Respiration
Lungs
• Lungs
– Pleurae – membranes that surround each lung; closed sac against which the lung grows
– Visceral – side adjacent to lung; if your lung was a fist and the pleurae a deflated balloon,
this is the side touching your fist as you punch against it
– Parietal – side away from lung; if your lung was a fist and the pleurae a deflated balloon,
this is the side opposite your first as you punch against it
– Intrapleural space: space in between the visceral and parietal surfaces
Thoracic cavity
ext intercostals & contracts due to
diaphragm passive relaxation of
actively contract ext intercostals &
causing thoracic diaphragm
cavity to expand
INSPIRATION EXPIRATION
Clara cells: protect bronchial epithelium with their secretory products. They are never
seen in areas with mucous glands
normal breathing
Contraction raises
Contraction lowers
ribs, increasing size ribs, decreasing size
of thoracic cavity of thoracic cavity
Contraction presses
viscera up against the
diaphragm further,
decreasing size of
thoracic cavity
Contraction flattens
or lowers the dome,
increasing size of
thoracic cavity
http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=A0oG7mPdqZ1OQ10AsuhXNyoA?p=lung%20ventilation&fr2=piv-web
Normal inspiration: primarily driven by
diaphragmatic and external intercostal
contraction
active
passive
(contracted diaphragm flattens)
(relaxed diaphragm)
Inspiration: Expiration:
Increase size of thoracic cavity
Decrease size of thoracic cavity to raise
which lowers pressure in thorax
pressure in thorax (raise intrapulmonary
(lower intrapulmonary pressure).
Goal pressure) which causes airway pressure
Room air pressure then exceeds
to exceed room air pressure and air flows
airway pressure and air flows into
out of lungs.
lungs.
Variable,
here assumed to be 0 Systemic Artery
PCO2 =40 mmHg
Clinical
indices of
lung function
*THIS IS IMPORTANT*
Effects of respiratory minute
volume on PCO2 in arterial blood
Control of Ventilation
• Respiratory Centers in brain stem
• Rhythmicity Area drives automatic
breathing (cyclic contraction and
relaxation of diaphragm and external
intercostals)
– Diaphragm innervated by phrenic nerve
which originates at the 6th cervical vertebra
• spinal injuries above C6 are fatal without
immediate intervention
• Ondine’s Curse: congenital or acquired
neurological disease leading to reduced function of
Rhythmicity Area
– Solutions: tracheostomy or . . .
Drugs
-
↑ CO2 , ↑H+
– Medulla oblongata
– Detect H+ (directly) and
Medulla Oblongata
(Rhythmicity Area)
CO2 (indirectly)
– Brain tissue, CSF, and
blood perfusing the brain
• Peripheral (20%)
– Carotid and Aortic Bodies
– Detect H+ (directly) and
CO2 (indirectly) in arterial
blood
A Key Respiratory Reaction
Carbonic
Anhydrase
Enzyme
• Key Points:
– Carbonic anhydrase is ubiquitous
– Adding CO2 to this system will lead to ↑H+
Carbonic
Anhydrase
Enzyme
Know chart
At rest, tissues utilize more oxygen than can be carried as
dissolved in plasma making an additional oxygen carrier
(hemoglobin) essential for life.
lungs
deoxyhemoglobin + O2 oxyhemoglobin
tissues
Oxygen and Hemoglobin
• Systemic arterial blood (after lungs)
– 20 mL of O2/100 mL of blood
– 97% of hemoglobin binding for O2 are
occupied (97% saturation)
– PO2 = 100 mmHg
• Systemic venous blood (after tissues)
– 15 mL of O2/100 mL of blood
– 75% of hemoglobin binding for O2 are
occupied (75% saturation)
– PO2 = 40 mmHg
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
Bohr Effect
• ↑H+ (↓pH) shifts curve to right (more O2 released to tissues)
Delivered:
5 mL O2
8 mL O2
veins arteries
Tissue Metabolism
• Key metabolic processes:
– Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Required from blood (respiratory system):
– O2
• Wastes removed by blood (respiratory system):
– CO2, H+
• Increased metabolic activity means increased O2
requirement. What adaptations are present?
– Bohr and Temperature effects
• Increased [H+] and/or temperature shift curve to right (more
oxygen released to tissues)
Carbon dioxide transport
• As with oxygen, solubility is limited
– Not enough CO2 can be dissolved in plasma
to keep up with its production from normal
tissue metabolism
– Solutions: transport CO2 in three forms
1. Dissolved (10%)
2. Bound to hemoglobin (Carbaminohemoglobin; 20%)
3. As bicarbonate (HCO3- ; 70%)
1. Causes an “alkaline tide,” increasing the pH slightly
Carbon dioxide transport
• These numbers actually make a lot of fucking sense if you think about it:
– 1. 10% dissolved in blood: any more than this and the aortic, carotid and
medullary chemoreceptors are going to do their job and make you
hyperventilate all the fucking time. not cool
– 2. 20% bound to carbaminohemoglobin: So, systemic arterial blood (filled
with oxygen after a nice breath of spring air) has a 97% saturation rate
for hemoglobin. Systemic venous blood, which was just raped by
oxygen-deprived tissues carrying out oxidative phosphorylation, has a
saturation rate of 75%. So, from fresh air to being raped is a difference of
only 22%...thus there isn’t a whole lot of hemoglobin that are “empty” for
CO2.
– 3. Well, you gotta dissolve it somewhere.
CA
Read up on this
Ventilation and Acid-Base
Balance
• [H+] is one of 3 control factors for
ventilation (CO2, H+, O2)
• Acidosis: any process that leads to the
accumulation of H+ in the body
Ventilation and Acid-Base
Balance
• Suppose H+ ions build-up in blood (blood pH
falls), what change occurs in ventilation
minute volume and how does this impact [H
+]?
Carbonic
Anhydrase
Enzyme
• Key Point:
– Removing CO2 will shift curve to left by mass
action and this will ↓H+ (raise blood pH toward
normal)