were conducted in accordance with the methods described
in Chapter III.
4.1 Properties of materials
The aim of studying various properties of material used is to check the conformance
with codal requirements and to enable an engineer to design a concrete mix for a particular
strength. The following materials were used in the present study.
4.1.1 Properties of cement
In present investigation OPC of 43 grades was used. The physical properties of the
cement were obtained on conducting some appropriate tests are listed in Table 4.1 and the
corresponding standard for that parameter as per BIS: 8112-2013 is also listed in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Properties of OPC 43 grade cement
Sr. Characteristics Value Obtained Values specified by
No. experimentally BIS: 8112-2013
1. Specific Gravity 3.15 -
2. Standard consistency 31% -
3. Initial Setting time 135 minutes 30 minutes (minimum)
4. Final Setting time 220 minutes 600 minutes (maximum)
5. Compressive Strength
3 days 25.54 N/mm2 23 N/mm2
7 days 36.12 N/mm2 33 N/mm2
28 days 49.53 N/mm2 43 N/mm2
The values are conforming to specifications given in BIS: 8112-2013
4.1.2 Properties of aggregates
4.1.2.1 Properties of coarse aggregates
The coarse aggregates used in present investigation, were a mixture of two locally
available crushed stone of 10 mm and 20 mm size in 50:50 proportions. The aggregates were
washed to remove dirt, dust and then dried to surface dry condition. Specific gravity and other
properties of coarse aggregates are given in Table 4.2. The sieve analysis of coarse aggregates
was done and the results of sieve analysis are shown in Table 4.3 & Table 4.4. After
proportioning of coarse aggregates, sieve analysis was also performed which is given in Table
4.5 respectively.
21
Table 4.2: Properties of coarse aggregates
Colour Grey
Shape Angular
Maximum Size 20 mm
Specific Gravity 2.65
Water Absorption (%) 0.61
Fineness modulus 6.57
Table 4.3: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates (10 mm size)

Total weight of sample = 2000 g
BIS- Sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulative %age passing
Designation Retained on weight retained %age weight
sieve (g) (g) retained
80 mm Nil Nil Nil 100
12.5 mm 14 14 0.70 99.30
10 mm 614 628 31.40 68.60
4.75 mm 1240 1868 93.40 6.60
2.36 mm 105 1973 98.65 1.35
Table 4.4: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates (20 mm size)

BIS- Sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulative %age %age
Designation Retained on weight retained weight retained passing
sieve (g) (g)
10 mm 1904 1904 95.20 4.80
4.75 mm 96 2000 100 0
Table 4.5: Sieve analysis of proportioned of coarse aggregates

BIS- Sieve 50:50 Cumulative Cumulative % age BIS: 383-1970
Designation Proportion weight %age weight passing Requirements
(10mm:20mm) retained (g) Retained
Weight Retained
80 mm Nil Nil Nil 100 100
20 mm Nil Nil Nil 100 95-100
10 mm 1262 1262 63.10 36.90 25-55
4.75 mm 629 1891 94.55 5.45 0-10
Coarse aggregates are conforming to Table 2 of BIS: 383-1970
22
4.1.2.2 Properties of fine aggregates
Natural sand was used as fine aggregates, collected from Chakki River (Pathankot).
The specific gravity, water absorption and fineness modulus of fine aggregates was
determined as 2.71, 1.21 and 2.67 respectively. It was brown in colour with coarser shape of
particles. The sieves analysis of fine aggregates is given in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6: Sieve analysis of fine aggregates
BIS-Sieve Weight Percentage Cumulative Percentage Percentage
Designation Retained Weight Percentage passing passing for
on Retained on Weight Grading Zone-
Sieve (g) sieve Retained on II as per BIS:
sieve 383-1970
4.75 mm 42 8.40 8.40 91.60 90-100
2.36 mm 24 4.80 13.20 86.80 75-100
1.18 mm 70 14.00 27.20 72.80 55-90
600 micron 106 21.20 48.40 51.60 35-55
300 micron 121 24.20 72.60 27.40 8-30
150 micron 125 25.00 97.60 2.40 0-10
Fine aggregates are conforming to grading zone II as per BIS-383:1970
4.1.3 Properties of sugarcane bagasse ash
The ash was obtained from the boiler of a sugar mill situated at village Budhewal,
which falls at a distance of about 4 kms from Jandaili on Ludhiana-Chandigarh road. The ash
was ground before it was used as a cement replacement material. After grinding, the fraction
of particles retained on 45µm sieve was 15%. The chemical properties of SCBA are given in
Table 4.7.
Table 4.7: Chemical properties of SCBA (Source: Budhewal Co-Operative Suger
Mills Ltd.)
Sr. No. Chemical component % of Chemical component
1. SiO2 78.34%
2. Fe2O3 3.61%
3. Al2O3 8.55%
4. CaO 2.15%
5. Na2O 0.12%
6. K2O 3.46%
7. Ignition loss 0.42%
4.1.4 Properties of Coal bottom ash

The ash was obtained from Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant (GHTP Lehra Mohabbat)
which is located on State Highway No. 12, running from Bathinda to Barnala. The physical
properties of CBA are given in Table 4.8.
23
Table 4.8: Physical properties of CBA
Colour Grayish or Shiny Black
Particles shape and texture Spherical, irregular and porous
Specific Gravity 1.78
Water Absorption 9.64%
4.2 Testing of concrete

In this study, the specimens were tested after 14, 28 and 60 days of curing to study
the effect of SCBA and CBA in concrete while all the cubes were tested after 28 days of
curing to study the effect of different temperature ranges on compressive strength of all
mixes. The 24 mixes were prepared other than control mix. The cement was replaced with
different replacement levels of SCBA (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20%) while fine aggregates was
replaced with different ranges of CBA (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40%). The water/cement
(w/c) ratio in all the mixes was kept 0.55. The cubes considered in this study consisted of 225
numbers of 150mm side cubes and same numbers of 100mm side cubes. The ratio of different
materials used in each mix and mix designation are given below in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9: Designation of concrete mix
Mix CBA (%) SCBA (%) Cement (%)
D1 0 0
D2 5 95
D3 10 90
0
D4 15 85
D5 20 80
D6 0 0
D7 5 95
D8 10 90
10
D9 15 85
D10 20 80
D11 0 0
D12 5 95
D13 10 90
20
D14 15 85
D15 20 80
D16 0 0
D17 5 95
D18 10 90
30
D19 15 85
D20 20 80
D21 0 0
D22 5 95
D23 10 90
40
D24 15 85
D25 20 80
24
4.2.1 Mix design of concrete by BIS recommendations
The present investigation includes design of concrete mix for M20 grade of concrete.
The guideline given in codes BIS: 10262-2009 and BIS: 456-2000 has been adopted for mix
design of concrete.
4.2.1.1 Stipulation for proportioning
a) Grade designation : M-20
b) Type of cement : OPC 43 grade conforming to BIS 8112
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm
d) Minimum cement content : 300 kg/m3
e) Maximum water-cement ratio : 0.55
f) Workability : 50 mm (slump)
g) Degree of supervision : Good
h) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
i) Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m3
4.2.1.2 Test data for materials
a) Cement used : OPC 43 grade conforming to BIS: 8112
b) Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
c) Specific gravity of:
1) Coarse aggregate : 2.65
2) Fine aggregate : 2.71
d) Water absorption
1) Coarse aggregate : 0.61%
2) Fine aggregate : 1.21 %
e) Free (surface) moisture
1) Coarse aggregate : Nil
2) Fine aggregate : Nil
f) Sieve analysis
1. Coarse aggregate : Conforming to Table 2 of BIS: 383-1970
Table 4.10: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates
BIS- Sieve 50:50 Cumulative Cumulative % age BIS: 383-1970
Designation Proportion weight %age weight passing Requirements
(10 mm: 20mm) retained (g) Retained
Weight Retained
20 mm Nil Nil Nil 100 95-100
10 mm 1262 1262 63.10 36.90 25-55
4.75 mm 629 1891 94.55 5.45 0-10
2. Fine aggregates : Conforming to grading Zone II of Table 4 of BIS 383-1970.
25
4.2.1.3 Target strength for mix proportioning
f 'ck = fck + 1.65 s
Where
f 'ck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days
fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and

s = Standard deviation
From Table 4.11, standard deviation for M20 is 4 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 20 + 1.65 x 4 = 26.6 N/mm2
Table 4.11: Assumed Standard Deviation (Source: Table 1 of BIS: 10262:2009)
Grade of Concrete Assumed Standard Deviation in N/mm2
M 10 3.5
M 15 3.5
M 20 4.0
M 25 4.0
M 30 5.0
M 35 5.0
M 40 5.0
M 45 5.0
M 50 5.0
4.2.1.4 Selection of water-cement ratio

From Table 4.12, maximum water cement ratio: 0.55
Table 4.12: Minimum Cement Content, Maximum Water-Cement Ratio and Minimum
Grade of Concrete for Different Exposures with Normal Weight Aggregates
of 20 mm Nominal Maximum Size (Source: Table 5 of BIS 456)
Sr. Exposure Plain Concrete Reinforced Concrete
No. Minimum Maximum Minimum Minimum Maximum Minimum
Cement Free w/c Grade of Cement Free w/c Grade of
Content Ratio Concrete Content Ratio Concrete
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
1. Mild 220 0.60 -- 300 0.55 M 20
2. Moderate 240 0.60 M 15 300 0.50 M 25
3. Severe 250 0.50 M 20 320 0.45 M 30
4. Very Severe 260 0.45 M 20 340 0.45 M 35
5. Extreme 280 0.40 M 25 360 0.40 M 40
Based on experience, adopt water-cement ratio as 0.55
Maximum water cement ratio is 0.55, Hence O.K.
26
4.2.1.5 Selection of water content
From Table 4.13, maximum water content is 186 litre (for 25 to 50 mm slump range)
for 20 mm aggregate.
Table 4.13: Maximum water content per cubic metre of concrete for nominal
maximum size of aggregate. (Source: Table 2 of BIS: 10262-2009)
Sr. No. Maximum Size Of Aggregates Maximum Water Content

(mm) (Kg)
I. 10 208
II. 20 186
III. 40 165
Based on experience, adopt 186 litres.
4.2.1.6 Calculation of cement content
Water-cement ratio = 0.55
Cement content = 186\0.55 = 338.18 kg/m3
From Table 4.12, minimum cement content for 'mild' exposure condition is 300 kg/m3
338.18 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3. Hence, O.K.
4.2.1.7 Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content
From Table 4.14, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate
and fine aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 is 0.62.
Table 4.14: Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate for different
zone of fine aggregate. (Source: Table 3 of BIS: 10262-2009)
SI NO. Nominal Volume Of Coarse Aggregate per unit Volume of total

Maximum Size Aggregate for Different Zones of Fine Aggregate
Aggregate
mm Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I
i. 10 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
ii. 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
iii. 40 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
In present investigation water cement ratio is 0.55. Therefore, volume of coarse

aggregate has to be decreased to increase the content of fine aggregate. As water cement ratio
is higher by 0.05, the proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is decreased by 0.01 (at the
rate of -\+ 0.01 for every +\- 0.05 change in water cement ratio). Therefore, corrected
proportion of volume of coarse aggregates for water cement ratio of 0.55 is 0.61.
4.2.1.8 Mix calculations
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete : 1 m3
27
Mass of cement 1
b) Volume of cement : ×
Specific gravity of cement 1000
338.18 1
: ×
3.15 1000
= 0.107 m3
186 1
c) Volume of water : ×
1 1000
= 0.186 m3
d) Volume of all in aggregate : [a-(b+c)]
: [1-(0.107 + 0.186 )]
= 0.707 m3
e) Mass of coarse aggregate : d × Volume of coarse aggregate × Specific
gravity of coarse aggregate × 1000
: 0.707 x 0.61 x 2.65 x 1000
= 1142.87 kg
f) Mass of fine aggregate : d × Volume of fine aggregate × Specific
gravity of fine aggregate × 1000
: 0.707 x 0.39 x 2.71 x 1000
= 747.23 kg
Table 4.15: Proportion of different materials
Water Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates
186 liters 338.18 kg 747.23 kg 1142.87 kg
0.55 1 2.21 3.38
4.2.2 Preparation of trial mixes

Based on the concrete mix design by BIS method, four trials mixes were prepared.
Two trials mixes were prepared with water cement ratio of 0.55 and other two mixes were
prepared with water cement ratio of 0.50. The nine cubes were cast for each mix and were
tested at 3, 7 and 28 days. The mix proportions for various constituents have been
summarized in Table 4.15.
Table 4.16: Quantities per cubic meter for trial mixes (M20)
Mix Water Water Cement Sand Coarse Average Average Average Slump
No. Cement (L) (kg) (kg) Aggregates cube cube cube (mm)
Ratio (kg) strength strength strength
at 7 at 14 at 28
days days days
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
MR1 0.55 186 338.18 747.23 1142.87 18.01 23.65 28.40 35
MR2 0.55 197.16 358.47 728.30 1113.77 17.72 23.57 27.73 110
MR3 0.50 186 372.00 716.74 1143.52 19.72 25.40 31.90 28
MR4 0.50 197.16 394.32 698.20 1113.95 18.23 23.74 29.85 86
28
The mix MR2 was chosen as the control mix because its average cube strength was
very close to the target mean strength of concrete among all mixes. Furthermore, this mix also
had good workability characteristics. Based on mix MR2 the mix proportions of concrete
mixes are given in Table 4.17.
Table 4.17: Mix proportions of different concrete mixes
Mix SCBA CBA Cement SCBA Fine CBA Coarse Water
(%) (%) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) Aggregates (Kg/m3) Aggregates (L/m3)
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
D1 0 0 358.47 0 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
D2 5 0 340.55 17.92 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
D3 10 0 322.62 35.85 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
D4 15 0 304.70 53.77 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
D5 20 0 286.78 71.69 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
D6 0 10 358.47 0 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
D7 5 10 340.55 17.92 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
D8 10 10 322.62 35.85 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
D9 15 10 304.70 53.77 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
D10 20 10 286.78 71.69 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
D11 0 20 358.47 0 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
D12 5 20 340.55 17.92 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
D13 10 20 322.62 35.85 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
D14 15 20 304.70 53.77 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
D15 20 20 286.78 71.69 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
D16 0 30 358.47 0 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
D17 5 30 340.55 17.92 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
D18 10 30 322.62 35.85 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
D19 15 30 304.70 53.77 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
D20 20 30 286.78 71.69 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
D21 0 40 358.47 0 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
D22 5 40 340.55 17.92 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
D23 10 40 322.62 35.85 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
D24 15 40 304.70 53.77 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
D25 20 40 286.78 71.69 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
29
4.3 Workability of concrete
In fresh condition, workability characteristics for high quality concrete should be
acceptable (90-100mm slump height). The desired strength of concrete can only be obtained
if fresh concrete has adequate slump value. In present study, workability of each mix was
measured in terms of slump. The slump values of each mix are given in Table 4.18 and
presented by Figure 4.1. From results, it can be concluded that the concrete mixes decreased
with the increase in content of SCBA and CBA. The slump values decreased from 110 mm to
45 mm when 40% of fine aggregates were replaced by CBA and 20% of cement by SCBA. It
can be due to the porous structure of CBA’s particles which cause the higher water
absorption. Due to higher water absorption of particles, concrete rapidly absorbed water
which reduced the free water content of mix. In addition, rough and angular shape of SCBA’s
particles increased the inter particle friction which further decreased the slump values of
concrete.
Table 4.18: Test results for workability of concrete
Mix SCBA (%) CBA (%) Slump(mm)
D1 0 110
D2 5 110
D3 10 107
0
D4 15 100
D5 20 96
D6 0 100
D7 5 98
D8 10 95
10
D9 15 90
D10 20 90
D11 0 92
D12 5 85
D13 10 20 85
D14 15 77
D15 20 70
D16 0 75
D17 5 70
D18 10 30 68
D19 15 60
D20 20 55
D21 0 60
D22 5 58
40
D23 10 50
D24 15 45
D25 20 45
30
120
0% CBA
100
10% CBA
Slump (mm)
80
20% CBA
60 30% CBA
40 40% CBA
20
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
SCBA (%)
Figure 4.1: Slump values of concrete with different replacement levels of SCBA and
CBA
4.4 Compressive strength of concrete
The compressive strength of all concrete mixes was measured at the age of 14, 28 and
60 days. The results of average compressive strength and the percentage loss or gain in
compressive strength are given in Table 4.19 and Table 4.20 respectively. The effect of both
waste materials on compressive strength at curing ages of 14, 28 and 60 days is illustrated by
Figure 4.2 to Figure 4.11. It is evident from Table values that with increasing the SCBA
content (up to 15%) the improvement in compressive strength of concrete mixes is
continuous. At the curing age of 14 days, the concrete containing 5%, 10% and 15% SCBA as
cement, gained 2.5%, 4.2% and 1.6% of strength while at 20% replacement level concrete
loosed 1.2% of strength. It was also concluded that the gain in compressive strength of SCBA
concrete mixes at curing age of 60 days was more than that of 14 and 28 days of curing. After
60 days of curing, compressive strength of SCBA concrete mixes exceeded by 4.3%, 6.5%
and 2.7% while decreased by 0.5% as compared to control concrete mix when cement was
replaced up-to 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. Nevertheless, the replacement of 15% of
SCBA still improves the compressive strength of concrete as compared to the control concrete
but for much better results, the 10% of SCBA seems to be the optimum. This improvement in
strength may be due to finer particle size of SCBA which gives filler effect. In addition, high
silica content as well as high pozzolanic reaction between calcium hydroxide and reactive
silica in SCBA also improves the strength characteristics of concrete. On the other hand, there
was a significant loss in compressive strength of concrete when fine aggregates replaced with
CBA. The incorporation of bottom ash produced relatively low strength concrete as compared
to reference concrete due to its porous structure and higher water absorption. The
compressive strength decreases at every replacement level of CBA with fine aggregates.
There was no improvement in strength at any curing period. As shown in Table 4.19, the
compressive strength of concrete containing 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% CBA as fine
31
aggregates loosed 2.3%, 5.1%, 6.9%, and 9.3% as compared to control concrete when cured
to 14 days. The same trend was observed for curing period of 28 and 60 days. It can be seen
that the loss in compressive strength was minor up to 10% of CBA but beyond 10%, there
was large reduction in compressive strength. From the above, it can be concluded that as
combination we can replace cement with SCBA up to 15% and fine aggregates with CBA up
to 10% without any loss in strength of concrete. But, to obtain much better result in strength
characteristics as compared to reference concrete, the combination of 10% SCBA and 10%
CBA is recommended.
Table 4.19: Test results for average compressive strength of concrete
Mix SCBA (%) CBA (%) Average compressive strength (N/mm2) of
concrete for different curing days
14 days 28 days 60 days
D1 0 23.57 27.73 31.88
D2 5 24.16 28.69 33.25
D3 10 0 24.56 29.31 33.95
D4 15 23.95 28.37 32.74
D5 20 23.29 27.48 31.72
D6 0 23.03 26.98 30.80
D7 5 23.66 28.04 32.24
D8 10 10 24.06 28.51 32.96
D9 15 23.36 27.67 31.59
D10 20 22.77 26.84 30.64
D11 0 22.37 26.17 29.99
D12 5 23.00 27.26 31.43
D13 10 20 23.41 27.81 32.07
D14 15 22.79 26.93 31.02
D15 20 22.18 26.26 30.06
D16 0 21.94 25.76 29.30
D17 5 22.58 26.81 30.67
D18 10 30 23.03 27.31 31.47
D19 15 22.42 26.54 30.25
D20 20 21.90 25.71 29.48
D21 0 21.38 25.04 28.72
D22 5 22.23 26.18 30.19
D23 10 40 22.49 26.54 30.96
D24 15 22.04 25.82 29.71
D25 20 21.43 24.98 28.63
32
Table 4.20: Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in compressive strength of concrete
Mix SCBA (%) CBA (%) Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in
compressive strength for different curing
days
14 days 28 days 60 days
D1 0 0 0 0
D2 5 +2.5 +3.5 +4.3
D3 10 0 +4.2 +5.7 +6.5
D4 15 +1.6 +2.3 +2.7

D5 20 -1.2 -0.9 -0.5
D6 0 -2.3 -2.7 -3.4

D7 5 +0.4 +1.1 +1.1
D8 10 10 +2.1 +2.8 +3.4
D9 15 -0.9 -0.2 -0.9

D10 20 -3.4 -3.2 -3.9
D11 0 -5.1 -5.7 -5.9

D12 5 -2.4 -1.7 -1.4
D13 10 20 -0.7 +0.1 +0.6

D14 15 -3.4 -2.9 -2.7
D15 20 -5.9 -5.3 -5.7
D16 0 -6.9 -7.1 -8.1

D17 5 -4.2 -3.3 -3.8
D18 10 30 -2.3 -1.5 -1.3

D19 15 -4.9 -4.3 -5.1
D20 20 -7.1 -7.3 -7.5

D21 0 -9.3 -9.7 -9.9
D22 5 -5.7 -5.6 -6.8
D23 10 40 -4.6 -4.1 -2.9

D24 15 -6.5 -6.9 -6.8
D25 20 -9.1 -9.9 -10.2
33
40
Compressive Strength
35
30
(N/mm2)
25
20 14 Days
15
28 Days
10
5 60 Days
0
0 5 10 15 20
SCBA (%)
Figure 4.2: Compressive strength of concrete with different replacement levels of

cement with SCBA for 0% CBA
35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20
14 Days
15
10 28 Days
5 60 Days
0
0 5 10 15 20
SCBA (%)

35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20
15 14 Days
10 28 Days
5 60 Days
0
0 5 10 15 20
SCBA (%)

34
35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20
14 Days
15
10 28 Days
5 60 Days
0
0 5 10 15 20
SCBA (%)

35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20
14 Days
15
10 28 Days
5 60 Days
0
0 5 10 15 20
SCBA (%)

35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20
14 Days
15
10 28 Days
5 60 Days
0
0 10 20 30 40
CBA (%)
Figure 4.7: Compressive strength of concrete with different replacement levels of fine
aggregates with CBA for 0% SCBA
35
35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20 14 Days
15 28 Days
10 60 Days
5
0
0 10 20 30 40
CBA (%)
40
35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20 14 Days
15
28 Days
10
60 Days
5
0
0 10 20 30 40
CBA (%)
35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20
15 14 Days
10 28 Days
5 60 Days
0
0 10 20 30 40
CBA (%)
36
35
30
25
(N/mm2)
20
15 14 Days
10 28 Days
5 60 Days
0
0 10 20 30 40
CBA (%)
4.5 Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature
The residual compressive strength and percentage loss in compressive strength of all
concretes mixes at room temperature and after heating to 150°C, 300°C and 600°C is given in
Table 4.21 and Table 4.22 respectively. The combined effect of temperature elevation and
both waste materials on compressive strength at curing age of 28 days is illustrated by Figure
4.12 to Figure 4.21. These Tables and Figures clearly show that the compressive strength of
all concrete mixes decreases at elevated temperature. According to the results obtained from
present investigation, the strength of concrete with 0% replacement of SCBA and CBA after
heated to150°C, 300°C and 600°C was 88.9%, 81.9%, and 40.3% of its unheated strength
respectively. Almost similarly trend was observed in SCBA and CBA concrete mixes also.
The concrete containing 10% SCBA and 30% CBA exhibited greatest loss in strength, about
12.9% of its unheated strength when heated to 150°C while concrete containing 5% SCBA
and 0% CBA exhibited minimum loss in strength, about 7.6% of its unheated strength when
heated to 150°C. Similarly, concrete containing 5% SCBA and 10% CBA exhibited greatest
loss in strength, about 22.1% of its unheated strength when heated to 300°C while concrete
containing 10% SCBA and 10% CBA exhibited minimum loss in strength, about 17.1% of its
unheated strength when heated to 300°C. The large reduction in compressive strength was
observed when the specimens were heated to 600°C. The mix contains 5% SCBA and 0%
CBA exhibit large reduction in compressive strength among all mixes while mix contains 0%
SCBA and 30% CBA exhibit minimum reduction in compressive strength. The main cause of
this reduction in strength is extensive inner cracking. After the evaporation of physically and
chemically bound water, a pressure is build-up which results into this extensive inner
cracking. Apart from it, the cement paste contracts and aggregate expands due to loss of water
at higher temperature which leads to loss of the bond between paste and aggregates. So, it can
be concluded that the contribution of SCBA and CBA cannot change the strength properties
of concrete during heating.
37
Table 4.21: Residual compressive strength of concrete mixes at different temperature
range
Mix SCBA CBA Residual compressive strength (N/mm2) at

(%) (%) different temperature ranges
Room 150°C 300°C 600°C

Temperature
D1 0 29.85 26.54 24.45 12.03

D2 5 30.84 28.49 25.46 10.37
D3 10 31.24 28.56 25.70 11.02
0
D4 15 30.77 26.95 25.30 10.44
D5 20 29.68 26.42 23.84 10.15
D6 0 29.14 26.15 23.11 11.86
D7 5 30.56 27.35 23.80 12.80
D8 10 30.92 27.38 25.63 11.57
10
D9 15 30.03 26.69 24.53 12.07
D10 20 28.99 25.97 22.64 11.34
D11 0 28.41 25.71 23.21 10.85
D12 5 29.49 26.57 23.97 10.37
D13 10 30.14 27.34 24.84 11.02
20
D14 15 29.31 26.95 25.31 10.44
D15 20 28.38 25.35 22.73 11.75
D16 0 27.82 24.26 21.73 12.19
D17 5 29.22 25.60 23.05 11.86
D18 10 29.51 25.68 23.43 10.96
30
D19 15 28.72 25.32 23.48 11.62
D20 20 27.77 24.65 22.66 10.41
D21 0 27.04 24.15 21.74 11.74
D22 5 28.54 25.14 22.83 10.96
D23 10 28.46 25.16 23.39 10.78
40
D24 15 28.12 25.39 21.40 11.77
D25 20 26.98 24.28 22.47 11.09
38
Table 4.22: Percentage loss in compressive strength at different temperature
range
Mix SCBA CBA Percentage loss (-) in compressive strength

(%) (%) with increase in temperature
Room Room Room
Temperature Temperature Temperature
to 150°C to 300°C to 600°C
D1 0 11.1 18.1 59.7
D2 5 7.6 17.4 66.4
D3 10 0 8.6 17.7 64.7
D4 15 12.4 17.8 66.1
D5 20 11.0 19.4 65.8
D6 0 10.3 20.7 59.3

D7 5 10.5 22.1 58.1
D8 10 11.4 17.1 62.6
10
D9 15 11.9 18.3 59.8
D10 20 10.4 21.9 60.9
D11 0 9.5 18.3 61.8
D12 5 9.9 18.7 64.8
D13 10 9.3 17.6 63.4
20
D14 15 8.1 20.6 64.4
D15 20 10.7 19.9 58.6
D16 0 12.8 21.9 56.2
D17 5 12.4 21.1 59.4
D18 10 12.9 20.6 62.9
30
D19 15 11.8 18.2 59.5
D20 20 11.2 18.4 62.5
D21 0 10.7 19.6 56.6
D22 5 11.9 20.0 61.6
D23 10 11.6 17.8 62.1
40
D24 15 9.7 20.1 58.1
D25 20 10.0 19.0 58.9
39
600
40 300
150
30
(N/mm2
R.T
20
10 R.T
150
0 300
0% SCBA 5% SCBA 600
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA
Figure 4.12: Compressive strength of concrete at different temperature ranges with

different replacement levels of cement with SCBA and 0% CBA
40
30
(N/mm2)
600
20 300
10 R.T 150
150
0 300 R.T
0% SCBA 600
5% SCBA
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA

40
(N/mm2 )
30
600
20 300
10 R.T 150
150
0 300 R.T
0% SCBA 600
5% SCBA
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA

different replacement levels of cement
cement with SCBA and 20% CBA
30
(N/mm2)
20 600
300
10
R.T 150
150
0 300 R.T
0% SCBA 600
5% SCBA
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA

30
(N/mm2)
20 600
300
10
R.T 150
150
0 300 R.T
0% SCBA 600
5% SCBA
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA

w
30
(N/mm2)
20 600
300
10
R.T 150
150
0 300 R.T
0% CBA 600
10% CBA
20% CBA
30% CBA
40% CBA

different replacement levels of fine aggregates with CBA and 0% SCBA
40
30
(N/mm2)
600
20 300
10 R.T 150
150
0 300 R.T
0% CBA 600
10% CBA
20% CBA
30% CBA
40% CBA
Figure 4.18: Compressive stren

strength
gth of concrete at different temperature ranges with
40
30
(N/mm2)
600
20 300
10 R.T 150
150
0 300 R.T
0% CBA 600
10% CBA
20% CBA
30% CBA
40% CBA

different replacement levels of fine aggregates
aggregates with CBA and 10% SCBA
40
30
(N/mm2)
600
20 300
10 R.T 150
150
0 300 R.T
0% CBA 600
10% CBA
20% CBA
30% CBA
40% CBA

30
25
20
(N/mm2)
600
15 300
10
R.T 150
5
150 R.T
0 300
0% CBA 600
10% CBA
20% CBA
30% CBA
40% CBA

4.6 Cost analysis
Cost analysis of concrete requires the cost of its ingredients multiplied with their
respective quantity. The cost of concrete’s ingredients includes transportation charges and
manufacturing charges. As we know that the transportation price depends on the distance
between manufacturing place and delivery destination. So, in present study the
the cost analysis
of concrete has been done without considering the transportation expenditure (Table 4.23 to
Table 4.25). The cost analysis indicates that the cost of concrete decreases as the content of
SCBA and CBA increases. The D25 mix reduces 14.4 percent
cent cost of concrete but at same
time the strength of concrete also decreases. Furthermore, the D8 mix reduces 6.5 percent cost
of concrete which is recommended for higher strength and acceptable workability. Therefore,
this analysis spreads the awareness towards the use of these waste materials in concrete which
provides economic benefits for concrete industries.
Table 4.23: Cost of concrete’s ingredients (without considering transportation
expenditure)
Sr. Ingredients Cost (Rs/Kg)
No
1 Cement 4.60
2 Fine Aggregates 0.20
3 Coarse Aggregates 0.14
Table 4.24: Cost of Waste Materials (without considering transportation expenditure)

Sr. No Waste Grinding Total Cost (Rs/Kg)
Materials Charges
1 SCBA 1.50 1.50
2 CBA - 0
Table 4.25: Total Cost of each mix of concrete
Mix Cement SCBA Fine CBA Coarse Total Percentage
(Rs/m3) (Rs/m3) Aggregates (Rs/m3) Aggregates Cost decrease
(Rs/m3) (Rs/m3) (Rs/m3) in cost
D1 1648.96 0 145.64 0 155.92 1950.52 0
D2 1566.53 26.88 145.64 0 155.92 1894.97 2.8
D3 1484.05 53.78 145.64 0 155.92 1839.39 5.7
D4 1401.62 80.66 145.64 0 155.92 1783.84 8.5
D5 1319.19 107.54 145.64 0 155.92 1728.29 11.4
D6 1648.96 0 131.07 0 155.92 1935.95 0.8
D7 1566.53 26.88 131.07 0 155.92 1880.4 3.6
D8 1484.05 53.78 131.07 0 155.92 1824.82 6.5
D9 1401.62 80.66 131.07 0 155.92 1769.27 9.1
D10 1319.19 107.54 131.07 0 155.92 1713.72 12.1
D11 1648.96 0 116.51 0 155.92 1921.39 1.5
D12 1566.53 26.88 116.51 0 155.92 1865.84 4.3
D13 1484.05 53.78 116.51 0 155.92 1810.26 7.2
D14 1401.62 80.66 116.51 0 155.92 1754.71 10.0
D15 1319.19 107.54 116.51 0 155.92 1699.16 12.9
D16 1648.96 0 101.94 0 155.92 1906.82 2.2
D17 1566.53 26.88 101.94 0 155.92 1851.27 5.1
D18 1484.05 53.78 101.94 0 155.92 1795.69 7.9
D19 1401.62 80.66 101.94 0 155.92 1740.14 10.8
D20 1319.19 107.54 101.94 0 155.92 1684.59 13.6
D21 1648.96 0 87.38 0 155.92 1892.26 2.9
D22 1566.53 26.88 87.38 0 155.92 1836.71 5.8
D23 1484.05 53.78 87.38 0 155.92 1781.13 8.7
D24 1401.62 80.66 87.38 0 155.92 1725.58 11.5
D25 1319.19 107.54 87.38 0 155.92 1670.03 14.4
4.7 Statistical analysis

4.7.1 Analysis of variance
The effect of various percentages of SCBA and CBA for 14, 28 and 60 days of
compressive strength was statistically determined using factorial CRD at 5% level of
significance. The analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and CBA for 14, 28
and 60 days of compressive strength of concrete are given in Table 4.26, 4.27 and 4.28
respectively.
44
Table 4.26: Analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and CBA for 14 days
compressive strength
Mean Values of 14 days compressive strength in (N/mm2)
SCBA%
CBA 0% CBA 10% CBA 20% CBA 30% CBA 40%
0% 23.57 23.03 22.37 21.94 21.38
5% 24.16 23.66 23.00 22.58 22.23
10% 24.56 24.06 23.41 23.03 22.49
15% 23.95 23.36 22.79 22.42 22.04
20% 23.29 22.77 22.18 21.90 21.43
Critical difference for SCBA at 5% level of significance = 0.5545
Critical difference for CBA at 5% level of significance = 0.5545
Coefficient of variation = 3.31
SCBA%
0% 27.73 26.98 26.17 25.76 25.04
5% 28.69 28.04 27.26 26.81 26.18
10% 29.31 28.51 27.81 27.31 26.54
15% 28.37 27.67 26.93 26.54 25.82
20% 27.48 26.84 26.26 25.71 24.98
SCBA%
0% 31.88 30.80 29.99 29.30 28.72
5% 33.25 32.24 31.43 30.67 30.19
10% 33.95 32.96 32.07 31.47 30.96
15% 32.74 31.59 31.02 30.25 29.71
20% 31.72 30.64 30.06 29.48 28.63
4.7.2 Multiple comparisons among replacement levels of SCBA and CBA
As we know that the analysis of variance gives only whether there are significant
differences among treatments in the experiments as a whole but it does not tell us which
45
treatments differ from one another. So we do Post Hoc tests to find out pair wise comparison.
In present situation, Tukey’s method was used. The comparisons have been done according to
different replacement levels of SCBA and CBA. This analysis is given in Table 4.29 and 4.30.
The figures followed different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05).
Table 4.29: Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of SCBA
Curing days
SCBA (%) 14 Days 28 Days 60 days
0 22.45b,c 26.33c 30.12c
5 23.13a,b 27.39a,b 31.56a,b
10 23.51a 27.90a 32.28a
15 22.91a,b,c 27.07b 31.06b
20 22.31c 26.25c 30.04c
Table 4.30: Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of CBA

Curing days
CBA (%) 14 Days 28 Days 60 days
0 23.90a 28.31a 32.64a
10 23.38a,b 27.60a,b 31.64a,b
20 22.75b,c 26.88b,c 30.90c
30 22.37c,d 26.42c,d 30.23c,d
40 21.91d 25.71d 29.64d
4.7.3 Development of prediction equation for compressive strength of concrete and

the checking of developed relationship
The all results regarding strength are clearly indicating that the compressive strength
(response variable) depends upon the proportions of SCBA and CBA (predictor variables). So
the equation has been established to relate the compressive strength with these proportions
with the help of multiple regression analysis. This analysis was performed to generate the best
fit equation between compressive strength and proportions of SCBA and CBA.
The compressive strength of concrete is given as
Y14 = 23.962 - 0.0100 X1 - 0.04986 X2 (i)
Y28 = 28.366 - 0.0099 X1 - 0.06390X2 (ii)
Y60 = 32.649 - 0.0112 X1 - 0.0754 X2 (iii)
Where Y14 = 14 days compressive strength of concrete

Y28 = 28 days compressive strength of concrete
Y60 = 60 days compressive strength of concrete
X1 = proportion of SCBA
X2 = proportion of CBA
Equations (i) (ii) and (iii) indicate the dependency of the compressive strength on the
different proportions of SCBA and CBA. The estimated compressive strength values are
46
calculated from these regression equations. The percentage error is also calculated from the
estimated and measured values of compressive strength of different curing ages concretes
shown in Table 4.31 to Table 4.33 and illustrated by Figure 4.22 to Figure 4.24. This error
shows that the variation between estimated compressive strength and measured compressive
strength for different mixes is within ±5% range.
Table 4.31: Measured and estimated compressive strength values of 14 days concrete
Measured Estimated compressive
Mix compressive strength strength % Error
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
D1 23.57 23.96 1.66
D2 24.16 23.91 -1.03
D3 24.56 23.86 -2.84
D4 23.95 23.81 -0.58
D5 23.29 23.26 -0.11
D6 23.03 23.46 1.88
D7 23.66 23.41 -1.04
D8 24.06 23.36 -2.90
D9 23.36 23.31 -0.20
D10 22.77 22.76 -0.02
D11 22.37 22.96 2.66
D12 23.00 22.91 -0.37
D13 23.41 22.86 -2.33
D14 22.79 22.81 0.11
D15 22.18 22.26 0.39
D16 21.94 22.47 2.40
D17 22.58 22.42 -0.73
D18 23.03 22.37 -2.89
D19 22.42 22.32 -0.46
D20 21.90 21.76 -0.60
D21 21.38 21.97 2.75
D22 22.23 21.92 -1.41
D23 22.49 21.87 -2.77
D24 22.04 21.82 -1.01
D25 21.43 21.76 -1.50
2
The coefficient of determination (R ) is 0.723.
47

(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
D1 27.73 28.37 2.29
D2 28.69 28.32 -1.30
D3 29.31 28.27 -3.55
D4 28.37 28.22 -0.54
D5 27.48 27.53 0.17
D6 26.98 27.73 2.77
D7 28.04 27.68 -1.29
D8 28.51 27.63 -3.09
D9 27.67 27.58 -0.33
D10 26.84 26.89 0.19
D11 26.17 27.09 3.51
D12 27.26 27.04 -0.81
D13 27.81 26.99 -2.95
D14 26.93 26.94 0.04
D15 26.26 26.25 -0.03
D16 25.76 26.45 2.67
D17 26.81 26.40 -1.53
D18 27.31 26.35 -3.51
D19 26.54 26.30 -0.90
D20 25.71 25.61 -0.38
D21 25.04 25.81 3.08
D22 26.18 25.76 -1.60
D23 26.54 25.71 -3.12
D24 25.82 25.66 -0.61
D25 24.98 25.61 -2.53

2
48

2 2
(N/mm ) (N/mm )
D1 31.88 32.65 2.41
D2 33.25 32.59 -1.98
D3 33.95 32.54 -4.16
D4 32.74 32.48 -0.79
D5 31.72 31.67 -0.15
D6 30.80 31.90 3.56
D7 32.24 31.84 -1.24
D8 32.96 31.78 -3.57
D9 31.59 31.73 0.43
D10 30.64 30.92 0.90
D11 29.99 31.14 3.84
D12 31.43 31.09 -1.09
D13 32.07 31.03 -3.24
D14 31.02 30.97 -0.15
D15 30.06 30.16 0.34
D16 29.30 30.39 3.71
D17 30.67 30.33 -1.11
D18 31.47 30.28 -3.80
D19 30.25 30.22 -0.10
D20 29.48 29.41 -0.24
D21 28.72 29.63 3.18
D22 30.19 29.58 -2.03
D23 30.96 29.52 -4.65
D24 29.71 29.47 -0.82
D25 28.63 29.41 -2.72

2
49
25
Measured compressive strength (N/mm2)

24 + 5% error line
23
22 - 5% error line
21
21 22 23 24 25
Estimated compressive strength (N/mm2)
Figure 4.22 Variation of estimated compressive strength and measured compressive

strength for 14 days concrete mixes
25
24 + 5% error line
23
22 - 5% error line
21
21 22 23 24 25

50
35

34
+ 5% error line
33
32
31
30
29 - 5% error line
28
29 30 31 32 33

51
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY
In the present study, the workability characteristics, strength characteristics and

thermal stability of concrete containing SCBA and CBA has been investigated. Twenty five
concrete mixes were prepared each with 0.55 w/c ratio by replacing the cement with SCBA
(0 to 20% @ increment of 5%) and fine aggregates with coal bottom ash (0 to 40% @
increment of 10%). To investigate the effect of SCBA and CBA on compressive strength, 225
cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm in size were prepared by varying percentage of SCBA and
CBA. Same numbers of cubes of 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm in size were also prepared to study
the effect of elevated temperature on compressive strength of each mix. The statistical
analysis was also applied on results of compressive strength test of 150mm cubes specimen.
From the experimental investigations, it can be concluded that:
i) The workability of concrete decreases as SCBA and CBA content increases. The
slump value decreased from 110 mm to 45 mm with the inclusion of 40% CBA and
20% SCBA.
ii) The compressive strength of concrete increases as SCBA content increases for all
curing ages. The maximum improvement in compressive strength is at 10% of SCBA
but beyond 10% replacement of SCBA, strength starts reducing. There is a significant
reduction in compressive strength at 20% replacement of SCBA.
iii) The addition of CBA decreases the compressive strength of concrete for all curing
ages.
iv) As combination, cement can be replaced with SCBA up to 15% while fine aggregates
can be replaced with CBA up to 10% without any loss in strength of concrete. The
combination of 10% SCBA and 10% CBA is recommended to obtain higher strength
and acceptable workability.
v) The contribution of SCBA and CBA doesn’t change the strength properties of
concrete during heating. All concrete mixes reduce their strength when heated at
higher temperature.
vi) The loss in strength is minor up to 150°C. The strength reduces between 7.1-12.9%
whereas at 300°C, the reduction in strength is 22%.
vii) The serious deterioration has been found at 600°C. The concrete looses almost half of
its original strength.
viii) Statistical analysis shows that the addition of SCBA and CBA significantly affects
the 14, 28 and 60 days compressive strength.
52
ix) On the basis of cost analysis, it is recommended to use these waste materials in
concrete which provides potential environmental as well as economic benefits for
concrete industries.
53
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56
VITA
Name of the student Mr. Devinder Singh
Father’s name S. Sukhwinder Singh
Mother’s name Smt. Sukhdeep Kaur
Nationality Indian
Date of Birth 03-09-1990
Contact No. +91-9803269069
Permanent address V.P.O Hambran, Teh. & Dist. Ludhiana

PIN 141110
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
Bachelor’s Degree B. Tech. (Civil Engineering)
University and Year of award Guru Nanak Dev Engineering. College

Ludhiana
2013
%age Marks 63.97
Master’s Degree M. Tech. (Civil Engineering)
University and Year of award Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

2016
OCPA 7.33
Title of the Master’s Thesis Study on the performance of concrete using

sugarcane bagasse ash and coal bottom ash
57

Sony Cheema Final Thesis After Viva

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Sony Cheema Final Thesis After Viva

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STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE

USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AND COAL

Submitted to the Punjab Agricultural University

Department of Civil Engineering

Name of the student and : Devinder Singh

Major Subject : Civil Engineering

Minor Subject : Computer Science and Engineering

Name and designation of : Dr. Jaspal Singh

Degree to be Awarded : M.Tech.

Year of award of Degree : 2016

Total Pages in Thesis : 56 + Vita

Name of University : Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana – 141004,

Keywords: Compressive strength, Coal bottom ash, Elevated Temperature, Sugarcane

Chapter Title Page No.

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21-51

Table No. Title Page No.

4.2 Properties of coarse aggregates 22

4.3 Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates (10 mm size) 22

4.4 Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates (20 mm size) 22

4.5 Sieve analysis of proportioned of coarse aggregates 22

4.6 Sieve analysis of fine aggregates 23

4.7 Chemical properties of SCBA 23

4.8 Physical properties of CBA 24

4.9 Designation of concrete mix 24

4.10 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates 25

4.11 Assumed standard deviation 26

4.12 Minimum Cement Content, maximum Water-Cement ratio and 26

4.14 Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate 27

4.15 Proportion of different materials 28

4.16 Quantities per cubic meter for trial mixes (M25) 28

4.17 Mix proportions of different concrete mixes 29

4.19 Test results for workability of concrete 30

4.19 Test results for average compressive strength of concrete 32

4.20 Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in compressive strength of 33

4.21 Residual compressive strength of concrete mixes at different 38

4.23 Percentage loss in compressive strength at different temperature 39

4.23 Cost of concrete’s ingredients 43

4.24 Cost of waste materials 43

4.26 Analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and CBA 45

4.27 Analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and CBA 45

4.28 Analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and CBA 45

4.29 Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of 46

4.30 Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of 46

4.31 Measured and estimated compressive strength values of 14 days 47

4.32 Measured and estimated compressive strength values of 28 days 48

4.33 Measured and estimated compressive strength values of 60 days 49

Figure No. Title Page No.

SCBA Sugarcane bagasse ash

Figure 3.1: Sugarcane bagasse ash

Figure 3.2: Coal bottom ash

Table 4.3: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates (10 mm size)

Table 4.4: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates (20 mm size)

Table 4.5: Sieve analysis of proportioned of coarse aggregates

40 mm Nil Nil Nil 100 100

20 mm Nil Nil Nil 100 95-100

10 mm 1262 1262 63.10 36.90 25-55

4.75 mm 629 1891 94.55 5.45 0-10

Coarse aggregates are conforming to Table 2 of BIS: 383-1970

4.1.4 Properties of Coal bottom ash

4.2 Testing of concrete

fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and

4.2.1.4 Selection of water-cement ratio

Sr. No. Maximum Size Of Aggregates Maximum Water Content

SI NO. Nominal Volume Of Coarse Aggregate per unit Volume of total