CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

A one storey building having most of the enclosed area used for an
industry is known as an industrial building. An industrial building is a structure
with a self supporting steel frame with a light weight covering. The frame work of
a steel frame industrial building consists of series of transverse bents, which
carry the purlins on the top of the trusses, and grits on the sides of the columns
to carry covering. The frame work is braced by diagonal bracings in the planes of
roof and the sides of the building.

The functions of the industrial buildings are to store the raw materials or
manufactured products of the industry or to support and house a manufacturing
process for the industry.

The industrial buildings may be categorised as

(i) Normal type of industrial building and

(ii) Special type of industrial building

Industrial buildings in the first category are shed type buildings. These
are common for short span layouts. These consists of frames composed of
continuous or double cantilever girders over columns in one direction with simple
span bar joists to the other direction. These are simple roof structures on open
frames. These structures provide some protected areas. These used to house
the industries, workshops and ware houses etc.

Industrial buildings in the second category include steel mill buildings,

buildings used for manufacture of heavy machines, etc. This type consists of
trusses framed in the long dimensions of the bay with purlins framing between
the trusses in the short dimensions. This system is used where long span, while
much shorter span is acceptable in the other direction. These industrial buildings
may be highly sophisticated type.

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 For the proper design of the industrial building, the designer should have
knowledge manufacturing process and the purpose for which the industrial
building is installed. Economy is always a primary factor for design industrial
buildings. In a real sense the cost of manufacturing products depend upon the
initial cost of construction, maintenance and operating cost of industrial building.
The designer should be able to provide optimum balance view the industrial
building should be properly related aesthetically to the community and its natural
environment.

The internal Architecture of the industrial building should provide for the
development of design so as to satisfy the requirements of the occupants. The
total area and volume requirements are determined for proper planning and
layout of the industrial building. The exterior dimensions of the structure
surrounding the manufacturing process are then developed by the designer
.These type of buildings may require extra large spans ,extra large heights and
may involve very heavy loads.

1.2 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN AN INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

1.2.1 Gantry girder:

The travelling over head cranes are commonly used in factories and work
shop to lift and move heavy materials and assembled parts from one point to
other. The crane system consists of a bridge over which a crab (trolley), hoist
and cabin which houses the control and operator move. The crane bridge itself is
provided with wheels to move over the rails provided over gantry girder. Thus
gantry girder supports crane girder, the gantry girder supported on columns with
bracket.

1.2.2 Crane girder:

The crane consist of a bridge made up of truss girders .The Bridge is

termed as a crane bridge, crane girder or crab girder. It spans the bay of the

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shop and moves in a longitudinal direction, wheels are attached to ends of a
crane girder these wheels moves over rails placed centrally over the girders
which are called gantry girder or crane gantry girder.

1.2.3 Roof truss:

Large column free areas are required for auditoriums, assembly halls,
workshops etc. to get such column free area on of the commonly used roofing
system is steel roof trusses, interconnected with purlins which in turn support
G.I(galvanized iron) or A.C(asbestos cement)sheets. The roof trusses are
supported on walls or a series of columns.

1.2.4 Beams:

Beams are structural elements carrying transverse external loads that

cause bending moment and shear force along their span. These are generally
supported on bearing walls or columns and are subjected to roof or floors loads
and are reinforced to take up stresses.

1.2.5 Columns:

A column is designed as a structural member subjected to compression

force in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. Vertical members from multi-
storied buildings are column member subjected to compressive loads from floors
and beams. As per IS: 456-2000, the columns or struts are defined as
compression members, the effective length of which exceeds three times the
least lateral dimension.

1.2.6 Lintel:

A lintel is a structural member used for carrying the wall loads and they do
not transfer the loads on to the doors and windows.

1.2.7 Foundation:

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A structure is generally considered to have two main portions

1. The super structure

2. Sub structure

The sub structure transmits the loads of the super structure to the supporting
soil and is generally termed as the foundation. Footing is that portion of the
foundation which ultimately delivers the load to the soil and is thus in contact with
it. The load of super structure is transmitted to the foundation or sub structure
through either columns or walls

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[Type text] Page 5
 Chapter- 2

PLAN OF INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP

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 Chapter-4

DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSS

4.1 ANALYSIS:

The industrial shed is located in industrial area of kadapa.

Overall length of the building = 30m

Span of roof truss = 18m

Spacing of roof truss = 6m

Height of column = 10m

Rise of truss = 4.5m

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 Inclination of roof with horizontal,

Tanθ = 4.5/9 = 0.5

θ = 26o34’ = 26.57

length of rafter = √(81+20.25)= 10.06 m

length of each panel = 10.06/3 = 3.35m

Panel length in plan = 3.35×cos26.57 = 3m

Panel layout of truss

4.1.1 Dead loads:

Self weight of purlin = 0.100 KN/m

weight of G.I sheet = 0.205KN/m2

weight of bracings = 0.012 KN/m2

self weight of truss, w = 1/100 (l/3 + 5)

= 0.110 KN/m2

Total dead load on purlin = 0.217 KN/m2

Panel length in plan = 3.35×cos26.57 = 3m

Load on each intermediate panel due to dead load

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= (0.012+0.205+0.110+0.100) × 6 × 3 = 7.68 kN

Load on each end panel points = 7.68/2 = 3.84 kN

4.1.2 Live load

As per IS 875

Assuming that no access is provided to the roof, live load is reduced by 20

N/m2 for each one degree above 10o slope

Live load = 750 - 20(26.57- 10) = 418.68 N/m2

Live load on each intermediate panel = 418.68×6×3

= 7536.24N = 7.6 kN
Load on each end panel points = 7.6/2 = 3.8 kN

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4.1.3 Wind load:

Vb =44 m/sec.

For 50 years life span, k1=1

For h/w=10/18 =0.55.

For terrain category -2, k2 =1.

For plain land, k3 = 1

Vz = Vb×k1×k2×k3

Vz = 44×1×1×1 = 44m/sec.

Pz = 0.6 Vz2 = 0.6×(44)2 = 1161.6 N/m2 = 1.16 kN/m2

To calculate coefficient for external wind pressure (Cpe)

W=18m, h=10m.

h/w = 10/18 = 0.55

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 ROOF Ө=0ᵒ Ө=90ᵒ
ANGLE EF GH EG FH
20ᵒ -0.7 -0.5 -0.8 -0.6
26.57 -0.37 -0.5 -0.8 -0.73
30ᵒ -0.2 -0.5 -0.8 -0.8

For the medium permeability

Opening in relation to wall area is 5-20%.

Cpi = ± 0.5p

Cpe +0.5 0.13 0 -0.3 -0.23

Cpe – 0.5 -0.87 -1 -1.3 -1.23

Critical wind loads on panel points:

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 (i) Windward side
F1 = (Cpe – Cpi) pdA = (- 0.8 – 0.5) ×1.16× (6×3.35) = -30.31kN
(intermediate panel points)
F2 = -30.31/2 = -15.15 kN
(ii) Leeward side
F3 = (Cpe – Cpi) pdA = (-0.73 – 0.5) ×1.16× (6×3.35) = -28.6 kN
(intermediate panel points)
F4 = -28.6/2 = -14.3kN

Wind loads at panel points (wind from right)

4.1.4 DESIGN OF PURLINS:

Dead load = 0.100 + 0.217×3 = 0.751kN/m. (downward).

Wdy =0.751× cos (26.56) = 0.107 kN/m.

Wdx = 0.751×sin (26.56) = 0.743 kN/m.

Live load = 0.418 ×3 = 1.25 kN/m (downward)

Wly = 1.25 × cos(26.56) = 0.10 kN/m.

Wlx= 3 × sin(26.56) = 2.96 kN/m.

Wind load = 1161.6 × 3 = 3.48 kN/m

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Total load on purlin normal to roof = 3.48 + 0.10 + 0.107
= 3.687 kN/m
Factored load normal to roof, P = 1.5 × 3.687 = 5.53 kN/m
Factored load parallel to roof, H = 1.5 × 0.743 = 1.114 kN/m
Maximum moment, Mz = PL/10 = (5.53 ×6) × 6/10 = 19.9 kNm
Maximum moment, My = HL/10 = (1.114 ×6) × 6/10 = 4.01 kNm

Let us try ISA200×100×10 @ 223.7 N/m

The properties of the section are

Area of cross section, A = 2903mm2

Radii of gyration rz = 8mm, ry = 12mm

Depth of section, h = 200mm

ε0 = 1, fy= 250N/mm2 ,fu= 410N/mm2.

4.1.6 Section classification:

b/t =100/10 =10<15.7 ε

d/t =200/10 =20>15.7 ε

Therefore the section is semi compact.

β=Ze/Zp

Therefore M dz = β× Zp× fy/γm0

= (Ze/Zp) × Zp× fy/γm0

= Ze× fy/γm0

M dz = (1210×104/130.4)×250/1.1×10-6

= 21.6kN-m. > 19.9 kNm

Which is all right.

M dy= (209.2×104×250×10-6)/ (20.1×1.1)

= 23.65kN-m > 4.10 kNm

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Which is all right.

Check for overall member strength

Mz/Mdz + My/Mdy ≤ 1

=19.9/21.6 + 4.10/23.65

= 1 ≤ 1 (o.k)

4.1.7 Check for deflection:

Permissible deflection = l/180 =6000/180 = 33.33 mm.

Actual deflection = 5/384×wl4/EI

= 5/384×[3687×10-3× (6×103)4]/2×105×1210×104

= 25.7 mm < 33.33mm. (O.K)

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4.1.8 Member Forces

Fig No 4.2

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Members Dead Live Wind 1.5(DL 1.2(D 1.5(D Force
load load load + LL) L +LL L
+WL) +WL)
Main AB 38.46 38.15 -166 114.91 - - 166 kN
Tie 107.26 191.31 Compres
FG 38.46 38.15 -132.5 114.91 -67.06 - sive
141.06
BC 38.65 38 -83.84 114.97 -8.628 -67.78 191.31
FE 38.65 38 -64.19 114.97 12.46 -38.31 kN
CD 31 30.5 -98.72 92.25 -44.66 - Tension
101.58
ED 31 30.5 -125.27 92.25 -76.52 -
141.40
Rafter AL -43 -42.45 175 -128.25 107.4 198 287.4 kN
GH -43 -42.45 229.6 -128.25 172.92 279.9 Tension
LK -41.05 -41 175 -123.07 111.55 200.9 128.25
HI -41.05 -41 229.6 -123.07 177.06 282.82 kN
KJ -38 -37.8 175 -113.7 119.04 205.5 Compres
IJ -38 -37.8 229.6 -113.7 184.56 287.4 sive
Struts BL 0 0 31.26 0 37.51 46.89 84.6 kN
KC -3.82 -3.8 41.41 -10.62 40.54 56.38 Tension
JD -7.8 -7.5 64.20 -22.95 58.68 84.6
EI -3.82 -3.79 21.36 -11.41 16.5 26.31 22.95 kN
FH 0 0 12.18 0 14.61 18.27 Compres
sive
Inclin LC 8.55 8.4 -25.26 25.42 -9.972 -25.06 31.95 kN
ed KD 10.9 10.4 -31.24 31.95 -11.92 -30.51 Tension
ID 10.9 10.4 -23.64 31.95 -2.8 -19.11
HE 8.55 8.5 -13.37 25.57 4.41 -7.23 31.24 kN
Compres
sive

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4.2 DESIGN

4.2.1 Tie members:

Maximum compressive strength = 166k N.
Factored Maximum compressive strength = 249 kN.
Maximum truss strength = 191.31kN.
Factored Maximum truss strength = 286.96kN.
Assume fcd = 100N/mm2.
Area required = 249 ×1000/100 = 2490 mm

Trying two angle sections I.S.A 130×130×12.

A = 2982mm2, r = 39.9mm,

fcd =137.3N/mm2.

Pd = fcd×Ac

= 137.3×2982×2

= 818.8kN>816kN. Check for tension:

τdg = Ag×fy/γm0

= 2×2982×250×3/ (1.1×1000)

= 1355.4kN>207kN.

Connections:-

Provide 20mm diameter bolts

Diameter of hole = 20 mm.

15mm thick plate.

Double angle = 130×130×12.

Design force = 286.9kN.

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Strength of bolt in double shear

Vsb = 2×Anb×fub/ (√3×γmb)

= 2×245×400/ (1.732×1.25)

= 90.528kN.

Strength of bolt in bearing, Vpb= 2.5×kb×dt×fu/ ( γmb)

Assume pitch of bolts = 50mm.

Edge distance = 33mm.

Kb least of following

1. e/3×d0=33/3×26 = 0.423.

2. p/3× d0 = 0.391.

3.fub/fu= 400/410 = 0975.

Hence Kb = 0.4

Vpb = 2.5×0.4×20×15×400/ (1.25)

=115.2kN.

Least of above 90.5kN

Number of bolts required = 286.9/90.5

= 4(Approx).

So provide 4 # 20mm diameter bolts.

4.2.2 Principle Rafter:

Maximum Compression =128.25 kN

Factored Maximum Compression= 192.37 kN

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Maximum tension= 287.4 kN

Factored Maximum tension= 431.1 kN

Assume fcd =100N/mm2.

Pd=68.306×2×866=118(not safe).

Try I.S.A 100×100×10

A=1903mm2, r=30.5mm

Λ=K×L/r = 3160/30.5

= 103.606

fcd = 102.528N/mm2

Pd = 2×1903×102.528

= 390>218.25kN

Check for tension:

τdg = Ag×fy/γm0 = 2×1903×250/1.1

= 865>845.4kN.

Connections:-

Using 24mm diameter bolts.

Diameter of hole d0=26mm.

Strength of bolt = 90.5kN

Number of bolts =845.4/90.5

=10(Approx).

4.2.3 Vertical members:

Maximum Compression =155.6N/mm2.

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Factored Maximum Compression=233.4 N/mm2
Maximum tension= 36.4 N/mm2

Factored Maximum tension=54.6 N/mm2

Assume fcd =100N/mm2.

Area of steel required = 233.4×1000/100

= 2334mm2.

Try I.S.A 90×90×8

A=1379mm2, r=27.5mm.

Λ=K×L/r = 3160/27.5

= 115.

fcd = 89.15 N/mm2.

Pd = 2×1379×89.15

= 234.4>2333.4kN.

Check for tension:

τdg=Ag×fy/γm0 = 2×1379×250/ (1.1)

= 626.818kN>54.6kN.

Hence safe.

Connections:-

Diameter of bolt = 24mm.

Diameter of hole d0= 26mm.

Strength of bolt = 90.5.

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Number of bolts required= 233.4/90.5
= 4(Approx).

Hence use 4 # 24mm diameter bolts.

4.2.4 Inclined members:

Maximum Compression = 115.147N/mm2.

Factored Maximum Compression = 172.71 N/mm2

Maximum tension= 421.08 N/mm2

Factored Maximum tension = 631.22 N/mm2

Assume fcd = 100N/mm2.

Area of steel required = 172.71×1000/100

= 1727.1mm2.

Try I.S.A 80×80×10

A= 1505mm2, r = 24.1mm

Λ=K×L/r = 3160/24.1

= 131.12.

fcd = 73.4 N/mm2.

Pd = 2×1505×73.4

=220.9>172.71.4kN.

Check for tension:

τdg=Ag×fy/γm0 = 2×1505×250/ (1.1)

= 684kN>631.6kN Hence safe.

Connections:-

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[Type text] Page 22
Diameter of bolt = 24mm.

Diameter of hole d0 = 26mm.

Strength of bolt = 90.5.

Number of bolts required = 631.62/90.5

= 7(Approx).

Hence use 7 # 24 diameter bolts

Note: - Use tack weld to connect the angles i.e. two angles back
to back.

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 Chapter -

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER

2.1ANALYSIS

2.1.1 Specifications:

Self weight of crane girder excluding trolley = 200kN

Self weight of trolley =100kN

Minimum approach of crane hook = 1.2m

Distance between centres of crane wheels = 3.5m

Span of gantry girder = 6m

2.1.2 Calculations of Wheel loads:

Maximum point load on crane girder = Crane capacity self + weight of

trolley
= 200+100
= 300kN

Fig No 2.1

Factored point load = 450kN

Self weight of crane girder = 200kN

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The crane will carry self weight as uniformly distributed load,

W=200/18 = 11.11kN/m
Factored uniform load = 11.11×1.5

=16.6kN/m

Taking moments about ‘B’

18 (Ra) = (450×16.8) + (16.6) ×182/2

Ra=718.8 kN

Maximum wheel load (W) = 718.8/2=359.4 kN

Fig No 2.2

2.1.3 Calculation of moment and shear of gantry girder:

Impact factor is applied for live loads

Moments and shears are calculated separately for live and dead loads .

Dead loads:

Self weight of gantry girder = 2kN/m

Self weight of rails = 0.3kN/m

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Total load = 2.3kN/m
Factored dead load = 1.5 × 2.3 = 3.45kN/m

Fig No 2.3

Live loads:

Calculation of shear force for live loads

Taking moment about ‘B’

Va × (6) = 359.4× (6) +359.4× (2.5)

Va =509.15kN

Maximum shear due to wheel load = 509.15kN

Maximum shear due to dead load (Va) = wl/2

= 3.45×6/2

= 10.35kN

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Fig No 2.4

Maximum bending moment for live load:

Taking moments about ’D’

Vc× (6) = 359.4× (2.125) +359.4× (5.625)

Vc= 464.2kN

Vd = 2× (359.4) - 464.2

Vd = 254.6kN
Maximum bending moment occurs under point load
Mmax= 254.6× (2.125)
= 541kN/m
Bending moment due to impact is 10% due to wheel load = 10/100× (541)
= 54.10kN-m
Total moment due to live load = 541+54.10
= 595.10kN-m

Maximum moment due to dead load = wl2/8

= 345×62/8
= 15.5kN-m

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Therefore Bending Moment due to dead load and live load is 610.625 kN-m

Lateral forces:
Lateral forces traverse to the rails = 5% of weight of crab + weight to be lifted
= 5/100× (100+300)
= 20kN
Factored lateral load = 30kN
Factored lateral load on each wheel = 30/2
= 15kN
The maximum horizontal reaction due to lateral force may be taken proportion
to vertical loads.
Maximum lateral force at ’C’
= 15/359.4×464.2
= 19.37kN
Maximum bending moment = 15/359.4×541 = 22.57kN-m

2.2 DESIGN

2.2.1 Preliminary trail section:

Approximate depth of section= l/12
= 6×103/12
= 500mm
Approximate width of flange = l /30

= 6×103/30
= 200mm
Approximate section modulus required (Zpz) = 1.4Mz/fy

= 1.4×610.625/250×106

= 3419.5×103mm3

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[Type text] Page 29
Let us try ISWB 600 at 1311.6 N/m with ISMC 300 at 351.2 N/m on its top
flange

PROPERTY ISWB 600 ISMC 300

Area(A) 17038mm2 4564 mm2

Thickness of flange(tf) 21.3mm 13.6mm
Thickness of web(tw) 11.2mm 7.6mm
Width of flange(bf) 250mm 90mm
Moment of inertia (Iz) 106198.5×104 mm4 6362.6×104 mm4

Moment of inertia (Iy) 4702.5×104 mm4 310.8×104 mm4

Depth of section(h) 600mm 300mm

Radius at root (R1) 17mm -

(eyy) - 23.6mm

2.2.2 Moment of inertia of gantry girder:

The distance of neutral axis of built up reaction from the extreme
fiber of compression flange.
Y`= ∑ Ay/ ∑A
= 17038× (300+7.6) +4564×23.6/ (4564+17038)
= 247.59mm
Gross moment of inertia of built up section
Igross= Iz beam+I z channel
Igross= [106198.5×104+17038× (307.6-247359)2] + [310.8×104+4564× (247.59-23.6)2]

Igross =135543×104mm4
Iy gross= Iy beam+Iychannel

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 = 4702.5×104+6362.6×104

=11065.1×104mm4

Zez = (Iz)/y = 13554×104/ (600+7.6-247.59) =3764×103mm3

Modulus of section
By equating area axis

4564+250×21.3+y1`tw=. (250×21.3)+ (600-2×21.3-5) ×11.2

9889+ y1`× (11.2) = (5325) + (557.4-5) ×11.2

1790.36 = 22.6 y1`

y1`= 74.95mm
Plastic modulus of the section above equal area axis

Zpz1 = (3007.6)×[74.95+21.3+7.6/2] + 2× (90-7.6) ×13.6× (74.95+21.3-90-

7.6/2]+ 250×21.3× (74.95+21.3/2)+74.95×11.2×74.95/2

Zpz1 = 838.775×103mm3
Plastic section modulus of section below equal area axis
Zpz2 = 250×21.3× (600-21.3-74.95-21.3/2) + (600-2×21.3-74.95)2/2×11.2

= 3929.202×103mm3
Zpz = Zpz1+Zpz2
Zpz = 838.775×103+3929.202×103

Zpz = 4767.977×103mm3
Plastic section modulus of compression flange about y-y axis
Zpfy = 250×21.3×250/4+2× [(300-13.6×2)2×7.6/8] + [2× (13.6×90× (300-
13.6/2)]
Zpfy = 824.763×103mm3

2.2.3 Classification of section:

Out stand of flange of I-section b = bf/2

= 250/2
= 125mm

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tf of flange of I –section = 125/21.3 = 5.86< 9.4 (9.4 ε =9.4×1=9.4)
Out stand of flange of channel section, b= bf - bw = 90 - 7.6 = 824.4mm

b/tf of flange of channel section = 82.4/13.6

= 6.05 < 9.4ε (9.4×1=9.4)
tw of web of I-section = h-2tf/tw
= (600-2×21.3)11.2
= 49.76< 84 ε

Hence entire section is plastic (βb=1)

2.2.3.1 Check for moment capacity:
Local moment capacity:

Mdz = βb Zpz/γm0≤1.2Zefy/γ m0

Mdz = 1×4767.977×103× (250/1.10) ×10-6

=1083.63kN-m

≤1.2×3764.98×103× (250/1.10) ×10-6

=1026.81kN-m

Hence moment capacity of section Mdz= 1026.81kN-m > 610.625kN-m

(Safe)
Moment capacity of compression flange about y-axis
=1×824.763×103×250/ (1.10) ×10-6=187.44kN-m

≤1.2×580.92×103×250(1.10) × 10-6 = 158.43kN-m

Hence moment capacity of flange

Mdy,f =158.43kN-m

2.2.3.2 Combined check for local moment capacity:

Mz/Mdz+My,f/Mdy,f ≤1
610.625/1026.81+22.57/158.43 = 0.59468+0.1424
= 0.7371≤1
Hence safe

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2.2.3.3 Check for buckling resistance in bending:
The elastic lateral torsional bending moment
Mcr = c1× π2EIγhf/2L2LT[1+1/20 × (LLT/ry / hf/tf) 2] 0.5
Overall depth of section

hf = h = 600+7.6=607.6mm

Effective length, LLT = 6×103mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 21.3+7.6 104

=28.9mm
Radius of gyration ry = √IY/√A
=71.57mm
C1= 1.132 [Assuming uniform load condition]
Mcr = 1.132×π2×2×105×110653.1×104×607.6/ (2× (6×103)2) ×
[1+1/20[(6×103/71.57)/(607.6/28.9)]2]0.5

= 2759.89×105N-mm

2.2.3.4 Non dimensional slenderness ratio:

λLTz = √( βb Zpzfy /Mcr)

λLTz = 2.068

ФLTz =0.5[1+αLT(λLTz - 0.2) +λ2LTz]

αLTz = 0.21

ФLTz = 0.5× [1×.21× (20.68-0.2) + (2.068)2]

ФLTz = 2.334

ΧLTz = 1/ ФLTZ + (Ф2LTZ - λ2LTZ) 0.5

= 1/2.334+ (2.3342-2.0682)0.5

ΧLTz = 0.29
2.2.3.5 Design bending Compressive stress:
fbd= ΧLTz x fy/γ mo

[Type text] Page 33

 = 0.29×250/1.10
= 659.9N/mm2

Mdz = βb Zpzfbd = 3146.388kNm

> 610.625kN-m
Which is all right,
The gantry girder is safe in bending under vertical loads.
Since the lateral forces are also acting , the beam must be checked
for bi-axial bending. The bending strength about y-axis will be provided by
the top flange only as the lateral loads are applied there.
Mdy = Zytfy/ γmo
Zyt = section modulus of top flange about yy-axis
= [(4702.5x104)/2+6362.6x104]/(300/2)
= 580.92x103 mm3
Mdy = 580.92x103 x 250 x 10-6/1.1
= 132.02 kNm

Mz/ Mdz + My/Mdy ≤ 1.0

610.625/3146.38 + 19.37/132.02 = 0.974 <1
Hence the section is safe.

2.2.3.6 Check for shear capacity:

Maximum shear force due to wheel load =509.15kN

And 10% impact of wheel load = 50.9kN

Factored shear = 560.05kN

Shear capacity = Avfyw/√3γm0

= (600x11.2x250)/ √3× (1.1)

= 881.7kN>650.05kN

[Type text] Page 34

 0.6Vd = 0.6×881.7 = 529<560.05kN
Hence safe.

2.2.3.8 Check against deflection:

Vertical deflection = w l3/6EI × [3a/4l-a3/l3]

Maximum static wheel load, w = 359.4/1.5 = 239.6kN
a = L- c/2 = 6-(3.5/2) = 1 .25m
Vertical deflection = 4.68mm
Permissible maximum deflection = 6000/500=12mm
>4.68mm
Hence ok.

Web buckling check

Web should be checked for buckling under wheel load
Buckling resistance = (b1 + n1)twfcd
b1 = bearing length = 150 mm
n1 = 600/2 + 2 x 7.6 = 315.2 mm

slenderness ratio of the web, λw = 2.45d1/tw = 114.49

For λw = 114.49, fy = 250N/mm2, and the buckling curve c, the design

bending compressive stress from IS:800-2007 is fcd = 89.64 N/mm2

buckling resistance = (150 + 315.2) x 7.6 x 89.64 x 10-3 = 316.9 kN

>241.5 kN

Which is safe.

2.2.3.7 Design connection:

Between I and channel section.
Shear capacity of weld q = VAy`/Iz
= 377.33×1000×4564× (247.6-7.6)/1355543×104
= 304.8N/mm

[Type text] Page 35

Assume size of weld = 3mm
Design strength of weld = 3×0.7×410 / √3 ×1.5
= 331.4N/mm >304.8 N/mm
Hence safe.

[Type text] Page 36

 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CRANE GIRDER

3.1ANALYSIS

Fig No 3.1

∑Ma = 0

Rb(18) = 450×1.2+16.6(18)2/2

Rb = 179.4kN

Ra = 450+ (16.6×18)-179.4

Ra = 569.4kN

Fig No 3.2

At ‘C’ maximum bending moment occurs.

Mc = 569.4×9-16.6×92/2

Mc = 4452.3kN-m

[Type text] Page 37

3.2 DESIGN
fe = 410N/mm2,fy = 250N/mm2 fyw= 250 N/mm2
Plate girder:
Design of web
Assume k=200
Depth of plate girder, d = (Mzk/fy)0.3
d = (4452.3 x 200/250)0.33
= 1600mm
Thickness of web, tw = (Mz/fyk2)0.33
= 7.6 mm
tw= 8mm, d = 1600mm
Assume, c = 2d
C = 2× (1600) =3200mm
Af = Mzγm0/fy×d
= 4452×106×1.10/250×1600

= 12243.8mm2

bf = 0.2×d = 0.2×1600 = 320mm

tf = Af/bf=12244/320 = 40mm
Flange section 320×40mm

For flanges b/tf=320/40 = 8<8ε

Therefore sections are plastic
d/tw =1600/8 = 200>94ε
The web is subjected to buckling
Zpz= (320×40) × (1600 - 40) = 19.99×106mm3

Md= βb Zpzfy/γm0 = 20×106×250/1.1

= 4545.4kN-m
>4452kN-m

Which is safe.

[Type text] Page 38

Assume traverse stiffeners
Elastic critical shear stress, τcr,e= kvΠ2E/[12(1-µ2) (d/tw)2]
For c/d >2

Kv = 5.35+4/ (c/d)2

kv= 6.35+4/4

kv = 6.35

τcr,e= kvΠ2E/12(1-µ2) (d/tw)2

= 6.35×Π2× (2×105)/12× (1-0.32) × (1600/8)2 = 28.69N/mm2

Λw = √(fyw/√3 × τcr,e) = 2.24.

τb = fyw/√3 Λw2

= 250/1.732× (2.24)2

=28.7N/mm2

Vcr = Av× τb = (1600×8) × (28.7) = 367.36kN <570kN

Hence traverse stiffeners are to be provided.

3.2.1 Design of end panels:

C = 3200mm, d = 1600mm.

3.2.1.1Cheak for shear capacity in the end panel:

Hq = 1.25Vp× (1-Vcr/Vp)0.5

Vp= dt×fyw/√3=1600×8×250/√3 = 1847.5kN

Hq = 1.25×(1847.5)×(1-(367.6/1847.5))

Hq=1850.175kN

Rtf = Hq/2 = 925kN

Vdf = Av×fyw/√3γm0 =1600×8×250/ (1.732×1.1) =1680kN

[Type text] Page 39

 >570kN
Hence ok.

3.2.1.2 Check against bending moment:

Mtf = Hq×d/10 = (1850.175) × (1600) ×10-3/10

= 269kN-m

Moment of resistance (Mq) = I/y = fy/γm0

I = 8×32003/12=2.2×1010mm4

y = c/2=3200/2 = 1600mm

Mq = 2.2×1010×250/1600×1.1=3125kN-m

Mq= 3125>296kN-m

Hence ok.

3.2.2 End Bearing stiffeners:

Fw = (b1+n2) ×tw×fyw/γm0

Assume, b1=100

n2 = 2× (2.5×tf)

= 2×2.2×40

= 200
Fw = (100+200) × (10×250/1.1) = 681.8kN >570kN

Hence bearing stiffeners are not required, but for safety purpose we are
providing stiffeners.

[Type text] Page 40

 Fig No 3.3 Web stiffener

320-8/2=156

Max = 20tqε =20×8 =160, Min=14 tqε = 14×8=112

Say 150×16 stiffeners.

Hence stiffeners are provided on either side.

Check for buckling of stiffener

A = (2×16×150) + (2× (20×8) ×16)

[Type text] Page 41

A = 9920mm2.

Moment of inertia = 2[(16×1503/12) + (16×150) × (79)2]

Moment of inertia = 38.95×106mm4

r = √(38.95×106/9920)
= 62.66mm

Λ= KL/r = 0.7×1600/62.66=17.87

fcd = 227-0.787× (227.224)

fcd = 224.639kN

Pd = A× fcd = 9920×224.639=2228.4kN >570kN

3.2.3 Design of connection between web and stiffeners:

Tension shear capacity, Tdn= 0.9×An×fu/γm1

= 0.9× (140×10) ×410×10-3/1.25

= 413.28kN

Shear/mm length = 413.28/2×[1600-16] = 0.130kN/mm

Hence safe.

Assume weld size S = 6mm.

t = 0.7×6 = 4.2mm
fwd/mm = tw ×fy/√3 γmw = 4.2×250/1.732×1.5 = 0.404kN/mm
>0.130 kN/mm
Hence safe.
Hence 6mm fillet weld used as connection.

[Type text] Page 42

3.2.4 Design of connection between web and flange:

There will be two weld lengths along the entire span.

qw perm length = 0.5[V×Af×y`/Iz]

Iz = 320×16803/12-[16003× (320-10)/12]

= 0.1644×1011mm4

Af = 320×40 = 12800mm2

y`= 840mm

qw = 0.5× [570×12800×1840×1000/ (1.644×1010)

= 186.39N/mm2

Assume s = 8mm

tt=0.7×8 = 5.6mm

Fwd = tt×fy/1.732×γmw

=5.6×250/ (1.732×1.5)

=538.8N/mm2.

Fwd>qw

Hence ok.

[Type text] Page 43

Fig No 3.4 Plate girder section

[Type text] Page 44

 DESIGN OF MAIN BEAM

5.1 SPECIFICATIONS

Wall thickness = 300mm.

Span length = 6m.

Load = 24kN/m.

Grade of concrete = M20

Grade of steel = Fe 415

5.2 DESIGN

Limiting depth of neutral axis

Xu max/d = 0.48.

5.2.1 Calculation of design bending moment

d = l/20=6000/20 = 300mm.

This is the minimum value of d

Over all depth (D) = 600mm.

d = 600-30 = 570mm, taking b = 300mm

self weight of beam = 0.57 × 0.3 × 1 × 25000 = 4275 N/m

External load = 24000 N/m

Total load w = 24000 + 4275 = 28275

Load, wu = 1.5 w = 42412 N/m

Effective length = 6+0.57 = 6.57m.

Mu= wu L2/8 = (42412×6.572/8)

[Type text] Page 45

 = 229 × 106 N-mm.

5.2.2 Computation of effective depth.

Mu = 0.36 fck xu max/d (1 – 0.416 xu max/d)bd2 = Ru. bd2

Ru = 0.36 × 20 × 0.48 (1 – 0.416×0.48) = 2.76

d = √( Mu/ Ru. b) = √[229 × 106/(2.76 × 300)] = 526 mm

providing 25mm nominal cover and using 20 mm bars with 8

mm dia stirrups
d = 526 + 25 + 8 + 20/2 = 569 mm
Keep D = 600 mm. This value is the one assumed earlier.
d = 600 – 25 – 8 – 20/2 = 557 mm
Since available d is more than one required for balanced design, we
will have an under reinforced section.

5.2.3 Calculation of steel reinforcement

Ast = 0.5fck/fy [ 1 - √[ 1 – 4.6 Mu /(fckbd2) ] ] bd

= 0.5 × 20/415 [ 1 - √[1 - 4.6× 229 × 106 /(20 × 300 × 5572) ] ]

300 × 557
= 1373.5 mm2.
No. Of 20 mm dia bars = 1373.5/314.15 = 4.3. Provide 5-20 mm dia
bars

Actual Ast = 5 × 314.15 = 1570.7 mm2

Hence moment of resistance at mid span is

Mur = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 – fy Ast/ (fckbd) ]

= 0.87 × 415 ×1885× 557 [ 1 – 415× 1885/ (20 × 300 × 557) ]

= 254 × 106 N/mm

Mu lim = 2.761 × bd2 = 2.761 × 300 × 5572 = 257 × 106 N/mm

Since Mur < Mu lim, the design is ok

Bending moment at x1 = 2/3 × wul2/8

x1 = 0.211L = 0.211 x 6.57 = 1.38 m

distance of point from center of support = 1.38 – 0.557 = 0.823 m
or at 0.823 – 0.6/2 = 0.523 m
hence bend one bar at 0.6m from face of support.

[Type text] Page 46

5.2.4 Shear reinforcement.

VuD = wuL/2 - wu [ 0.6/2 + 0.3]

= 42412 × 6.57/2 – 42412 [0.6/2 + 0.3]
= 113876 N

τv= VuD/b×d

= 113876/ (300×300)

= 1.26 N/mm2.

100Ast/b×d (at support) = 100 × 314 × 2/(300 × 300)

= 0.7 %
From table τc = 0.52 %
Hence τv > τc, shear reinforcement is necessary

Using 2 legged 8 mm diameter stirrups, having Asv = 100.5 mm2 .

Sv = 0.87×415×100.5/ (1.26 – 0.52) × 300

= 164 mm
Spacing based on minimum shear reinforcement

Sv = 2.175 × Asv × fy/b = 302 mm

Spacing base on effective depth of beam

Sv = 0.75 d = 417 mm
Hence provide 2 legged 8 mm diameter stirrups @ 160 mm c/c near
support and increase this to 400 mm.

[Type text] Page 47

 Fig No 5.1

[Type text] Page 48

 Chapter-6
DESIGN OF SECONDARY BEAM

6.1 SPECIFICATIONSs

Dimensions of beam = 230×300

Minimum depth, d = 4500/20=225 mm

Maximum depth, d = 4500/15=300 mm

D =300+30 = 330mm

b = 230mm

6.2 COMPUTATION OF DESIGN BENDING MOMENT

Self weight of beam (W l ) = 0.23×0.3×1×25=1.725 kN/m

External load = 10 kN/m

Total load on beam W =11.725 kN/m

Wu = 1.5 × W = 17.58 kN/m

Effective span, L = l+d=4.5+0.3=4.8m

Mu = (17.58) × (4.8)2/8

Mu = 50.63 kN-m = 50.63 × 106 N-mm

6.3 COMPUTATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH

Mu = 0.36 fck xu max/d (1 – 0.416 xu max/d)bd2 = Ru. bd2

Ru = 0.36 × 20 × 0.48 (1 – 0.416×0.48) = 2.76

d = √( Mu/ Ru. b) = √[50.63 × 106 /(2.76 × 230)] = 282 mm

[Type text] Page 49

D = 282 + 25 + 8 + 20/2 = 325 mm

Keep D = 330 mm

Effective depth, d = 330-25-8-8 = 289 mm

6.4 CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT

Ast = 0.5fck/fy [ 1 - √[ 1 – 4.6 Mu /(fckbd2) ] ] bd

Ast= 603.2 mm2.

Using 16 mm diameter bars.

Number of bars = 603.2/201.06

= 3 bars (approx).
Actual Ast = 3 × 201.06 = 603.2 mm2

Hence moment of resistance at mid span is

Mur = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1 – fy Ast/ (fckbd) ]

= 0.87 × 415 × 603.2 × 289 [ 1 – 415× 603.2/ (20 × 230 ×

289) ]

= 51 × 106 N/mm

Mu, lim = 2.761 bd2 = 2.761 × 230 × 2892 = 53 × 106 N/mm

Mur < Mu, lim, Design is ok

6.5 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

VuD = wuL/2 - wu [ 0.6/2 + 0.3]

= 17580 × 4.8/2 – 17580 [0.6/2 + 0.3]
= 31644 N

τv= VuD/b×d

τv = 31644/230×289

= 0.476 N/mm2
[Type text] Page 50
Percentage of steel = 100 Ast/b×d

= 100 × 603.2/ (230×289)

= 0.9 %

From table τc = 0.6 N/mm2

since, τv < τc, no shear reinforcement is necessary

Hence shear reinforcement is required.

Providing nominal shear reinforcement given by,

1. Sv = 2.175×Asv×fy/b

Asv = 2 × Π/4 × 82 = 106.8 mm2

Sv = 2.175×106.8 × 415 / (230)

= 420 mm

1. 0.75d = 0.75×289 = 216.7 mm

Hence provide 8 mm dia 2-lgd stirrups @ 216 mm c/c throughout

the length of beam
provide 2-10 mm dia bars at top

[Type text] Page 51

 Fig No 6.1

[Type text] Page 52

 Chapter-7
DESIGN OF MAIN COLUMN

7.1 DESIGN OF BRACKET IN COLUMN

7.1.1 Loads:

Self weight of beam = 0.5×1×0.6×0.6×25000

= 4.5kN acting at 0.028m from fixed end.

Load from gantry = 570kN

7.1.2 Calculation of moments:

Moment, M = (4.5×0.028) +570× (0.4)

= 228.126kN-m

Shear, V = 4.5+570 = 574.5kN

7.1.3 Calculation of depth:

=371mm
Keep D = 400mm

Effective depth = 400-25-8-8=359mm

7.1.4 Calculation of reinforcement

Area of steel (Ast) = 0.5fck/fy× [1− 1 −

. ] ×b×d
= 0.5×25/415× [1- .× × ] ×600×600

1− × ×

[Type text] Page 53

 = 1120mm2

Number of 20mm diameter bars=1120/314.15=4 bars (approx).

Mur= 0.87×415×1256.6×600×[1-(415/25)×(1256.6/600×600)]

= 256.44×106N-mm>Mu

Hence o.k.

7.1.5 Shear reinforcement:

τv= Vu-Mu/d× (tanβ)/b×d

tanβ = 600-400/600=0.3mm

Hence τv= 574500-(228.126×106×0.33/365)/600×365

=1.68N/mm2

Percentage of steel = 100 Ast/b×d=100×1256.6/600×365

τc= 0.53N/mm2

Vus= V- τc×b×d

= 574.5-0.53× (600×600)/1000

= 574.5-190.8

= 383.7kN

Asv = 2×π/4× (102)

= 157.1mm2

Spacing:

SV = 0.87×fy×Asv×d/Vus

Sv= 087×250×157.1×600/ (383.7×103) =50mm

[Type text] Page 54

7.2 DESIGN OF MAIN COLUMN

7.2.1 Loads

Loads on column = 950kN

Beam weight = 0.23×0.6×6×25=20.7kN

Brick weight = 6×0.23×6.4=169.57kN

Total vertical load = 190.27kN

7.2.2 Calculation of Moment:

Moment causing load = resultant force of wind and dead loads at supports

= 166.35-18

= 148.35kN

Moment =148.35×2.9×1.5

= 645.3kN-m

7.2.3Design of axially loaded and uniaxial bending column

Pu/fckbD = 9 50×1000/25×300×600=0.2

Mu/ fckbD2 = 650×106/25×300×6002=0.24

P/fck= 0.17(from charts)

Percentage of steel (Pt) = 0.17×25

= 4.25

100Ast/b×d = 4.25

As t= 4.25×300×600/100

[Type text] Page 55

Ast = 7650mm2

Using 22mm diameter bars.

Number of bars required = 3.14×22×22/7650

= 20(approx)

Therefore provide 20 # 22 diameter mm bars.

7.2.4 Lateral ties:

Using 8mm diameter bars as ties

Spacing:-

1. Lateral dimension=300mm
2. 16Ø=16×22=352mm
3. Least 300mm.

Provide 8mm diameter lateral ties at 300mmc/c.

Fig No 7.1

[Type text] Page 56

 Chapter8
DESIGN OF SECONDARY COLUMN

8.1LOADS

Beam load transferring to column = 300kN

Self weight of beam = 5.96kN

Self weight of column = 127.18kN

Total load = 433.4kN (say 440kN)

Factored safe load = 1.5×440=660kN

8.2 CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT

Pu= 0.4fckAc+0.67fyAs

660000 = 0.4×25(Ag-0.01Ag) +0.67×415×0.01Ag

Ag = 52050mm2

Column = 400×200mm

Asteel = 0.01Ag=521mm2

Using 8mm diameter bars.

Number of bars = 521×4/3.14×64=6(approx).

Eccentricity = l/500+D/30 = 5600/500+230/30

= 24.5 <25

Hence safe

[Type text] Page 57

8.3 TIE BARS

Using 6mm diameter tie bars.

Spacing will be listed as following.

1. Least=200mm

2.16Ø=16×12=192mm

3. Minimum of 300mm

Therefore provide 6mm diameter ties @180mm c/c.

Fig No 8.1

[Type text] Page 58

 Chapter-9

DESIGN OF LINTEL OVER SHUTTERING

9.1 DEPTH OF LINTEL

Effective depth of lintel, d = L/10 = 4.2/10

= 0.42 m
Overall depth, D = Effective depth + Effective cover
= 420 + 20 = 440 mm
Width of lintel, b = thickness of masonry
= 300 mm

9.1 EFFECTIVE LENGTH

Effective length = 4.2+0.3/2+0.3/2

= 4.5 m
Assuming the dispersion to be along 60 degree line

Height of equilateral triangle = 4.5×sin60

= 3.9m

Therefore beam load not considered for lintel.

9.2 LOADS ON LINTEL

Load due to triangular portion of the brickwork

= 1/2 × 4.5 × 3.9 × 0.3 × 19.2

= 50.54kN
Self weight of lintel = 0.3×0.44×1×24

= 3.168 kN

Total load= 53.7kN

[Type text] Page 59

9.3 CALCULATION OF MOMENT

Moment due to masonry load, M1= w×l/6

= 50.54×4.5/6

= 37.9kN-m

Moment due to self weight, M2 = wl2/8

= 3.168 × 4.52/8

= 8kN-m

Total moment, M = M1 + M2 = 46 kN-m

Ultimate moment, Mu = 1.5M = 69 kN-m

10.4 CHECK FOR DEPTH

d = √( Mu/ 0.138fck b)

= 288.7mm

Hence required depth is less than calculated depth design is

safe.

Provide D =440mm,Using 12mm diameter main bars and 8mm

diameter stirrups and keeping nominal cover of 20mm.

Effective depth, d=440-20-8-6 = 406mm.

9.4 CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT

Ast = 0.5fck/fy [ 1 - √[ 1 – 4.6 Mu /(fckbd2) ] ] bd

= 0.5 × 20/415 [ 1 - √[1 - 4.6× 69 × 106 /(20×300×4202) ] ]

300× 420
= 495.7mm2
Providing 12 mm dia bars
[Type text] Page 60
Number of bars required = 495.7/113
= 5(approx.)
Therefore provide 12 mm diameter bars of 5 numbers

9.5 CHECK FOR SHEAR

Shear force, V = w×l/2 + W/2

= 3.168×4.3/2 + 50.54/2

= 32 kN

Vu = 1.5V = 48kN

τv = Vu/b×d = 48×1000/ (300×420)

= 0.38N/mm2

Ast = 5×113 = 565 mm2.

Percentage of steel =100 Ast/b×d = 100×565/ (300×420)

= 0.448%

τc = 4.4N/mm2.

( τv< τc).

However provide minimum shear reinforcement.

Asv= 2×3.14×82/4 = 100.53mm2

Spacing of stirrups
1. Sv = 0.87× fy × Asv/0.4×b

= 302.46mm.

2. 0.75d = 0.75×420 = 315mm

3. Not greater than 300mm

Hence provide 2 legged 8mm diameter stirrups of 300 mm c/c.

[Type text] Page 61

 Fig No 9.1

[Type text] Page 62

 Chapter-10
DESIGN OF LINTEL OVER WINDOWS
10.1 DEPTH OF LINTEL
Effective depth of lintel, d = L/10 = 2/10
= 0.2 m
Overall depth, D = Effective depth + Effective cover
= 200 + 20 = 220 mm
Width of lintel, b = thickness of masonry
= 300 mm

10.1 EFFECTIVE LENGTH

Effective length = 2+0.3/2+0.3/2

= 2.3m

Assuming the dispersion to be along 60 degree line

Height of equilateral triangle =2.3×sin60=2m

10.2 LOADS ON LINTEL

Load due to triangular portion of the brickwork

= 1/2 × 2 × 2 × 0.3 × 19.2

=11.52 kN.

Self weight of lintel = 0.3×0.22×24

= 1.58kN.

Therefore total load (w) = 14kN (approx).

10.3 CALCULATION OF MOMENT

Moment due to masonry load, M1= w×l/6

= 11.52×2.3/6

= 4.4kN-m

[Type text] Page 63

Moment due to self weight, M2 = wl2/8

= 1.58 × 2.32/8
= 1.1kN-m
Total moment, M = M1 + M2 = 5.5 kN-m
Ultimate moment, Mu = 1.5M = 8.25 kN-m

10.5 CHECK FOR DEPTH

d = √( Mu/ 0.138fck b)

= 100mm

Hence required depth is less than calculated depth design is safe.

Provide D =220mm,Using 12mm diameter main bars and 8mm diameter

stirrups and keeping nominal cover of 20mm.
Effective depth, d=220-20-8-6=186mm.

10.5 CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT

Ast = 0.5fck/fy [ 1 - √[ 1 – 4.6 Mu /(fckbd2) ] ] bd

= 0.5 × 20/415 [ 1 - √[1 - 4.6× 8.25 × 106 /(20×300×2002) ] ] 300× 200

= 120mm2

Providing 10 mm dia bars

Number of bars required = 120/78.53

= 2(approx.)

Therefore provide 10 mm diameter bars of 2 numbers

10.6 CHECK FOR SHEAR

Shear force, V = w×l/2 + W/2

= 1.58×2.3/2 + 11.52/2

= 7.57kN
Vu = 1.5V = 11.35kN

[Type text] Page 64

τv = Vu/b×d=11.35×1000/ (300×200)

= 0.19N/mm2

Ast = 2×78.53=157.06mm2.

Percentage of steel =100 Ast/b×d = 100×157.06/ (300×200)

= 0.26%

τc = 4.4N/mm2.

( τv< τc).

However provide minimum shear reinforcement.

Asv= 2×3.14×62/4=56.54mm2

Spacing of stirrups

4. Sv = 0.87× fy × Asv/0.4×b

= 170mm.

5. 0.75d = 0.75×200 = 150mm

6. Not greater than 300mm

Hence provide 2 legged 6mm diameter bars of 150 mm c/c.

Fig 10.1

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 Chapter-11
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

For Fe 410 grade steel, fy = 250 Mpa

Partial safety factor γm0 = 1.10

Assuming the bracket to restrain in the translation and rotation

Eccentricity of reaction from girder, e = 1.2m

KLz = 10 m

KLy = 0.8(10 – 3) = 5.6 m

a=3m

c = 10 – 3 – 1 = 6 m

Total axial load acting on column = DL + WL

= 35.91 + 125.28 = 161.19 kN

Factored axial load = 161.2 × 1.5 = 242 kN

Load acting on gantry girder, P = 470 kN

Maximum negative bending moment = Pea/L = 470×1.2×3/10

= 169.2 KNm

Maximum positive bending moment = Pec/L = 470×1.2×6/10

= 338.4 KNm

Maximum axial compressive load = 712 KN

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Let us try ISHB 450@ 907.4 N/m

The properties of the section are

Area of cross section, A = 11789 mm2

Radii of gyration rz = 185 mm, ry =50.8 mm

Depth of section, h = 450mm

Width of flange, bf = 250mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 13.7 mm

Thickness of web, tw = 11.3 mm

Depth of web, d = 450 – 2(13.7+15) = 392.6 mm

Maximum axial load = 712 KN

Maximum bending moment = 338.4 kNm

Section classification

b/tf of flange of channel section = 125/13.7

= 9.12 < 15.7 (15.7 ε =15.7×1=15.7)

Hence flange is semi-compact

d/tw = 392.6/11.3 = 34.74 < 84 ε

Hence web is plastic.

Hence the section is semi compact.

Check for local capacity of section

Factored axial compressive load, N = 712 KN

Factored bending moment, Mz = 338.4 kNm

Design compressive strength due to yielding, Nd = Agfy/ γm0

= 11789×250×10-3/1.1

= 2679.3 KN

Design bending strength under moment acting along z-axis,

Mdz = βb Zpzfy/γm0

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 = 1793.3×103×250×10-6/1.1

= 407.5 KNm

N/Nd + Mz/Mdz ≤ 1

712/2679.3 + 338.4/407.5 = 1.0

Which is all right.

Check for member buckling resistance in compression

h/bf = 450/250 = 1.8 >1.2

tf = 13.7 ≤ 40mm

Hence from the conditions the buckling curve to be used along zz-axis will be
curve a and that along yy-axis will be curve b.

Λy = KLy/ry = 5.6×103/50.8 = 110.23

For KLy/ry = 110.23, fy = 250 N/mm2 and buckling curve b

fcd = 104 N/mm2

Design compressive strength,

Pdy = Aefcd = 11789×104×10-3

= 1226 KN > 470 KN

Which is all right.

Also, Λz = KLz/rz = 10×103/185 = 54.05

For KLz/rz = 54.05 and fy = 250 N/mm2 and buckling curve a

fcd = 200.95 N/mm2

Design compressive strength,

Pdz = Aefcd = 11789×200.95×10-3 = 2368 KN

Check for member buckling resistance in bending

Mcr= c1× π 2EIγhf/2L2LT[1+1/ (20) × (LLT/ry/ hf/tf)) 2]0.5

ᴪz = - 169.2/338.4 = -0.5 and k = 1

c1 = 2.52

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Mcr =2.52×π2×2×105×3045×104×436.3/2× (5.6×103)2) ×

[1+1/20[(5.6×103/50.8)/(436.3/13.7)]2]0.5 = 1332 KNm

ΛLT = √(Zez fy / Mcr) = √(1131.6×103×250 / 1332 ×106)

= 0.46

ФLT = 0.5[1+αLT(λLT - 0.2) +λ2LT]

αLT = 0.21

ФLT = 0.5× [1+ 0.21× (0.46 - 0.2) + (0.46)2]

ФLTZ = 0.633

ΧLT = 1/[ ФLT+ (Ф2LT - λ2LT) 0.5]

=1/[0.633+ (0.6332- 0.462)0.5]

ΧLT = 0.936

Design bending compressive stress,

fbd = ΧLT fy/ γm0 = 0.936×250/1.1 = 212.7 N/mm2

Design bending strength,

Md = βb Zpzfbd = 1793.3×103×212.7×10-6
= 381.43
> 338.4
Which is all right.

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 CHAPTER

DESIGN OF BRACKET CONNECTION

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CONCLUSION
This project has covered the analysis and the conceptual design of a typical industrial shed
structure under various loads and their combinations. Wind loads have been considered as per
IS 875 part 3 and the structure analyzed in a simple fashion, by considering the behavior of a
typical frame in the transverse direction. The roof is supported by bamboo tied arches and the
columns are designed as battened bamboo members tied by ferrocement ties. The proposed
structure aims to provide an alternative environment friendly construction for a steel industrial
shed.
It can serve multiple purposes, such as workshop for a cottage industry, warehouse, and other
medium industries. Not only is the structure light compared to conventional steel, it is at the
same time several times cheaper and eco friendly. The program developed for the design of the
bamboo industrial building gives satisfactory results for the computation of forces and cross –
sections of all the components as was seen by comparing manual results with those obtained
by executing the program. The determination of optimum spacing was also carried out
successfully for the two buildings. Hence, the effectiveness of the program to be used as a
preliminary design tool for bamboo industrial buildings has been confirmed.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
Although the program gives satisfactory results, there is scope for improvement in the
program.
Some of the recommendations for improvement of the program are as follows:
1. The program takes a lot of input from the user which is time consuming. The user has to
consult IS 875 Part 3 for the determination of suitable wind coefficients. The program
can be designed more extensively so that the user is not required to consult IS 875.
2. The program doesn’t design the foundation of the building since the scope was currently
limited to bamboo components only, which can surely be integrated with the program.
3. The program doesn’t optimize the design automatically. It has to be done manually by
changing the span length every time the program is run and finding out the corresponding
weight of bamboo required. It would be highly efficient if the optimization could be done
automatically as it would considerably reduce the time and effort required for optimization.
4. The program doesn’t have a very effective GUI (Graphical user interface) i.e. the
different sections given by the program cannot be easily understood due to the lack of a
dynamic drawing/animation. It is recommended that some animation tools be integrated
with the program in order to have an easy understanding of the results.
5. The program does not display any error message if some incorrect (or incompatible)
input is given. This limitation can be overcome by integrating some error messages with
the program.

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