(liquid) Vaporization
Condensation
(solid)
Boiling point
(gas)
Boiling = Mendidih
1000 m
Sistem Dominasi Uap Sistem Dominasi Air
Ground
surface
in islan
d-arc a
rea
area
ental
e in contin
c
d surfa
Groun
Hydrogeology of Volcanic-Hydrothermal
System
pH H2O
pH H2O vs Temperatur
• Gas Content
• Acidity
• Chloride:
– The lower the pH, the higher the Cl content.
– The dilute alkaline waters are more likely to be HCO3-rich and Ca levels
are lower.
– More saline, neutral pH waters have low HCO3 levels, but
proportionately higher Ca level.
• TDS:
– Problems become significant when TDS values exceed ~100,000 mg/kg
– Up to a TDS content of 40,000 mg/kg, the higher the salinity, the waters
tend to be less alkaline than very low salinity waters
• Estimation of reservoir salinity can be made if Cl waters flow to the
surface.
Gas Content
• CO2 and H2S can rise to the top of a steam zone and become
dissolved in groundwater to give a hot acidic solution. (see acidity)
• Thermal features with high gas content seem to be fed fairly directly
from depth that calcite (CaCO3) and anhydrite (CaSO4) should be
anticipated.
Unsur-unsur terlarut
Lebih banyak berada di larutan dibanding dalam mineral
Tidak mudah bereaksi = unsur konservatif
mis. Cl, B, Li dan Br
pH strong acid