STRUCTURAL SPECIFICATIONS

SECTION 1 : EARTHWORK

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK

The work to be undertaken under this section shall the furnishing

of all labor, equipment and materials and performing all
operations in connection with the excavation and the removal from
the site of all surplus excavated materials and debris, in strict
accordance with the requirements of the drawings, or as specified
herein.

1.2 STAKES AND BATTER BOARDS

1.2.1 The Contractor shall stake out the building accurately

and shall establish grades, after which the approval by
the Owner or the Project Manager shall be secured
before any excavation work is commenced.

1.2.2 Basic batter boards and basic reference marks as

directed by the Project Manager shall be erected at such
places where they will not be disturbed during
construction.

1.3 EXCAVATIONS

1.3.1 All excavation shall be unclassified and shall include

clay, silt, sand, gravel, hardpan, loose shale, loose stone
in masses and any other materials of any character
found within the excavation area.

1.3.2 The Contractor shall make the necessary excavation for

foundations to lines and grades indicated in the
drawings. Structural excavations shall be to be depths
indicated, reckoned either from the natural ground line or
the finished grade, whichever is lower. The indicated
depth is the minimum requirement for excavation.
However, if in the opinion of the Engineer, the soil
bearing pressure not attained at the indicated depth, the
Contractor shall extend the excavations until the required
soil bearing pressure is obtained. All excavations
extended down to two (2) feet or less from the indicated
depths shall be at the Contractor’s expense.
Excavations in excess of the two (2) feet limit shall be
considered as extra work, whereby equitable adjustment
in the contract price shall be made on the unit bid price
of the item involved. No extra excavations shall be done
without the written approval of the Engineer. In no case
shall footings rest on fill.

1.3.3 Machine foundations shall rest on compacted base

coarse conforming to the requirements of DPWH
Standard Specifications, 1988 or as per details indicated
on the plans and specifications.

1.3.4 Where concrete for walls, or footings is to be placed

without forms, trench sides shall be sharp and true.
1.3.5 If soil condition necessitates installation of side forms, all
structural excavations shall be to a sufficient distance

1
 from walls and footings to allow for the proper erection
and dismantling of forms, installation of service lines and
for inspection.

1.3.6 In case suitable materials are encountered at elevations

other than those specified or shown in the drawings, the
Engineer at his discretion may direct in writing the
variation of excavation depth above or below those
indicated in the drawings. All excavation shall be
inspected and approved by the Engineer or his
representative before pouring any concrete, laying
underground services or placing back fill materials.

1.3.7 The Contractor shall control the grading in the vicinity of

all excavated areas to prevent surface drainage running
into excavations. Adequate provisions shall be made for
the prompt removal of water accumulated from any
source whatsoever in the excavated portions of the site
by the installation of adequate pumping facilitates during
the entire course of the Contract. Water which
accumulates in excavated areas shall be removed before
filling or pouring concrete.

1.3.8 Shoring and sheet piling, if required during excavation to

protect banks, adjacent paving, structures and utilities
shall be installed by the Contractor. Sketches of
proposed shoring shall be submitted for approval to the
Project Manager and no shoring work shall proceed until
the Project Manager has granted approval of such
sketches. Approval by the Project Manager, however,
shall not be construed as to relieve the Contractor of the
responsibility for the adequacy of the shoring and
sheeting. It shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to
ensure that the adjacent properties are not in any way
damaged by these excavations. It shall be the
Contractor's responsibility to repair any damage and/or
compensate the owner of the adjacent properties should
they suffer any damage whatsoever.

1.3.9 Trenches excavation for utilities shall be along the

alignments and grade indicated on the drawings. Width
of trenches shall be adequate to permit proper
installation of utility lines. Where rock or any undesirable
materials are encountered, it shall be removed to a
depth of not less than 6 inches below trench bottom and
the space filled with select material tamped and graded
until uniformity is obtained.

1.3.10 Excavations for underground tanks, manholes and other

similar structures shall be sufficient to leave between
their outer surfaces and the embankment or shoring
which may be used. Whenever unsuitable soil that is
incapable of supporting the structure is encountered at
the bottom of the excavation, such soil shall be removed
to the depth necessary to obtain proper bearing.
Unauthorized over excavation in unsuitable soil shall be
filled with specified back fill materials to be supplied at
the contractor’s cost.

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1.4 BACKFILLING AND GRADING

1.4.1 After the forms have been removed from the footings,
piers, foundation walls, etc., and when the concrete is
hard enough to resist pressure from resulting fill, all
trash, wood chips and other debris shall be removed
from areas to be back filled.

1.4.2 No back fill shall be placed until proper inspection and

authorization has been obtained from the Engineer.
Trenches shall not be back filled until lines have been
tested and approved by the Engineer.

1.4.3 Back fill materials shall consist of approved materials

and shall be free from brush, roots, adobe and other
undesirable materials which would be detrimental to
compaction requirements. The material from excavation
may be used for back filling provided they are of
approved granular materials.

1.4.4 Before placing fill materials, the surface upon which it will
be placed shall be cleared of all bushes, roots, vegetable
matters and debris, scarified and thoroughly wetted to
insure good bonding between the ground and the fill
materials. Fill in contact with the new concrete work
shall not be placed until at least 48 hours after removal
of forms, or as directed by the Engineer.

1.4.5 The filling shall be placed in horizontal layers not

exceeding 150 mm in thickness, each layer being
thoroughly compacted and rammed by wetting, tamping
or rolling until at least 90% of maximum density at
optimum moisture as the determined by modified
AASTHO method is reached.

1.4.6 The Contractor shall fill and grade the whole area around
the structure to the indicated sub-grade elevation as
directed by the Engineer. The contractor shall verify the
finish grade elevations of the proposed pavements
around the structure. Prior to grading operations, the
area shall be cleared of all heavy growth of vegetation
stumps, roots, cables, wires, rocks and other debris.
The finished sub-grade shall be reasonably smooth and
compacted and ready to receive the base course for the
proposed pavements.

1.5 DEMOLITION AND DISPOSITION

All obstruction shall be demolished as specified by the Engineer.

All existing structures which need to be demolished and visible

through ocular inspection shall be conducted at the expense of

the Contractor following safe procedures approved by the
Engineer. Underground structures which are predetermined
through available plans or record shall likewise be conducted at
the expense of the Contractor.

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1.6 DISPOSAL OF EXCESS MATERIALS

Any excess material resulting from the finish grading and

demolition operations, not required or unsuitable for fill or back fill
shall be disposed by the Contractor at his expense.

- End of Section -

4
SECTION 2: CONCRETE BORED PILES

2.1. DESIGN OF PILES

The computation of bearing capacity and settlements of piles formed

under bentonites suspension is carried out using the same formulas and
soil parameters which are adopted for the temporary cased piles cast in
situ.
The utilization of bentonite suspension in loose cohesionless soils,
especially for large diameter bored piles, avoids the risk of the tip heaving
phenomenon, as a consequence, any reduction of base bearing capacity
and increment of settlements must be considered in the pile design.
The lateral skin friction is not influenced by the mud cake as high number
of load tests on instrumented pile carried out up to the present time had
shown.

2.2 METHOD OF DRILLING

The method of drilling shall be auger or/and by bucket, operating in a pit

completely filled with mud up to ground level or to the top of the
permanent or temporary casing when the drill is carried out from floating
platforms.

Preparatory Works

The ground level for pile construction shall be at least 1 meter higher
than elevation of the W.T. such level shall be achieved by forming if
necessary an embankment of cohesive soils.
To check the presence of artesian water tables, Casagrande type
piezometers or equivalents shall be placed at the top of the hole, in the
same way, before starting the drilling of piles from platworms or self-
elevating platforms, a temporary or permanent casing shall be driven into
the soil underlying the water to ensure the stability of the hole,

2.3. SLURRY EXCAVATION PROCESS

Slurry Preparation
The slurry shall be obtained by mixing the following materials until a finely
dispersed suspension is obtained:

- water
- bentonite in powder forms
- eventual activities

The bentonite shall have the following characteristics:

- retained on mesh 10,000 /cm2 > 6%

- humidity content < 15%
- liquidity limit > 400
- marsh viscosity 1500/1000 in a
6% suspension in distilled water
between 35” and 50”
- decantation of the 6% suspension in
24 hours < 3%
- water separated by pressure filtration
of 450 cc of the 6% suspension in
30 minutes under a pressure of

5
 7 Kg/cm2 < 25 cm3

- pH of filtered water 7 ÷ 11,7

- thickness of the “cake” on the
filter press < 3.00 mm.

Depending on the soil nature, the bentonite concentration must be not

less than 4% and not higher than 10%.

Such concentration is expressed as a weight percentage

The equipment’s used to prepared the suspension shall have appropriate

characteristics in order to assure a fine distribution of bentonite particles.

For such purpose, centrifugal colloidal pumps operating in closed circuit

would be used.

Slurry “Ageing” basins or tanks shall be adopted in which the slurry shall
be kept for 24 hours after preparation, before being used in excavating
operations.

The characteristics of the slurry ready for use shall not exceed the
following limits:

- relative density: not greater than 1.08 t/m3

- marsh viscosity: between 30” and 55”
- pH: between 8 and 10,5

Slurry purifying and control

Quality and characteristics of the bentonite slurry shall be controlled on

site by means of the following equipments.

- Baroid mud balance of determination of mud density

- Baroid marsh funnel viscometer for routine viscosity determination
- Baroid filter press for determination of filtrate loss and cake
thickness.
- Baroid sand content set.
- pH indicator paper.

Appropriate slurry purifying equipment shall be provided and maintained

in good working service, so as to keep the quantity of material in
suspension within restricted limits.

The efficiency of the equipments shall be sufficient in order to maintain

the density of the slurry in the pit within the following limits:

- not greater than 1.25 tons /m3 during drilling

- not greater than 1.20 tons/m3 before the start, of pouring
operations (X).
- sand content not exceeding 5%.

* If it is not possible to comply with this provision it will be necessary to

provide for the complete or partial replacement of the mud before pouring
operations.

The values indicated above refer to the slurry close to the bottom of the
hole and shall be obtained from slurry samples by means of submerged
pump. The values determined before the start of the pouring operations

6
shall be obtained form samples taken 80 cm. ,Above the bottom of the
pit.

Excavation Procedure

During the excavation operations, the flurry level shall be constantly

maintained close to the top level of the hole or of the temporary or
permanent steel casing, in any case at a level not less then 1.0 meter
above the water table.

After the excavation has been completed, the bottom of the pit shall be
carefully cleaned, using the bucket it-self, in order to take away any loose
material or soil detrites which may have been broken up by the tool.

Pile Reinforcement

The reinforcement shall be pre-assembled outside the pit in cages,

connections shall be made by means of a double wire tie. Electric weld
points shall be used in a few points, to make the cage rigid.

Reinforcement cages shall be constructed and provided by situated

spacers in such a way that the minimum design cover of 6 cm be
guaranteed.

Connections between cage elements during placing shall consists of

double wire ties and screw type clamps. The reinforcement cages shall
be placed before concrete pouring starts and kept in place by supporting
them from the upper part. Cage support on the bottom of the pit or on
the concrete already in place shall be avoided.

Cages shall be kept in position during concreting.

Concrete for Piles

The following paragraphs contain the specifications for concrete to be

used in drilled piles construction.

Concrete preparation

The aggregates shall be proportioned in such a way to obtain a grain size

distribution - both with continuos and discontinuous curves - which allows
to achieve the required concrete characteristics whether in fresh or
hardened conditions. The concrete shall be manufactured with minimum
350 Kg of approved cement per cubic meter of mix. The water-cement
ration shall be maintained between 0.5 and 0.6, including the sand
humidity but excluding the water content in coarse aggregates. The mix
workability shall be defined by a slump on the Abram’s cone of 17 + 2
cm? At the delivery point near to the tremie pipe.

The initial setting of the mixed concrete in the pit shall not occur before
the end the casting period, In order to comply with all the above
requirements suitable admixtures may be used.

The truck mixing time will be determined on the bases of the job trial
mixes.

Cast in-situ concrete

The concrete shall be poured exclusively through a vertical tremie pipe.

7
The tube shall consist of steel sections not exceeding 2.5 m in length with
an inside diameter of at least 20 cm.

The various sections shall have threaded joints, or external couplings

increasing the diameter by no more than 22 mm. Flanged joints shall be
excluded. The tube shall be fitted with a charging hopper at its upper
extremity. The bottom of the tube shall be placed at 25 cm.
Approximately from the bottom of the hole when starting with the
concreting.

During grouting, suitable stopper shall be placed at the top of the tremie
pipe.

The length of the pipe may reduced during grouting provided that the
open end results immerged at least 2,5 m in the concrete at all times.
The concrete shall be produced and delivered at such rate to permit the
completion of the pouring of each element of the piles within the time
limits allowed by the workability of the mix.

Any suspension of concreting or any irregularity on concreting shall be

notified to the Supervising Body immediately after it is detected.

Concrete characteristics.

The cubic characteristics strength at 28 days shall be at least 250

Kg/cm2.

Testing

Two type of tests shall run to control the quality and determine the
mechanical characteristics of the cast concrete.

- In situ tests of non-destructive characteristics using sonic

methods.
- Rotative boring in concrete to obtain at least Nx size core and
subsequents laboratory tests.

One test of the above mentioned types shall be carried out for each
hundred pile elements.

Tolerance Limits

1. Tolerance from verticality

Not more than 1,25%

2. Tolerance of the pile head positioning

- Piles carried out on land:

8% of pile diameter, in any case not higher than 12 cm.
- Piles carried out on water:
10% of pile diameter, in any case not higher than 16 cm.

Records

1. Drilling

Controls of the bentonite slurry characteristics must be done at the

beginning and at end of the drilling operations.

2. Concreting

8
The above mentioned controls of the bentonite slurry shall be done after
the mud has been cleaned and before starting the grouting operations.

During the operations, the concrete level shall be measured at regular

intervals by an appropriate sounding device, to check the effective
volumes of concrete poured compared with he theoretical ones.

- End of Section -

9
SECTION 3 : REINFORCED CONCRETE

3.1 SCOPE OF WORK

3.1.1 The work to be undertaken under this section shall

comprise the furnishing of all labor, materials, equipment,
plant and other facilities and the satisfactory performance
of all work necessary to complete all concrete works
indicated on the drawings and specified herein.

3.1.2 Unless otherwise indicated on the drawings or specified

herein, all concrete work shall be done in accordance with
the "SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE AND
REINFORCED CONCRETE" as adopted by the National
Structural Codes for Buildings, latest edition, and the
current American Concrete Institute's "BUILDING CODE
REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE"
(ACI-318-89) insofar as they do not conflict, or are not
inconsistent with the specified provisions herein.

3.2 MATERIAL

3.2.1 Cement: Portland Cement shall conform to the

"SPECIFICATIONS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT" (ASTM
C150 Latest Revision) for Type I Portland Cement.

3.2.2 Admixture: Admixture to be used in concrete, when

required or permitted shall conform to the
“SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHEMICALS ADMIXTURES
FOR CONCRETE” (ASTM C494) for water-reducing,
retarding and accelerating admixture or to the
SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLY ASH AND RAW OR
CALCINED NATURAL POZZOLANS FOR USE IN
PORTLAND CEMENT (ASTM C618) for Pozzolanic
admixtures.

3.2.3 Concrete Aggregates: Concrete aggregates shall be well

graded, clean, hard particles of gravel, or crushed rock
conforming to the "SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE
AGGREGATES" (ASTM -C33 Latest Revision).

3.2.4 Water: Mixing water for concrete shall be free, clean and
free from injurious amount of oil, acids, alkali, organic
materials or other substances that maybe deleterious to
concrete or steel.

3.2.5 Storage of Materials:

1. Cement shall be stored in weathertight buildings,

bins, or silos which will exclude moisture and
contaminants.

2. Aggregate stockpiles shall be arranged and used in

a manner to avoid excessive segregation and to
prevent contamination with other materials or with
other sizes of like aggregates. To ensure that this
conditions is meet, any test for determining
conformance to requirements for cleanliness and
grading shall be performed on samples secured
from the aggregates at the point of batching.

10
 3. Natural or manufactured sand shall be allowed to
drain until had reached a relatively uniform
moisture content before it is used.

4. Admixture shall be stored in such a manner as to

avoid contamination evaporation, or danger. For
those use in the form of suspension or non-stable
solutions, agitating equipment shall be provided to
assure thorough distribution of the ingredients.
Liquid admixture shall be protected from freezing
and from temperature changes which would
adversely affect their characteristics.

3.3 PROPORTIONING

3.3.1 General: Concrete for all parts of the work shall be of the
specified quality capable of being placed without excessive
segregation.

3.3.2 Strength: The specified compressive strength of the

concrete for each portion of the structure shall be as
tabulated on S-1 of the construction drawings.

3.3.3 Durability:

1. Concrete of normal for portions of structures to be

watertight shall have a water-cement ration not
exceeding 0.48.

2. For prestressed concrete, it shall be demonstrated

by test that the mixing water of the concrete
including that contributed by the aggregates and
any admixture used, will not contain a deleterious
amount of chloride ion.

3.3.4 Slump: Unless otherwise permitted in specified the

concrete shall be proportional to have following maximum
slump.

100 mm for fc’ = 21 MPa or less

75 mm for fc’ = 28 MPa to 35 MPa
50 mm for fc’ > 35 MPa but not more
than 42 MPa

A tolerance of up to 25mm above the indicated maximum

shall be allowed for individual batches provided the
average for all batches or the most recent 10 batches
tested, whichever is fewer, does not exceed the maximum
limit. Concrete of lower than usual slump maybe used
provided it is properly placed and consolidated. The slump
shall be determined by the “TEST FOR SLUMP OR
PORTLAND CEMENT” (ASTM C143).

3.3.5 Maximum size of concrete aggregates: The nominal size

of the aggregates shall not be more than the following:

25 mm ø for footing and tie beams

20 mm ø for slabs, beams, and columns

11
 3.3.6 Admixtures: If required or permitted, admixtures used
shall be subject to the following limitations:

1. The amount of calcium chloride shall not exceed

2% by weight of cement.

2. All admixtures shall be used in accordance with he

manufacturer’s instructions except as otherwise
specified herein.

3.3.7 Selection of Proportions: The proportions of ingredients

shall be such as to produce a mixture which will work
readily into the corners and angles of the firms and around
reinforcements by the methods of placing and
consolidation employed on the work, but without permitting
the materials to segregate in excessive free water to
collect on the surface.

The proportions of ingredients shall be selected to produce

the proper placeability, durability strength and other
required properties.

To method of measuring concrete materials shall be such

that the proportions can be accurately controlled and
checked at any time during the work. Measurements of
materials for ready mixed concrete shall conform to the
“STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR READY MIXED
CONCRETE (ASTM C194, Latest Revision) above
applicable.

3.3.8 Method of Determination Concrete Strength:

The Contractor shall submit design mixes from sample

made in accordance with ‘STANDARD METHOD OF
MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE COMPRESSION
AND FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENS IN THE
LABORATORY” (ASTM C192, Latest Revision) for each
strength required, stating the proposed slump and the
proportional weight of cement, saturated surface-dry
aggregates and water.

Sample shall be tested after 7, 14, and 28 days.

3.4 FORMWORKS

3.4.1 General: Forms shall be used wherever necessary to

confine the concrete and shape it to the required
dimensions. Forms shall have sufficient strength to
withstand the pressure resulting from placement and
vibration of the concrete, and shall have sufficient rigidity
to maintain specified tolerances.

Earth cuts not be used as forms for vertical surfaces

unless required or permitted.

3.4.2 Design and Installation of Formworks:

1. The design and engineering of the formworks, as

well as its construction, shall be the responsibility of
the Contractor.

12
2. The formwork shall designed for the loads, lateral
pressure and allowable stresses outlined in the
“RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE
FORMWORK (ACI 347) and for design
consideration, wind load, allowable stresses and
other applicable requirements of the local building
code.

3. Forms shall be sufficiently tight to prevent loss

mortar from the concrete.

4. To maintain specified tolerances, the formwork

shall be cambered to compensate for anticipated
deflection in the formworks prior to hardening of
concrete.

5. Temporary opening shall be provided at the base

of column form and wall forms and at other points
where necessary to facilitate cleaning and
observation immediately before concrete is placed.

6. Form accessories to be partially or wholly

embedded in the concrete such as ties and
hangers shall be of commercially manufactured
type.

Form ties shall be constructed so that the ends or

end fastener can be removed without causing
appreciable spalling at faces of concrete.

After the ends or end fasteners of form ties have

been removed, the embedded portion of the ties
shall terminate not less than 2 diameters or twice
the minimum dimension of the tie from the form
surfaces of concrete to be permanently exposed to
view except that in no case shall this distance be
less than 20 mm. When the formed face of
concrete is not permanent exposed to view, from
ties maybe cut-off flush with formed surfaces.

7. At construction joints, contact surface of the form

sheathing for flush surfaces exposed to view shall
overlap the hardened concrete in the previous
placement by not more than 25 mm. The forms
shall be held against the hardened concrete to
prevent offsets or loss of mortar at the construction
joint and to maintain a true surface.

8. Formworks shall be so anchored to shore or other

supporting surfaces or members that upward or
lateral movement of any part of the formwork
system during concrete placement is prevented.

9. All formworks shall be made of sheet metal or

“Penolic Board” and supported by steel acrow post
or equivalent.

13
3.4.3 Tolerances: Unless otherwise specified, formwork shall be
constracted so that the concrete surfaces shall be conform
to the following tolerance limits

1. Variation from plumb

a. In the lines and surface of columns and walls.

In any 3 meters in length - 6 mm

In any story of 6.0 m max - 10 mm
In 12.0 meters or more - 12 mm

2. Variation from the level or from the grades indicated on

the drawings

a. In slab soffits, coding, beam soffit and in arises

(measured before removal of supporting shows

In any 3.0 length - 6 mm

In any bay or in any 6.0
meter length - 10 mm
Max for the entire length - 20 mm

b. For exposed lintels, sills, parapets, horizontal,

grooves, and other conspicuous line.

In any bay of 6.0 m (max) - 6 mm

Max. for the entire length - 12 mm

3. Variations of the linear building lines from established

position in plan and related position of columns, walls
and partitions.

In any bay - 6 mm
In any 6.0 meter of length - 6 mm
Max. for the entire length - 25 mm

4. Variation in the size and location of sleeves floors

openings and wall openings - 6 mm

5. Variations in cross sectional dimensions of columns,

beams, and thickness of slab and walls.

Minus - 6 mm
Plus - 12 mm

6. Footings

A. Variation in dimension in plan

Minus - 12 mm
Plus - 50 mm
B. Misplacement or eccentricity:

Two (2) percent of the footing width in the direction

of misplacement but not more than
- 50 mm
C. Thickness

Decrease in specified thickness - 5 %

Increase in specified thickness - No Limit

14
 7. Variation in Steps:

A. In flight of stairs

Rise - + 3 mm
Tread - + 6 mm

B. In consecutive steps

Rise - + 1.5mm
Tread - + 6 mm

3.4.4 Preparation of Form Surfaces :

1. All surfaces of forms and embedded materials stall be

cleaned of any accumulated mortar in great from
previous concreting and of all other foreign materials
before concrete is placed in them.

2. before placing of other the reinforcing steel or the

concrete, the surfaces of the forms shall be covered
with an approved coating materials that will effectively
prevent absorption of moisture and prevent bond with
the concrete, and will not stain the concrete surface.

3.4.5 Removed of forms :

1. When repair of surface defects or finishing is required

at an early stage, forms shall be removed as same as
the concrete has hardened sufficiently to resist
damage from removal operation.

2. Formworks for columns, walls, sides of beams and

other part not supporting the weight of the concrete
has hardened sufficiently to resist damages form
removal operations.

3. Forms and shoring in the formwork used to support the

weight of concrete in beams slabs and other structural
members shall remain in place until the concrete has
reached the minimum strength specified in the
structural drawings for removal of forms and shoring.

3.4.6 Reshoring :

1. When reshoring is permitted or required the operations

shall be planned in advance and shall be subject to the
approval of the Engineer while reshoring is underway,
no live load shall be permitted on the new construction.

2. In no case during reshoring shall concrete in beam,

slab, column or any other structural member be
subjected to combined dead and construction loads in
excess of the loads permitted by the engineer for the
developed concrete strength at the time of reshoring.

Reshores shall be placed as same as practicable after

stripping operations are complete but in no case later

15
 than the end of the working day on which stripping
occurs.

Reshores shall be tightened to carry their respective

loads without overstressing the construction.
Reshores shall remain in place until the concrete being
supported have reached the specified strength.

3. Floors supporting shores under newly places concrete

shall have their original supporting shores left in place
or shall be reshored. The reshoring system shall have
a capacity sufficient to resist the anticipation loads and
in all cases shall have a capacity equal to at least one
half of the capacity of the shoring system above. The
reshores shall be located directly under a shore
position above unless other locations are permitted.

4. The reshoring shall extend over a sufficient number of

stories (at least 2 floors) to distribute the weight of the
newly placed concrete, forms and construction live
loads in such a manner that the design super imposed
loads of the floors supporting shores are not excluded.

3.4.7 Removal strength: Formworks or reshoring can be

removed when test cylinders, field cured along with the
concrete they represent have reached the required
strength as specified in the construction notes. (S-1)

3.5 REINFORCEMENT

3.5.1 General:Shop drawings showing are fabrication

dimensions and locations for placing of reinforcing steel
and accessories shall be submitted for approval by the
Structural Engineer. Approval shall be obtained before
fabrication.

Details of concrete reinforcement accessories not covered

herein shall be in accordance with “Manual Standard
Practice for Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures.”
(ACI 315)

3.5.2 Reinforcing Steel : All reinforcement shall be weldable

deformed bars, new and free from rust, oil, defect, grease
or kinks. They shall conform to the latest revision of
ASTM A615 “SPECIFICATION FOR BILLET STEEL FOR
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT.”

For Ø 12 bars or small, use grade 40 of Fy = 280 Mpa

(40,000 psi) and for bars greater than Ø12, use grade 60
with Fy = 414 Mpa (60,000 psi)

Welded wire fabric for concrete reinforcement shall

conform to ASTM A185 “SPECIFICATION S FOR
WELDED STEEL WIRE FABRIC FOR CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT.

To attest to the good quality of reinforcing bars, a Mill

Certificate from the Manufacturer shall be submitted to the
Project Manager.

16
3.5.2 Welding : When required or approved, welding of
reinforcing steel shall conform to “REINFORCING STEEL
WELDING CODE (AWS D12.1). No welding shall be
done at the bend in a bar welding of crossing bars (tack
welding) shall not be permitted except as authorized or
directed by the Structural Engineer: The ASTM
Specification s shall be supplemented by requirements
assuming satisfactory weldability by this procedure.

3.5.3 Fabricating and Placing Tolerances : Bars used for

concrete reinforcement shall meet the following
requirements for fabricating tolerances:
1. Sheared length - mm
2. Depth of truss bars - 0, -12 mm
3. Overall dimensions of
stirrups, ties and spirals - + 12 mm
4. All other bend - + 12 mm

Bars shall be placed to the following tolerances

1. Clear distance to formed

surfaces - + 6 mm
2. Minimum Spacing
between bars - + 6 mm
3. Top bars in slabs and beams

Members 200 mm deep

or less - + 6 mm

Members more than

200mm but not over
600 mm deeps - + 12 mm

Members more than

600 mm deep - + 20 mm

4. Crosswise of members: spaced evenly within 50 mm.

5. Lengthwise of members - + 50 mm

Bars maybe moved as necessary to avoid interface

with other reinforcing steel conducts or embedded
items. If bars are moved more than one bars shall be
subject to approval by the Structural Engineer.

3.5.4 Placing: Minimum concrete protective covering for

reinforcement shall be as follows:

1. Concrete deposited against ground - 75mm

2. Formed surfaces exposed to weather or in contact with
ground.

Bars > ø 20 - 50 mm
Bars < ø 20 - 35 mm
3. Interior surfaces

Beams, girder and columns - 35 mm

Slab and walls - 20 mm

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 All reinforcement shall be supported and fastened
together to prevent displacement b, construction loads
or the placing of concrete beyond the tolerances of
section 2.5.3. On ground, where necessary,
supporting blocks maybe used. Over formwork,
concrete, metal, or other approved bars chairs and
spacers shall be used.

Vertical bars in columns shall be offset at least one bar

diameter at lap splices. To ensure proper placement,
templates shall be furnished for all column. All splices
not shown in the plans shall be subject to approval by
the Structural Engineer. Mechanical connectors for
reinforcing bars maybe used subject to approval of the
Structural Engineer.

Unless permitted by the Structural Engineer

reinforcement shall not be bent after being embedded
in hardened concrete.

3.6 JOINTS AND EMBEDDED ITEMS

3.6.1 Construction Joints: Joints not shown on plans shall be

so made and located as least impair the strength of the
structure and shall be approved by the Structural
Engineer. In general, they shall be located near the
quarter spans of slabs, beams and girder unless a beam
intersects in a girder at this point, in which case the joint in
the girder shall be offset a distance equal to twice the
width of the beam. Joints in walls and columns shall be at
the underside of floors, slabs, beams, girders and at the
tops of footings or floor slab. Beams, girder, brackets
column capitalize haunches and drop panels shall be
placed at the same time as slabs. Joint shall be
perpendicular to main reinforcements. All reinforcements
shall be continued across joints. Keys and inclined dowels
be provided as directed by the Structural Engineer.

The surface of the concrete at all joints shall be thoroughly

cleaned and all loitance removed prior to placing adjoining
concrete.

3.6.2 Waterstop: The material, design and location of

waterstop in joints shall be as indicated in the plans.

Each piece of premolded waterstop shall be of maximum

practicable length in order that the number of end joints
will be held. to a minimum.

3.6.3 Other embedded items : all sleeves , inserts, anchors and

embedded items required for adjoining worked or for is
support shall be placed prior to concreting.

3.6.4 Placing embedded items: Expansion joint material,

waterstop and other embedded items shall be positioned
accurately and supported against displacement. Voids in
sleeves, inserts and anchor slots shall be filled temporarily
with readily available material to prevent the entry of
concrete into the voids.

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3.7 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE:

3.7.1 Ready-mixed concrete: Except as otherwise provided in

this section, ready mixed concrete shall be batched, mixed
and transported in accordance with “SPECIFICATIONS
FOR READY-MIXED CONCRETE” (ASTM C94). Plant
equipment and facilities shall conform to the “check list for
Certification of Ready-Mixed Concrete Production
Facilities” of the National Ready-Mixed Concrete
Association.

3.7.2 Site Mixed Concrete No hand mixing shall be allowed except in

case of emergency, such as mixer breakdown during concreting
operations and shall stop at the first allowed construction joints.
All concrete shall be machine mixed for at least 1-1/2 minutes
after all materials including water are in mixing drums.

The mixer shall be of an approved size and type which will a

uniform distribution of material throughout the mass.

3.7.3 Retempering of Concrete shall not be permitted.

Concrete shall be mixed only in quantities for immediate use.

Concrete which has set shall not be retempered but shall be
discarded.

When concrete arrived at the project with slump below that

suitable for placing, as indicated by specifications, water maybe
added only if neither maximum permissible water-cement ratio nor
the maximum slump is exceeded. The water shall be
incorporated by additional mixing equal to at least half of the total
mixing required. An addition of water above that permitted by the
limitation on water-cement ratio shall be accompanied by a
quantity of cement sufficient to maintain the proper water-cement
ratio. Such addition shall be authorized by the Engineer.

3.8 PLACING

3.8.1 Preparation before placing. Hardened concrete and

foreign materials shall be removed from the inner surfaces
of the conveying equipment.

Semiporous subgrades shall be sprinkled sufficiently to

eliminate suction or porous subgrade shall be sealed in an
approved manner.

3.8.2 Conveying.

Concrete shall be handled form the mixers to the place of

final deposit as rapidly as practicable by methods which
will prevent segregation or loss of ingredients and in “ a
manner which will assure that the required quality of the
concrete is maintained.

Conveying equipment shall be approved and shall be of

size and design such that detachable setting concrete
shall not occur before adjacent concrete is placed.
Conveying equipment shall be cleaned at the end of each
operation or work day. Conveying equipment and

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 operations shall conform to the following additional
requirements.

1. Truck mixer’s, agitators, and non-agitating units and

their manner of operation shall conform to the
applicable requirements of ‘SPECIFICATIONS FOR
READY-MIXED CONCRETE” (ASTM C94).

2. Chutes shall be metal or metal-lined and shall have a

slope not exceeding 1 vertical to 2 vertical and not less
than 1 vertical to 3 horizontal. Chutes more than 6.0 m
long and chutes not meeting the slope requirement
maybe used provided they discharged into hopper
before distribution.

3. Pumping or pneumatic conveying equipment shall be

of suitable kind with adequate pumping capacity.
Pneumatic placement shall be controlled so that
segregation is not apparent in the discharge of
concrete. The loss of slump in pumping or pneumatic
conveying equipment shall not exceed 50 mm.
Concrete shall not be conveyed through pipe made of
aluminum or aluminum alloy.

3.8.3 Depositing

Concrete shall be deposited continuously, or in layers of

such thickness that no concrete will be deposited on
concrete which has hardened sufficiently to cause the
formation of seams or planes of weakness within the
section. If a section cannot be placed continuously
construction joints shall be located as approved by the
Structural Engineer. Placing shall be carried on at such a
rate that the concrete which is being integrated with fresh
concrete is still plastic. Concrete which has partially
hardened or has been contaminated by foreign materials
shall not be deposited. Temporary spreader in forms shall
be removed when the concrete placing has reached an
elevation rendering their service unnecessary. They
maybe received embedded in the concrete only if made of
metal or concrete and if prior approval has been obtained.

Placing of concrete in supported elements shall not be

started until the concrete previously placed in columns and
walls is no longer plastic and has been in place at least
two hours.

Concrete shall be deposited as nearly as practicable in its

final position to avoid segregation due to rehandling or
flowing. Concrete shall not be subjected to any procedure
which will cause segregation.

All concrete shall be consolidated by vibration, spading,

rodding or forking so that the concrete is thoroughly
worked around the reinforcement, around embedded
items, and into corners of forms, eliminating all air or stone
pockets which may cause honeycombing, pitting or planes
of weakness.

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 Unless adequate protection is provided and approved by
the Project Manager is obtained, concrete shall not be
placed during rain.

3.8.4 Bonding

The hardened concrete of construction joints and of joints

between footings and walls or columns, between walls or
columns and beams or flows they supported, joint in
unexposed walls and all others not mentioned below shall
be dampened (but not saturated) immediately prior to
placing of fresh concrete.

The hardened concrete of joints in exposed work; joints in

the beams, girders, joints, and slabs; and joints in works
designed to contain liquid shall be dampened (but not
saturated) and then thoroughly covered with a coat of
cement grout of similar proportions to the mortar in the
concrete. The great shall be as thick as possible in
vertical surfaces and least 12 mm thick in horizontal
surfaces. The fresh concrete shall be placed before the
grout has attained its initial sets.

Joint receiving an adhesive shall have been prepared and

adhesive applied in accordance with the Manufacturer’s
recommendations prior to placing of fresh concrete.

3.9 REPAIR OF SURFACE DEFECTS

3.9.1 General: Surface defect, including, holes, unless

otherwise specified by the contract documents shall be
repaired immediately after from removed.

3.9.2 Repair of Defective Areas: All honeycombed and

defective concrete shall be removed down to sound
concrete. If chipping is necessary the edges shall be
perpendicular to the surface or slightly undercut. No
featheredges shall be permitted. The area to be patched
and an area at least 150 mm wide surrounding it shall be
dampened to prevent absorption of water from the
patching mortar. A bonding grout shall be prepared using
a mix of approximately 1 part cement to 1 part fine sand
passing a No 30 mess siem, mixed to the consistency of
thick cream and then were brushed into the surface.

The patching mixture shall be made of the same materials

and of approximately the same proportions as used for
concrete, except that the coarse aggregate shall be
omitted and the mortar shall consist of not more than 1
part cement to 2 1/2 part sand by sand loose volume.
White portland cement shall be substituted for a part of the
gray portland cement in exposed concrete in order to
produce a color matching the color of the surrounding
concrete, as determined by trial patch. The quantity of
mixing water shall be no more than necessary for handling
in advances and allowed to stand with frequent
manipulation with a travel, without addition of water, until it
has reached the stylest consistency.

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After surface water has evaporated from the area to be
patched, the bond coat shall be will brushed unto the
surface. When the bond coated begins to lose the water
sheen, the provided patching mortar shall be applied. The
mortar shall be thoroughly consolidated into place and
stuck off so as to leave the patch slightly higher than the
surrounding surface. To permit initial shrinkage, it shall be
left undistributed for at least 1 hour before being finally
finished. The patched area shall be kept damp for 7 days.
Metal toll shall not be used in finishing a patch in formed
wall which will be exposed.

- End of Section -

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ITEM TITLE PAGE

Section 1 EARTHWORK 1–4

Section 2 CONCRETE BORED PILES 5–9

Section 3 POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE 10 – 22

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