F2 A2
-
(b) Self-excited DC Generators: The field windings are energized by the current produced by
the generators themselves. Due to residual magnetism, there is always present some flux in the
poles. When the armature is rotated, some e.m.f. and hence some induced current is produced
which is partly or fully passed through the field coils thereby strengthening the residual pole
flux.
There are three types of self-excited generators named according to the manner in which their
field coils (or windings) are connected to the armature.
33
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
(i) DC Shunt Generator: The field windings are connected across or in parallel
with the armature conductors and have the full voltage of the generator applied
across them, as shown in Fig. 3.3.
IL
Ia
F1 A1
Rsh Ea Vt
F2 A2
(ii) DC Series Generator: In this case, the field windings are joined in series with the
armature conductors, as shown in Fig. 3.4. As they carry full load current, they
consist of relatively few turns of thick wire or strips. Such generators are rarely
used except for special purposes i.e. as boosters etc.
Ia S1 S2
Ise
IL
A1
Vt
Ea
A2
Ia = Ise+ Ish
And Ise = IL IL
S
Ish Ise
∴ Ia = IL+ Ish
E− Ia .Ra Ia
∴ Ish = A1
Vt
Rsh
Voltage equation is; Sh.
E
Ea = Vt+ Ia Ra +Ise Rse +Vbrush
Ise= IL A2
Ea = Vt + Ia Ra + IL Rse+ Vbrush
Fig. 3.6: Short shunt compound generators.
Neglecting Vbrush,
Ea = Vt + Ia Ra + IL Rse
Ea - Ia Ra = Vt + IL Rse
35
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
Vt + IL .Rse
∴ Ish =
Rsh
a) Cumulative and Differential Compound Generator:
When the field excitation is produced by a combination of shunt field winding and series field
winding as shown in Fig. 3.7, the shunt and series fields help each other, the compound
generator is termed cumulative compound.
A1
ΦT = Φsh + Φse
F1 F2 A3 A4
Where: Φsh = Flux produced by shunt. F1 F1 A2
Φse = Flux produced by series.
Fig.3.7: Cumulative compound.
When the shunt and series field oppose each other, then the generator is differential compound
as shown in Fig. 3.8. As a result, the terminal voltage falls drastically with increasing load.
ΦT = Φsh - Φse A1
F1 F2 A3 A4
A2
Ex.: A DC shunt generator has shunt field winding resistance of 100 Ω. It is supplying a load
of 5 Kw at a voltage of 250 V. if its armature resistance is 0.22 Ω. Calculate the induced e.m.f
of generator.
Sol.: -
Ia = IL + Ish
Ish = Vt / Rsh = 250 v / 100 Ω = 2.5 A Ish Ia IL
IL= PL / Vt F1
= 5×103 / 250 = 20 A G Vt
Ia = IL + Ish
F2
= 20 + 2.5 = 22.5 A
Ea = Vt + Ra.Ia
= 250 + 0.22 × 22.5 = 254.95 V.
36
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
Ex.: A 4 pole, compound DC generator long-shunt type, supply’s 100 A at a terminal voltage
of 500 V. If armature resistance is 0.02Ω, series field resistance 0.04 Ω and shunt field
resistance 100Ω, find the generated EMF. Take drop per brush as 1 V, Neglect armature
reaction.
Sol:
Ish = Vt / Rsh = 500 / 100 = 5 A
Ia = IL + Ish = 100 + 5 = 105 A
Voltage drop on series field windings =105×0.04= 4.2V
Armature voltage drop = 105 × 0.02=2.1 volt
Drop at brushes = 2 × 1= 2 V
Now,
E.m.f = V+ Ia. Ra +series drop+ brush drop
= 500 + 2.1 + 4.2 + 2 = 508.3 V.
Ex.: A 20 kW compound generator works on full load with a terminal voltage of 250 V. The
armature, series and shunt windings have resistances of 0.05Ω, 0.025Ω and 100 Ω respectively.
Calculate the total E.M.F generated in the armature when the machine is connected as short
shunt.
Sol.: Load current =P / V =20000/ 250 = 80 A
Voltage drop in the series windings = 80 × 0.025 = 2V
Voltage across shunt winding =Vt+ Voltage drop in the series windings IL
= 250 + 2 = 252 V.
Ish = Vt +IL Rse /Rsh
= 250 +80 ×0.025 / 100 =2.52 A
Ia = IL+Ish
= 80 + 2.52 = 82.52A
Ia.Ra = 82.52 × 0.05 = 4.13V
The generated E.m.f = Vt+ Ia. Ra +Voltage drop in the series windings
= 250 + 4.13 + 2 = 256.13 V.
37
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
A A1
F1
D.c
V
supply
Rheosta
t F2 A2
38
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
When current If is increased from its initial small value, the flux Φ changed and hence induced
e.m.f. Eo increase directly along the poles are unsaturated. This is represented by the straight
portion OA in Fig. 3.10. But as the flux density increases, the poles become saturated, so a
greater increase in If is required to produce a given small increase in voltage than on the lower
part of the curve.
E0 Saturation
Increasing A Constant
Open circuit
Characteristic
O If
Fig. 3.10: Magnetization ch.cs. for constant speed.
The no-load saturation curve of Fig. 3.10 has been repeated in Fig. 3.11 on a base of field amp-
turns (and not current) and it is seen that at no-load, the field amp-turns required for rated no-
load voltage are given by Oa. Under load conditions, the voltage will decrease due to
39
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
demagnetizing effect of armature reaction. This decrease can be made up by suitably increasing
the field amp-turns. Let ac represent the equivalent demagnetizing amp-turns per pole. Then,
it means that in order to generate the same e.m.f. on load as at no-load, the field amp-turns/pole
must be increased by an amount ac = bd. The point d lies on the curve LS which shows relation
between the voltage E generated under load conditions and the field amp-turns. The curve LS
is practically parallel to curve Ob. The terminal voltage V will be less than this generated
voltage E by an amount (Ia Ra) where Ra is the resistance of the armature circuit. From point
d, a vertical line de = Ia Ra is drawn. The point e lies on the full-load saturation curve for the
generator. Similarly, other points are obtained in the same manner and the full-load saturation
curve Mp is drawn. The right-angled triangle bde is known as drop reaction triangle. Load
saturation curve for half-load can be obtained by joining the mid-points of such lines as mn and
bd etc. In the case of self-excited generators, load saturation curves are obtained in a similar
way.
40
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
Ish A Eo
Ia IL B
F1 Q
G Vt V
F2
G A
If
O
Fig.3.12. DC shunt generator Fig.3.13. Load characteristics curve
cteristics curve
2. Load Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator:-
A. Internal Characteristic (E/Ia):
Ideally the induced e.m.f. is not dependent on the load current IL or armature current Ia. but
as load current increased, the armature current Ia increases to supply load demand. As Ia
increased armature flux increases. The effect of flux produced by armature on main flux
produced by the field winding is called armature reaction. Due to the armature reaction, main
flux distorted. Hence lesser flux gets linked with the armature conductor and this reduces the
induced e.m.f as shown Fig. 3.14.
E
Eo Drop due to
Q Armature
reaction
O IL
41
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
q
r
IL
O Q P
Fig.3.15: External characteristics curve.
42
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
resistance represented by the tangent to the curve, is known as critical resistance Rc for a given
speed.
C D
Critical Voltage EC
If
O
Fig.3.16: No-load saturation curve.
We know that E α N. As speed decreased the induced e.m.f. decreases, we gate (O.C.C) below
the (O.C.C) just tangential to normal field resistance line. As shown in Fig.3.17.
Critical Speed (Nc) is the speed at which machine just excites for the given field circuit
resistance.
𝐄𝐨𝟏 𝐍𝟏
=
𝐄𝐨𝟐 𝐍𝟐
𝐍𝟐
∴ 𝐄𝐨𝟐 = . 𝐄𝐨𝟏
𝐍𝟏
43
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
Eo A P
O.C.C
S at N1
O.C.C at Nc
T
Ex.: The magnetization curve of a d.c. shunt generator at 1500 r.p.m. is:
If (A): 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3
Eo (V): 6 60 120 172.5 202.5 221 231 237 240
For this generator find (i) no load e.m.f. for a total shunt field resistance of 100 Ω (ii) the critical
field resistance at 1500 r.p.m. and (iii) the magnetization curve at 1200 r.p.m. and therefrom
the open-circuit voltage for a field resistance of 100 Ω.
(b) A long shunt, compound generator fitted with inter-poles is commutatively-compounded.
With the supply terminals unchanged, the machine is now run as compound motor. Is the motor
differentially or cumulatively compounded?
Sol.:
The magnetization curve at 1500 r.p.m. is plotted in Fig. from the given data. The 100 Ω
resistance line OA is obtained by joining the origin (0, 0) with the point (1A, 100 V).
The voltage corresponding to point A is 227.5 V. Hence, no-load voltage to which the generator
will build-up is 227.5 V. The tangent OT represents the critical resistance at 1500 r.p.m.
Considering point B, Rc = 225/1.5 = 150 Ω.
44
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
For 1200 r.p.m., the induced voltages for different field currents would be (1200/1500) = 0.8
of those for 1500 r.p.m. The values of these voltages are tabulated below:
Ex.: The O.C.C of a separately excited DC generator driven at 1000 r.p.m. is as follows:
If the machine is connected as shunt generator and driven at 1000 r.p.m. and has a field
resistance of 100 Ω, find (a) open circuit voltage and exciting current (b) the critical resistance
and (c) resistance to induce 115 volts on open circuit.
Sol.: The O.C.C. has been plotted in Fig. below. The shunt resistance line OA is drawn as usual.
Draw a line for Rsh = 100 Ω, the slope of the line is 100.
Eo = Rsh × If, if exciting current (If = 1A) from the table; Eo = 100 V.
The slope of tangent line is critical resistance Rc:
45
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
Eo
F G If
CD 30
Slope of tangent line (Rc) = = = 150Ω.
FG 0.2
C. Line OB represents shunt resistance for getting 115 V on open circuit. From the table
the field current If = 1.4A at E=115.
𝐸 115
∴ Field resistance 𝑅𝑓 = = = 82.1 Ω.
𝐼𝑓 1.4
Ex.: The magnetization characteristic for a 4-pole, 110V and 1000 r.p.m. shunt generator as
follows:
𝐼𝑓 : 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3𝐴
𝐸𝑜 : 5 50 85 102 112 116 120 𝑉
Armature is lap connected with 144 conductors; field resistance is 45 Ω. Determine
i. Voltage the machine will build up at no-load.
ii. The critical resistance.
iii. The speed at which the machine just excite.
iv. Residual flux per pole.
Sol.: The O.C.C. as shown in Fig., OA represents the 45Ω line which is drawn according to eq.
Eo = Rsh × If.
Drawing a horizontal line from 60V on Y-axis and vertical line to If = 1.1A on X-axis, intersect
at point C.
i. The voltage to which machine will build up = OM = 118 V.
ii. OT is tangent to the initial part of the O.C.C. It represents critical resistance.
NC 30
Slope of tangent line (Rc) = = = 100 Ω
HR 0.3
iii. From any point on OT, at point B, drop the perpendicular BD on X-axis.
46
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
CD NC 50 NC
= or = ∴ Nc = 454.54 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚
BD N1 110 1000
Eo
iv. As given in the table, induced e.m.f. due to
residual flux (i.e. when there is no exciting current) S
is 5 V.
N
ZNϕP 144×𝛷×1000×4
Eo = , 5=
60 a 60 ×4
C
∴ Φ = 2.08 𝑚𝑊𝑏.
If
H R
47
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
resistance known as critical resistance. If shunt field resistance is greater than this value, the
generator will fail to excite.
Ea T
If
48
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
As Ia is increases, armature reaction increases but its effect is negligible compared to increase
in E. For high load current, saturation occurs and flux remains constant. In such case, due to
armature reaction E starts decreasing as shown in the Fig. 3.19.
O.C.C. characteristics
V
Armature
reaction Internal c/s
effect Ia (Ra +Rse)
As Ia = IL increases, the drop in armature and field winding increases I a (Ra +Rse), Where
Vt= E- Ia (Ra +Rse), thus the external c/s; as shown under the internal c/s due to drop I a (Ra +Rse).
If self-excited series generator, O.C.C. cannot be obtained. The O.C.C. can be obtained in
separately -excited the field winding.
49
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
VT Over
Eo
Flat or level
Under
Differentially
compounded
IL
Full load
Fig.3.20: Compound generator C/S.
50
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
2. Iron or Core Losses: These losses are also called magnetic losses. Its include hysteresis loss
and eddy current loss in the core. Booths eddy currents and hysteresis losses total up to about
20 to 30% of full-load, as it explained in Ch.1
51
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
A B C
3.5 Efficiency of D.C Generator: - The efficiencies for DC generator are divided to:
B Eg .Ia
1. Mechanical Efficiency: ηm = = × 100%
A Pin
C VL . IL
2. Electrical Efficiency: ηele. = = × 100%
B Eg .Ia
Pout C VL . IL
3. Total Efficiency: η = = ηm . ηe = = × 100%
Pin A Pin
Pout Pin −PLosses
Or η= = × 100%
Pout + PLosses Pin
52
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
1
η = × 100%
I . R a Wc
1+ [ + ]
V V. I
Ex.: A DC shunt generator delivers 195 A at terminal p.d. of 250 V. The armature resistance
and shunt field resistance are 0.02 Ω and 50 Ω respectively. The iron and friction losses (Stray)
equal 950 W. Find
(a) E.M.F. generated (b) Pcu (c) output of the prime mover (d) mechanical and electrical
efficiencies (e) total efficiency.
Sol.: (a) E. m. f = V + Ia . R a
Ia = IL + Ish
Vt 250
Ish = = = 5 A.
R sh 50
∴ Ia = 195 + 5 = 200A.
∴ E. m. f = 250 + (200 × 0.02) = 254 V.
(b) Pcu Total loss = Pcu Arm. + Pcu Shu.
ArmatureCu loss = Ia2 . R a = (200)2 × 0.02 = 800 W
Shunt Cu loss = Ish 2 . R sh = 52 × 50 = 1250 W
∴Pcu Total loss = 800 + 1250 = 2050 W.
53
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran
University of Karbala DC Machine Electrical & Electronics Eng. Dep.
∴ ηmech. = 98.2%
Pout 48750
∴ ηelec. = × 100% = 100% = 95.9%
Pg 50800
Pout 48750
(e) η = × 100% = 100% = 94.2%
Pin 51750
Ex.: A shunt DC generator has a F.L. current of 196 A at 220 V. The stray losses are 720 W
and the shunt field resistance is 55 Ω. If it has a F.L. efficiency of 88%, find the armature
resistance. Also, find the load current corresponding to maximum efficiency.
Vt 220
Ish = = = 4 𝐴.
Rsh 55
54
Ms.c. Haider M. Umran