Histograms
Run Charts
Pareto Charts
Flow Charts
Scatter Diagrams
Cause and Effect Diagrams
Control Charts
Histograms
Centering of the process data: The centering of the data provides information on
the process about some mean.
Spread of the data: Histogram width defines the variability of the process about
the mean
Shape of the histogram: Bell or normal shaped histogram is expected. Other than
normal or bell shape means something wrong with the process responsible for poor
quality.
Limitations of the Histograms
The randomness in the data in developing histogram losses the vital information
As data are not represented in order, the time-dependent or time-related trends in
the process may not be revealed
Run Chart
Run Charts are better option over histograms as they overcome the limitations of
the histograms. A run chart represents change in measurement over a sequence or
time. Run charts are used to determine cyclic events and their average values.
Two types of mistake normally people commit while interpreting the run chart
VILFREDO PARETO an Italian economist provided a golden rule which fits into many
managerial situations. The golden rule he noticed is ?WEALTH IS CONCENTRATED IN A
FEW PEOPLE?. Pareto principle : ?The majority of wealth is held by a
disproportionately small segment of the population?. This principle is also known
as 80 / 20 principle. 80% of the problems are caused by 20% of the causes
JURAN has noticed that this principle applies to quality improvement as well.
According to Juran the problems that occur a few are very frequent while other
important problems occur seldom. He given the phrase as ?Vital few and the trivial
many?
Pareto Charts are used to apply the 80/20 rule of Joseph Juran which states that
80% of the problems are the result of 20% of the problems. A Pareto Chart can be
used to identify that 20% root causes of problem.
Problem Type
Frequency
Cumulative%
40
20
40
20
60
14
3
74
D
10
2
84
E
92
F
5
1.5
97
G
1.8
100
Flow Chart
A flow chart is way of representing a procedure using simple symbols and arrows. A
Flow chart shows the activities in a process and the relationships between them. A
Flow chart lets a process be understood easily. It also demonstrate the
relationships between the elements of the process.
Scatter Diagram
A Cause and Effect Diagram shows the relationship between effect and the categories
of their causes. The diagram look like a fishbone it is therefore also called fish-
bone diagram. Cause and effect diagram enables a team to focus on the content of a
problem. It helps to provide a comprehensive picture of the problem and the root
causes of the same.
Draw four or more branches off the large arrow to represent main categories of
potential causes. Typical categories are man, machinery, methods, and materials.
Additional Causes, if any, may further be branched off the tertiary causes. The
process goes on till all the possible causes have been explored.
Control Chart
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