A Study of Electric Power Quality
using Storage System in Distributed Generation
Kazuto YUKITA
Department of Electrical Engineering
Aichi Institute of Technology
Toyota, JAPAN
Email: yukita@aitech.ac.jp
Yasuyuki GOTO
Department of Electrical Engineering
Aichi Institute of Technology
Toyota, JAPAN
Email: ygoto@aitech.ac.jp
Abstract — This paper describes a method to improve the power
quality of a distributed generation (DG) power system. The
proposed method uses a power storage system with DG. Here,
DG is assumed the renewable energy systems such as
photovoltaic generation (PV), wind power generation (WG) and
fuel cells (FC), etc. The effect to use the storage battery is shown
by the following two experiments. One case is the examination of
a power transmission simulator. Another case is an experiment in
a small-scale actual system. The electric power quality (frequency,
voltage) is observed, when the storage battery have been
introduced or not. In case of a power transmission simulator, the
frequency control is executed using two methods; a power
demand estimation method and a proportion control method that
uses frequency deviation. The control of the storage battery is
executed by using these controls. Another case is an examination
for a real power system, which is the 12th pavilion of Aichi
Institute of Technology (AIT). In this pavilion, photovoltaic
generation (PV), wind power generation (WG) and storage
batteries have been introduced. And the electric power is
supplied by these sources. The electric power qualities in two
cases were compared. One case is the storage battery is
introduced. Another case is without the storage battery. The
storage battery executes the control that maintains the voltage in
the power system. As a result, it has been understood that the
electric power quality has improved, when the storage battery is
introduced.
Keywords- distributed generation; photovoltaic; power quality;
storage system;
This study was supported by “Develpoment of the Next-Generation Power
Supply System by Microgrid Introduction”, the Hi-Tech Research Center
Project for Private Universities by MEXT in fiscal 2006.
Katsuhiro ICHIYANAGI
Department of Electrical Engineering
Aichi Institute of Technology
Toyota, JAPAN
Email: itiya@aitech.ac.jp
Kenichi HIROSE
Research and Development Headquarters
NTT Facilities, INC.
Tokyo, JAPAN
Email: hirose36@ntt-f.co.jp
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, micro electric power systems such as
photovoltaic generation systems, wind generators and micro-
gas turbines, etc., have increased with the deregulation and
liberalization of the power market. Under such circumstances
the environment surrounding the electric power industry has
become ever more complicated and providing high-quality
power in a stable manner has become an important topic due to
progress by the information technology (IT) industry in Japan
[1,2]. This paper proposes a method to improve the power
quality for distributed generation (DG) with power storage
system. Here, DG is assumed to include photovoltaic
generation (PV), wind power generation (WG) and fuel cells
(FC), etc. The effect to use the storage battery is shown by the
following two experiments.
One case is an examination using a power transmission
simulator. The system is composed of a synchronous generator,
an induction generator, an inverter and a storage battery. Then,
the examination of frequency control was executed with these
devices. In the storage battery, the frequency control is
executed. The frequency control was performed using two
methods; a power demand estimation method and a proportion
control method that uses the frequency deviation [3].
Another case is an experiment in a small-scale actual
power system. The system is the 12th pavilion of Aichi
 Institute of Technology (AIT). In this pavilion, photovoltaic
generation (PV), wind power generation (WG) and storage
batteries have been introduced. And the electric power is
supplied by these sources. The electric power qualities TABLE I. GENERATOR CONSTANTS.
(frequency, voltage, etc) in the following two cases were G WG
compared. One case is the storage battery is introduced.
Rated output 3kVA 1.5kVA
Another case is without the storage battery. As a result, it has
been understood that the electric power quality has improved Rated voltage 220V 220V
when the storage battery is introduced. Frequency 60Hz 60Hz

Inertia constant M 0.2 sec 0.1sec

II. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

A. Model System
Fig. 1 shows the model system used in this investigation. B. Time Sequence
The model system is composed of a synchronous generator, an Fig. 2 shows the time sequence and output pattern of the
induction generator, an inverter and a storage battery. A WG system. A triangular wave output pattern was assumed for
miniature diesel power plant is represented by G in Fig. 1. A the WG system. The load was 1 kW in a regular value, and the
miniature wind power generator is represented by WG. The load of 1 kW was increased after 5.0 seconds from the start of
functions of AVR of synchronous generator were used in the the simulation.
experiments. The parameters of generators are shown in Table
I.
Transmission lines were simulated by resistors and coils. III. FREQENCY CONTROL METHOD
The combined length of the lines from synchronous generator
to the load terminal is 1.5 km. The distance parameters for the In this paper, frequency control was performed using two
transmission lines are shown in Fig. 1. different methods. One method is the power demand
estimation . The other method used is proportion control that
uses the frequency deviation [3].
State load.
1kW
1.5km
LOAD
A. Power Demand Estimation Method
Until now, the load frequency control (LFC) system
G controls the frequency deviation to become zero when a
disturbance is generated. However, it is not required that the
1kW
frequency deviation is always controlled to be zero for
fluctuating load. The load fluctuation quantity of self-area was
4kW INV. L estimated by the load estimation mechanism of Eqn. (1).
O
WG A rti(kd) = (1/2)[(-M/Tdk)(ǻfi(kd) - ǻf i(kd - l))
D + ǻPti(kd-1) + ǻPwgi(kd- l) - Diǻfi(kd - 1)
+ǻPbti(kd- l) +ǻPtiei(kd- 1)]+ (1 / 2)ri(kd - 1) (1)
1kW Fluctuating
load 1kW
Here, rti(k) is used to synchronize the sampling period as
shown in Eqn. (2), and is used as the signal for the output-set
Figure 1. Model System.
point control.

rti(k) = rti(kd/nd) (2)

 
Output of WG

  Here, kd and nd are the integral number.

1kW

B. Proportion control using frequency deviation

Proportional control using frequency variation and tie-
line power deviation was performed as shown in Eqn. (3).

0 5.0 10
Ut(k) = (ǻfi(k)+ǻPtie(k))*Kpi (3)
Simulation Load Change finish
start Here, Kpi is a proportion constant.

Figure 2. Time sequence and output pattern for WG.

 IV. SIMULATION RESULT
The simulation is carried out according to the time
sequence shown in Fig. 2. The response characteristics of
frequency variation for the case of each type of control are
shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3(a) shows the case for the power demand
estimation method, Fig. 3(b) shows the case for proportion
control using frequency deviation, and Fig. 3(c) shows the case
for no-control.
Fig. 4 shows the output characteristics for each generator and
the tie-line power flow. In Fig. 4(a), for the power demand
estimation method, it is shown that the output value from the
storage battery follows in respect of the tie-line power flow.
However, the tie line power flow has deviated from the
regulation value in other characteristic. Therefore, the power
demand estimation method shows the best result from the three
types of frequency control.

Comparison of these characteristics shows the best result
for power demand estimation used, before the load fluctuated.
After load fluctuated, a similar characteristics are shown.
However, the result for proportion control is a good with a little
convergence.
These results indicate that the introduction of a storage
battery into a DG system can greatly contribute to the
maintenance of the electric power quality.

(a) Demand estimation method

(a) Demand estimation method
㪉
Pload
Generation(kW))
Output Generation(kW

㪈㪅㪌
P䌴
㪈
㪇㪅㪌
PDG
㪇
㪄㪇㪅㪌 times(s)
㪄㪈
Ptieline
㪄㪈㪅㪌
㪄㪉
㪇 㪉 㪋 㪍 㪏 㪈㪇
(b) Proportion control
(b) Proportion control

(c) No control (without storage battery)

(c) No control (without storage battery)

Figure 4. Output characteristics for each generator

Figure 3. Characteristics of frequency deviation.
and the tie-line power flow.
 V. REAL SYSTEM OBSERVATIONS
Following experimental examination using a small
generator and simulator, the electric power quality in a real
micro-grid system set up at the AIT was observed.
The power system is composed of a diesel generator,
photovoltaic generation, wind power generation and a storage
battery. Fig. 5 shows images of the AIT, indicating the various
components of the power system. Fig. 6 shows a schematic of
the power system.
A. Photovoltaic generation
The photovoltaic generation has 60 solar panels and a
ratings capacity of 10 kW, and uses a power conditioning
system.
B. Wind Generation
Two types of wind power generation have been introduced
at AIT. The 10 kW system has a 4 m length of braid and is 15
m high, with four sheet wind vanes. The 2 kW system has a 2
m length of braid and is 9 m high, with four sheet wind vanes.
C. Storage System
The capacity of the converter of the storage battery is 50
kVA. Moreover, the storage battery is assumed to have an
electric charge of 200 Ah.
VI. OBSERVATION RESULT AND EXAMINATION
This experiment was executed for the two following
conditions.
1) When only the DG systems are used.
2) When both the DG systems and the storage battery are
used.
The items observed were the frequency change and the
voltage change. The observational equipment used was an
electric power quality analyzer (Model 3196, Hioki).
Fig. 6 shows the observational point in the system. The part
of the load in building has been allotted as a load in this system.
Fig.7, Fig.8 and Fig.9 show the frequency change, the
voltage change, and the characteristics of the load change,
respectively.

60.10

60.08

60.06

60.04
Frequency[Hz]

60.02

60.00

59.98
Figure 5. Images of power generation components at AIT. 59.96

59.94 MAX 60.089Hz

10kW 10kW 2kW
12th
12thpavilion
pavilion Wind MIN 59.921Hz
Wind 59.92
PV AVERAGE 59.997Hz
䌾 DEG Generator Generator
59.90
8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45
㬍 㬍 㬍 time
(a) Without Storage Battery

DC/AC DC/AC DC/AC

㬍

Tr
㬍

AC/DC

50kVA

Battery
㪦㪹㫊㪼㫉㫍㪼㪻
㪦㪹㫊㪼㫉㫍㪼㪻 200䌁䌨
㫇㫆㫀㫅㫋
㫇㫆㫀㫅㫋
Load

Figure 6. . Schematic of the power system.