14 - 1

Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

Section 14

Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement

A. General capability thesize of the movable rudder area A is

recommended to be not less than obtained from the
1. Manoeuvring arrangement following formula:

1.1 Each ship is to be provided with a 1,75 ⋅ L ⋅ T 2

A = c1 @ c2 @ c3 @ c4 @ [m ]
manoeuvring arrangement which will guarantee 100
sufficient manoeuvring capability. c1 = factor for the ship type:
= 1,0 in general
1.2 The manoeuvring arrangement includes all = 0,9 for bulk carriers and tankers
parts from the rudder and steering gear to the having a displacement of more than
steering position necessary for steering the ship. 50000 ton
= 1,7 for tugs
1.3 Rudder stock, rudder coupling, rudder c2 = factor for the rudder type:
bearings and the rudder body are dealt with in this
= 1,0 in general
Section. The steering gear is to comply with Rules
= 0,9 for semi-spade rudders
for Machinery Installations, Volume III, Section 14.
= 0,7 for high lift rudders
1.4 The steering gear compartment shall be c3 = factor for the rudder profile:
readily accessible and, as far as practicable, = 1,0 for NACA-profiles and plate
separated from the machinery space. (See also rudder
Chapter II-l, Reg. 29.13 of SOLAS 74.) = 0,8 for hollow profiles and mixed
profiles
Note
c4 = factor for the rudder arrangement:
Concerning the use of non-magnetic material in the = 1,0 for rudders in the propeller jet
wheel house in way of a magnetic compass, the = 1,5 for rudders outside the propeller
requirements of the National Administration jet
concerned are to be observed.
For semi-spade rudder 50% of the projected area of
1.5 For ice-strengthening see Section 15. the rudder horn may be included into the rudder
area A.
2. Structural details Where more than one rudder is arranged the area of
each rudder can be reduced by 20 %.
2.1 Effective means are to be provided for sup
porting the weight of the rudder body without 4. Materials
excessive bearing pressure, e.g. by a rudder carrier
attached to the upper part of the rudder stock. The 4.1 For materials for rudder stock, pintles,
hull structure in way of the rudder carrier is to be coupling bolts etc. see Rules for Material Volume
suitably strengthened. V. Special material requirements are to be observed
2.2 Suitable arrangements are to be provided to for the ice notations ES3 and ES4 as well as for
prevent the rudder from lifting. the arctic ice notations ARC 1- ARC 4.
2.3 The rudder stock is to be carried through the 4.2 In general materials having a minimum
hull either enclosed in a watertight trunk, or glands nominal upper yield point ReH of less than 200
2
are to be fitted above the deepest load waterline, to N/mm and a minimum tensile strength of less than
prevent water from entering the steering gear 2 2
400 N/mm or more than 900 N/mm shall not be
compartment and the lubricant from being washed used for rudder stocks, pintles, keys and bolts. The
away from the rudder carrier. If the top of the requirements of this Section are based on a
rudder trunk is below the deepest waterline two
material's minimum nominal upper yield point ReH
separate stuffing boxes are to be provided. 2
of 235 N/mm . If material is used having a ReH
2
3. Size of rudder area differing from 235 N/mm , the material factor kr is
to be determined as follows:
In order to achieve sufficient manoeuvring
14 - 2
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

0,75
 235  2
kr =  
 for ReH > 235 [N/mm ]
 R eH  7 = aspect ratio of rudder area At
235 2 b2
= for ReH 235 [N/mm ] =
R eH At
ReH = minimum nominal upper yield point of v0 = ahead speed of ship in [kn] as defined
2
material used in [N/mm ]. inSection.1, H.5.; if this speed is less
ReH is not to be taken greater than 0,7. than 10 kn, v0 is to be taken as
2
Rm or 450 N/mm , whichever is less. Rm
(v 0 + 20)
= tensile strength of the material used. vmin = [kn]
4.3 Before significant reductions in rudder stock 3
diameter due to the application of steels with
2
ReH exceeding 235 N/mm are granted, the Society va = astern speed of ship in [kn]; if the astern
may require the evaluation of the elastic rudder speed va 0,4 @ v0 or 6 kn, whichever is
stock deflections. Large deflections should be less, determination of rudder force and
avoided in order to avoid excessive edge pressures torque for astern condition is not
in way of bearings. required. For greater astern speeds
4.4 The permissible stresses given in E.1. are special evaluation of rudder force and
applicable for normal strength hull structural steel. torque as a function of the rudder angle
When higher tensile steels are used, higher values may be required. If no limitations for the
may be used which will be fixed in each individual rudder angle at astern condition is
case. stipulated, the factor 62 is not to be
taken less than given in Table 14.1 for
5. Definitions astern condition.
CR = rudder force in [N] k = material factor according to Section 2,
QR = rudder torque in [Nm] B.2.
2
A = total movable area of the rudder in [m ],
For ships strengthened for navigation in ice,
measured at the mid-plane of the rudder
Section 15, B.9 and D.3.7 have to be observed.
For nozzle rudders, A is not to be
taken less than 1,35 times the projected
area of the nozzle.
2
At = A + area of a rudder horn, if any, in [m ]
Af = portion of rudder area located ahead of B. Rudder Force and Torque
2
the rudder stock axis in [m ]
b = mean height of rudder area in [m] 1. Rudder force and torque for normal
c = mean breadth of rudder area in [m] (see rudders
Fig. 14.1)
1.1 The rudder force is to be determined
according to the following formula:
2
CR = 132 @ A @ v @ 61 @ 62 @ 63 @ 6t [N]

v = v0 for ahead condition

= va for astern condition
61 = coefficient, depending on the aspect
ratio 7
= (7 + 2)/3, where 7 need not be taken
greater than 2
62 = coefficient, depending on the type of the
rudder and the rudder profile according
to Table 14.1.

Fig. 14.1
 14 - 3
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

Table 14.1 mixed profiles

1,21 0,9
(e. g. HSVA)
Profile/ 62 hollow profiles 1,35 0,9
type of rudder ahead astern to be specially
NACA-00 series considered;
1,1 0,8 high lift rudders 1,7
Göttingen profiles if not known: 1,7
flat side profiles 1,1 0,9

= 0,08 for unbalanced rudders

63 = coefficient, depending on the location of
rmin = 0,1 @ c [m] for ahead condition.
the rudder
= 0,8 for rudders outside the propeller jet 1.3 Effects of the provided type of rudder /
profile on choice and operation of the steering gear
= 1,15 for rudders aft of the propeller
are to be observed.
nozzle
2. Rudder force and torque for rudder
63 = 1,0 elsewhere, including also rudders
blades with cut-outs (semi-spade rudders)
within the propeller jet
6t = coefficient depending on the thrust 2.1 The total rudder force CR is to be calculated
coefficient ct according to 1.1. The pressure distribution over the
rudder area, upon which the determination of
= 1,0 normally rudder torque and rudder blade strength is to be
In special cases for thrust coefficients CTh > 1,0 based, is to be derived as follows:
determination of 6t according to the following The rudder area may be divided into two
formula may be required: rectangular or trapezoidal parts with areas A1 and
A2 (see Fig. 14.2).
C R (CTh )
6t =
C R (C Th − 1,0) The resulting force of each part may be taken as:
A
CR1 = CR 1 [N]
1.2 The rudder torque is to be determined by the A
following formula: A2
CR2 = CR [N]
QR = CR @ r [Nm] A

r = c (" - kb) [m] 2.2 The resulting torque of each part may be
taken as:
" = 0,33 for ahead condition QR1 = CR1 @ r1 [Nm]
= 0,66 for astern condition (general) QR2 = CR2 @ r2 [Nm]
= 0,75 for astern condition (hollow r1 = c1 (" - kbl) [m]
profiles)
r2 = c2 (" - kb2) [m]
For parts of a rudder behind a fixed structure such
as a rudder horn: A1f
kb1 =
A1
" = 0,25 for ahead condition
= 0,55 for astern condition. A 2f
kb2 =
A2
For high lift rudders " is to be specially considered.
If not known, " = 0,4 may be used for the ahead A1f, A2f see Fig. 14.2
condition
A1
kb = balance factor as follows: c1 =
b1
Af
= A2
A c2 =
b2
14 - 4
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

b1, b2 = mean heights of the partial rudder areas
A1 and A2 (see Fig. 14.2).
1.3 In case of mechanical steering gear the
diameter of the rudder stock in its upper part which
is only intended for transmission of the torsional
moment from the auxiliary steering gear may be 0,9
Dt. The length of the edge of the quadrangle for the
auxiliary tiller must not be less than 0,77 Dt and the
height not less than 0,8 Dt.

1.4 The rudder stock is to be secured against

axial sliding. The degree of the permissible axial
clearance depends on the construction of the
steering engine and on the bearing.

2. Strengthening of rudder stock

2.1 If the rudder is so arranged that additional

bending stresses occur in the rudder stock, the stock
diameter has to be suitably increased. The increased
diameter is, where applicable, decisive for the
scantlings of the coupling.
Fig. 14.2
For the increased rudder stock diameter the
equivalent stress of bending and torsion is not to
2.3 The total rudder torque is to be determined exceed the following value:
according to the following formulae:
QR = QR1 + QR2 [Nm] or 118 2
Fv = σ b2 + 3τ 2 # [N/mm ]
QRmin = CR @ r1,2min [Nm]. kr

0,1 Bending stress:

r1,2min = ( c1 @ A1 + c2 @ A2 ) [m]
A 10,2 ⋅ M b 2
for ahead condition Fb = [N/mm ]
D13
The greater value is to be taken.
Mb = bending moment at the neck bearing in
[Nm]
Torsional stress:
C. Scantlings of the Rudder Stock
5,1 ⋅ Q R 2
J = [N/mm ]
1. Rudder stock diameter D13

1.1 The diameter of the rudder stock for D1 = increased rudder stock diameter in [cm]
transmitting the torsional moment is not to be less The increased rudder stock diameter may be
than: determined by the following formula:
Dt = 4,2 3 QR ⋅ k r [mm] 2
4 Mb 
D1 = Dt 6 1+   [mm]
QR see B. 1.2 and B. 2.2 - 2.3. 3  QR 

The related torsional stress is: QR see B.1.2 and B.2.2 - 2.3
68 2
Jt = [N/mm ] Dt see 1.1.
kr
Note
kr see A.4.2.
Where a double-piston steering gear is fitted,
1.2 The diameter of the rudder stock determined additional bending moments may be transmitted
according to 1.1 is decisive for the steering gear, from the steering gear into the rudder stock. These
the stoppers and the locking device. additional bending moments are to be taken into
account for determining the rudder stock diameter.
 14 - 5
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

In = moment of inertia of rudder horn around

3. Analysis 4
the x-axis .at d/2 in [cm ]
(see also Fig. 14.4)
3.1 General
ft = unit displacement due to torsion
The evaluation of bending moments, shear forces
and support forces for the system rudder - rudder
ui
stock may be carried out for some basic rudder d ⋅ e2 ⋅ ∑
ti
types as shown in Figs. 14.3 - 14.5 as outlined in ft = [m/kN]
3.2. - 3.3. 3,14 ⋅ 10 ⋅ FT2
8

3.2 Data for the analysis FT = mean sectional area of rudder horn in
2
[m ]
R10 - R50 = lengths of the individual girders of
the system in [m] ui = breadth in [mm] of the individual plates
forming the mean horn sectional area
I10 - I50 = moments of inertia of these girders in
4
[cm ] ti = plate thickness within the individual
For rudders supported by a sole piece the length R20 breadth ui in [mm]
is the distance between lower edge of rudder body e, d = distances in [m] according to Fig. 14.4.
and centre of sole piece, and I20 is the moment of
inertia of the pintle in the sole piece.
3.3 Moments and forces to be evaluated
Load on rudder body (general):
3.3.1 The bending moment MR and the shear
CR
pR = [kN/m] force Ql in the rudder body, the bending moment
l 10 ⋅ 10 3
Mb in the neck bearing and the support forces Bl,
Load on semi-spade rudders: B2, B3 are to be evaluated.
CR2 The so evaluated moments and forces are to be used
pR10 = [kN/m]
l 10 ⋅ 10 3 for the stress analyses required by 2. and E.1. of
this Section and by Section 13, C.4. and C.5.
CR1
pR20 = [kN/m]
l 20 ⋅ 10 3 3.3.2. For spade rudders the moments and forces
may be determined by the following formulae:
CR, CR1, CR2 see B.1. and B.2.
 l (2 x + x 2 ) 
Z = spring constant of support in the sole Mb = CR l 20 + 10 1  [Nm]
piece or rudder horn respectively  3( x1 + x 2 ) 

for the support in the sole piece (Fig. 14.3) : Mb

B3 = [N]
l 30
6,18 ⋅ I 50
Z = [kN/m]
l 350 B2 = CR + B3 [N]

for the support in the rudder horn (Fig. 14.4) : 4. Rudder trunk
1
Z = [kN/m] Where the rudder stock is arranged in a trunk in
fb + ft such a way that the trunk is stressed by forces due
to rudder action, the scantlings of the trunk are to
fb = unit displacement of rudder horn in [m] be as such that the equivalent stress due to bending
due to a unit force of 1 kN acting in the
and shear does not exceed 0,35 @ ReH of the material
centre of support
used.
d3
fb = 0,21 [m/kN] (guidance value)
In
14 - 6
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

Fig. 14.3 Rudder supported by sole piece

Fig. 14.4 Semi-spade rudder

 14 - 7
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

Fig. 14.5 Spade rudder

D. Rudder Couplings are permitted.

1. General 2. Horizontal couplings

2.1 The diameter of coupling bolts is not to be
1.1 The couplings are to be designed in such a less than:
way as to enable them to transmit the full torque of
the rudder stock. D3 ⋅ k b
db = 0,62 [mm]
kr ⋅ n ⋅e
1.2 The distance of bolt axis from the edges of
the flange is not to be less than 1,2 the diameter of D = rudder stock diameter according to C. in
the bolt. In horizontal couplings, at least 2 bolts are [mm]
to be arranged forward of the stock axis.
n = total number of bolts, which is not to be
1.3 The coupling bolts are to be fitted bolts. The less than 6
bolts and nuts are to be effectively secured against e = mean distance of the bolt axes from the
loosening, e.g. according to recognized standards. centre of bolt system in [mm]

1.4 For spade rudders horizontal couplings kr
according to 2. are permissible only where the
required thickness of the coupling flanges tf is less kb
than 50 mm, other wise cone couplings according
to 4. are to be applied. For spade rudders of the
high lift type, only cone couplings according to 4. 2.2
= material factor for the rudder stock as
given in A.4.2
= material factor for the bolts analogue to
A.4.2.
The thickness of the coupling flanges is not
14 - 8
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

to be less than determined by the following

formulae: (d 0 − d u )
c= according Fig. 14.6.
l
D3 ⋅ k f
tf = 0,62 [mm] The cone shapes should fit very exact. The nut is to
kr ⋅ n ⋅e
be carefully secured, e.g. as shown in Fig. 14.6.
tfmin = 0,9 @ db
4.1.2 The coupling length R should, in general.
kf = material factor for the coupling flanges not be less than 1,5 @ d0.
analogue to A.4.2.
4.1.3 For couplings between stock and rudder
The thickness of the coupling flanges clear of the
a key is to be provided, the shear area of which is
bolt holes is not to be less than 0,65 @ tf. not to be less than:
The width of material outside the bolt holes is not 16 ⋅ Q F
to be less than 0,67 @ db. as = [cm2]
d k ⋅ R eH1
2.3 The coupling flanges are to be equipped QF = design yield moment of rudder stock in
with a fitted key according to recognized standards [Nm]according to F.
for relieving the bolts.
The fitted key may be dispensed with if the dk = diameter of the conical part of the rudder
diameter of the bolts is increased by 10%. stock in [mm] at the key

2.4 Horizontal coupling flanges should either be ReHl = minimum nominal upper yield point of
2
forged together with the rudder stock or be welded the key material in [N/mm ]
to the rudder stock as outlined in Section 19,
B.4.4.3.

2.5 For the connection of the coupling flanges

with the rudder body see also Section 19, B.4.4.

3. Vertical couplings

3.1 The diameter of the coupling bolts is not to

be less than:

0,81 ⋅ D kb
db = [mm]
n kr

D, kb, kr, n see 2.1, where n is not to be less than 8.

3.2 The first moment of area of the bolts about

the centre of the coupling is not to be less than:
3 3
S = 0,00043 D [cm ].

3.3 The thickness of the coupling flanges is

not to be less than Fig. 14.6
tf = db [mm]
4.1.4 The effective surface area of the key
The width of material outside the bolt holes is not (without rounded edges) between key and rudder
to be less than 0,67 @ db. stock or cone coupling, is not to be less than:
5 ⋅ QF 2
4. Cone couplings ak = [cm ]
d k ⋅ R eH2
4.1 Cone couplings with key
ReH2 = minimum nominal upper yield point of
the key, stock or coupling material in
4.1.1 Cone couplings should have a taper c on 2
diameter of 1: 8 - 1:12. [N/mm ], whichever is less.
 14 - 9
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

Ps ⋅ 3 2
4.1.5 The dimensions of the slugging nut are As = [ mm ]
R eH
to be as follows, see Fig. 14.6:
S height: Ps = shear force
d 
hn = 0,6 @ dg = Pe ⋅ µ 1  1 − 0,6 [N]
2  d g 
S outer diameter (the greater value to be
taken): Pe = push-up force according to 4.2.3.2 in
[N]
dn = 1,2 @ du or dn = 1,5 @ dg
FR = frictional coefficient between nut and
S external thread diameter: rudder body, normally FR = 0,3
dg = 0,65 @ d0 d1 = mean diameter of the frictional area
between nut and rudder body
4.1.6 It is to be proved that 50% of the design dg = thread diameter of the nut
yield moment will be solely transmitted by friction ReH = yield point in [N/mm²] of the securing
in the cone couplings. This can be done by flat bar material.
calculating the required push-up pressure and push-
up length according to 4.2.3 for a torsional moment 4.2.3 For the safe transmission of the torsional
Q'F = 0,5 @ QF moment by the coupling between rudder stock and
rudder body the required push-up length and the
4.2 Cone couplings with special arrangements push-up pressure are to be determined by the
for mounting and dismounting the following formulae:
couplings
4.2.1 Where the stock diameter exceeds 200 mm 4.2.3.1 Push-up pressure
the press fit is recommended to be effected by a
The push-up pressure is not to be less than the
hydraulic pressure connection. In such cases the
greater
cone should be more slender (c • 1:12 to • 1 : of the two following values:
20).
2 ⋅ Q F ⋅ 103 2
4.2.2 In case of hydraulic pressure connections the preq1 = [N/mm ]
d 2m ⋅ l ⋅ π ⋅ µ0
nut is to be effectively secured against the rudder
stock or the pintle. A securing plate for securing the
nut against the rudder body is to be provided, see 6 ⋅ M b ⋅ 103 2
preq2 = 2
[N/mm ]
Fig. 14.7. l ⋅ dm

QF = design yield moment of rudder stock

according to F. in [Nm]
dm = mean cone diameter in [mm]
R = cone length in [mm]
:0 = 0,15 (frictional coefficient)
Mb = bending moment in the cone coupling
(e.g. in case of spade rudders) in [Nm].
It has to be proved that the required push-up
pressure does not exceed the permissible surface
pressure in the cone. The permissible surface
pressure is to be determined by the following
formula:
Fig. 14.7 0,8 ⋅ ReH (1 − α 2 ) 2
pperm = [N/mm ]
4
Note 3+α
A securing flat bar will be regarded as an effective 2
ReH = yield point in [N/mm ] of the material of
securing device of the nut, if its shear area is not the gudgeon
less than:
14 - 10
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

" = dm /da (see Fig 14.6) dm, R see 4.2.3

The outer diameter of the gudgeon should not be d0 = pintle diameter in [mm] according to
less than: Fig..14.6.
da = 1,5 @ dm [mm]

4.2.3.2 Push-up length

E. Rudder Body, Rudder Bearings
The push-up length is not to be less than:
p req ⋅ d m 1. Strength of rudder body
R
)R1 = + 0,8 m [mm]
1 − α 
2 c 1.1 The rudder body is to be stiffened by
E c
 2  horizontal and vertical webs in such a manner that
the rudder body will be effective as a beam. The
Rtm = mean roughness in [mm] rudder should be additionally stiffened at the aft
edge.
• 0,01 mm
c = taper on diameter according to 4.2.1 1.2 The strength of the rudder body is to be
proved by direct calculation according to C.3.
5 2
E = Young's modulus (2,06@10 N/mm )
1.3 For rudder bodies without cut-outs the
A guidance figure for the minimum push-up length permissible stress are limited to:
is :
bending stress due to MR:
dm
)Rmin = [mm] 2
150 Fb = 1l0 [N/mm ]
The push-up length is, however, not to be taken
greater than: shear stress due to Ql:
2
0,8 ⋅ ReH ⋅ d m J = 50 [N/mm ]
)R2 = + 0,8 R m [mm]
4
3+α E ⋅c c equivalent stress due to bending and shear:
Note 2
Fv = σ b2 + 3τ 2 = 120 [N/mm ]
In case of hydraulic pressure connections the
required push-up force Pe for the cone may be MR, Q1 see C.3.3.and Fig.14.3 and 14.4.
determined by the following formula:
In case of openings in the rudder plating for access
c  to cone coupling or pintle nut the permissible
Pe = p req ⋅ d m ⋅ π ⋅ l + 0,02  [N]
 2  stressesaccording to 1.4 apply. Smaller permissible
stress values may be required if the corner radii are
The value 0,02 in above formula is a reference less than 0,15 @ h, where h = height of opening.
value for the friction coefficient using oil pressure.
It varies and depends on the mechanical treatment 1.4 In rudder bodies with cut-outs (semi-spade
and roughness of the details to be fixed. rudders) the following stress values are not to be
exceeded :
Where due to the fitting procedure a partial push-
up effect caused by the rudder weight is given, this
bending stress due to MR :
may be taken into account when fixing the required
push-up length, subject to approval by BKI. 2]
Fb = 90 [N/mm

4.2.4 The required push-up pressure for pintle shear stress due to Ql :
bearings is to be determined by the following 2
formula: J = 50 [N/mm ]

⋅d torsional stress due to Mt :

preq = 0,4 B12 0
2
[N/mm ]
dm ⋅l Jt = 50 [N/mm ]
2

Bl = supporting force in the pintle bearing in equivalent stress due to bending and shear and
[N], see also Fig. 14.4 equivalent stress due to bending and torsion:
 14 - 11
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

2 components at least 10% above the exciting

Fv1 = σ b2 + 3τ 2 = 120 [N/mm ]
frequency of the propeller (number of revolutions x
2
number of blades) or if relevant above higher
Fv2 = σ b2 + 3τ 2 = 100 [N/mm ] order.
f2 2. Rudder plating
MR = CR2 @ fl + B1 [Nm]
2
2.1 Double plate rudders
Q1 = CR2 [N]
f1, f2 see Fig. 14.8. 2.1.1 The thickness of the rudder plating is to be
determined according to the following formula:
The torsional stress may be calculated in a
simplified manner as follows: t = 1,27 ⋅ a PR ⋅ k + 2,5 [mm]

Jt = Mt [N/mm ]
2 CR
2⋅l⋅h⋅t
Mt = CR2 @ e [Nm]
CR2 = partial rudder force in [N] of the partial
rudder area A2 below the cross section
under consideration
e = lever for torsional moment in [m]
(horizontal distance between the
centroid of area A2 and the centre line a-
a of the effective cross sectional area
under consideration, see Fig. 14.8. The
centroid is to be assumed at 0,33 @ c2 aft
of the forward edge of area A2, where c2
= mean breadth of area A2)
h, R, t in [cm], see Fig. 14.8.
2
PR = 10 @ T + [kN/m ]
103 ⋅ A
a = the smaller unsupported width of a plate
panel in [m].
The influence of the aspect ratio of the plate panels
may be taken into account as given in Section 3,
A.3.
The thickness shall, however, not be less than the
thickness t2 of the shell plating at the ends
according to Section 6, B.3.
Regarding dimensions and welding Section 19,
B.4.4.1 has to be observed in addition.
2.1.2 For connecting the side plating of the rudder
to the webs tenon welding is not to be used. Where
application of fillet welding is not practicable, the
side plating is to be connected by means of slot
welding to flat bars which are welded to the webs.

2.1.3 The thickness of the webs is not to be less

than 70% of the thickness of the rudder plating
according to 2.1, but not less than:

tmin = 8 k [mm]

Webs exposed to seawater must be dimensioned

according to 2.1.

2.2 Single plate rudders

Fig. 14.8 2.2.1 Main piece diameter

The distance R between the vertical webs should not
exceed 1,2 @ h.
The radii in the rudder plating are not to be less
than 4 - 5 times the plate thickness, but in no
case less than 50 mm.
Note
It is recommended to keep the natural frequency of
the fully immersed rudder and of local structural
The main piece diameter is calculated according to
C.1 and C.2 respectively. For spade rudders the
lower third may taper down to 0.75 times stock
diameter.
2.2.2 Blade thickness
The blade thickness is not to be less than:
tb = 1,5 . a . v0 + 2,5 [mm]
a = spacing of stiffening arms in [m], not to
14 - 12
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

exceed 1 m; S semi-spade rudders:

S support force in the rudder horn:
v0 = ahead speed of ship in [kn] b
B1 = CR @ [N]
c
2.2.3 Arms
S support force in the neck bearing:
The thickness of the arms “ t a” is not to be less B2 = CR - Bl [N]
than the blade thickness according to 2.2.2.
For b and c see Fig. 13.6 in Section 13.
The section modulus is to be determined as follow:
3 4.4 The projected bearing surface Ab (bearing
Wa = 0,5 ⋅ a ⋅ c12 ⋅ v02 [cm ]
height x external diameter of liner) is not to be less
than
c1 = horizontal distance from the aft edge of the
rudder to the centreline of the rudder stock, B 2
in meters. Ab = [mm ]
q
3. Transmitting of the rudder torque B = support force in [N]
3.1 For transmitting the rudder torque, the q = permissible surface pressure according
rudder plating according to 2.1 is to be increased by to Table 14.2
25% in way of the coupling. A sufficient number of
vertical webs is to be fitted in way of the coupling. Table 14.2

3.2 If the torque is transmitted by a prolonged Bearing material q [N/mm ]

shaft extended into the rudder, the latter must have
the diameter Dt or D1, whichever is greater, at the
upper 10% of the intersection length. Downwards it
may be tapered to 0,6 Dt, in spade rudders to 0,4
times the strengthened diameter, if sufficient
support is provided for.
4. Rudder bearings
4.1 In way of bearings liners and bushes are to
be fitted. Their minimum thickness is
tmin = 8 mm for metallic materials
and synthetic material
= 22 mm for lignum material
Where in case of small ships bushes are not fitted,
the rudder stock is to be suitably increased in
diameter in way of bearings enabling the stock to
be re-machined later.
4.2 An adequate lubrication is to be provided.
4.3 The bearing forces result from the direct
calculation mentioned in C.3. As a first
approximation thebearing force may be determined
without taking account of the elastic supports. This
can be done as follows:
S normal rudder with two supports:
2
lignum vitae 2,5
white metal, oil lubricated 4,5
1)
synthetic material 5,5
2)
steel , bronze and hot-pressed
7,0
bronze-graphite materials
1)
Synthetic materials to be of approved type.
Surface pressures exceeding 5,5 N/mm² may be accepted in
accordance with bearing manufacturer's specification and tests, but
in no case more than 10 N/mm².
2)
Stainless and wear resistant steel in an approved combination
with stock liner. Higher surface pressures than7 N/mm² may be
accepted if verified by tests.
4.5 Stainless and wear resistant steels, bronze
and hot-pressed bronze-graphite materials have a
considerable difference in potential to non-alloyed
steel. Respective preventive measures are required.
4.6 The bearing height shall be equal to the
bearing diameter, however, is not to exceed 1,2
times the bearing diameter. Where the bearing
depth is less than the bearing diameter, higher
specific surface pressures maybe allowed.

The rudder force CR is to be distributed to the 4.7 The wall thickness of pintle bearings in sole
supports according to their vertical distances from piece and rudder horn shall be approximately ¼ of
the centre of gravity of the rudder area. the pintle diameter.
 14 - 13
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

F. Design Yield Moment of Rudder

5. Pintles stock
5.1 Pintles are to have scantlings complying The design yield moment of the rudder stock is to
with the conditions given in 4.4 and 4.6. The pintle be determined by the following formula:
diameter is not to be less than:
3
QF = 0,02664 Dt [Nm]
d = 0,35 B1 ⋅ k r [mm] kr
Bl = support force in [N] Dt = stock diameter in [mm] according to
C.1.
kr see A.4.2.
Where the actual diameter Dta is greater than the
5.2 The thickness of any liner or bush shall not calculated diameter Dt, the diameter Dta is to be
be less than:
used. However, Dta need not be taken greater than
t = 0,01 B1 [mm] 1,145 . Dt.

or the values in 4.1 respectively.

G. Stopper, Locking Device
5.3 Where pintles are of conical shape, they are
to comply with the following 1. Stopper
taper on diameter 1: 8 to 1: 12
if keyed by The motions of quadrants or tillers are to be limited
slugging nut, on either side by stoppers. The stoppers and their
foundations connected to the ship's hull are to be of
taper on diameter 1: 12 to 1: 20 strong construction so that the yield point of the
if mounted with oil applied materials is not exceeded at the design yield
injection and hydraulic moment of the rudder stock.
nut.
2. Locking device
5.4 The pintles are to be arranged in such a
manner as to prevent unintentional loosening and Each steering gear is to be provided with a locking
falling out. device in order to keep the rudder fixed at any
position. This device as well as the foundation in
For nuts and threads the requirements of D.4.1.5 the ship's hull are to be of strong construction so
and 4.2.2 apply accordingly. that the yield point of the applied materials is not
exceeded at the design yield moment of the rudder
6. Guidance values for bearing clearances stock as specified in F. Where the ship's speed
exceeds 12 kn, the design yield moment need only
6.1 For metallic bearing material the bearing be calculated for a stock diameter based on a speed
clearance should generally not be less than:
v0 = 12 [kn].
db
+ 1,0 [mm] 3. Regarding stopper and locking device see
1000
also Rules for Machinery Installations, Volume III,
db = inner diameter of bush. Section.14.

6.2 If non-metallic bearing material is applied,

the bearing clearance is to be specially determined
considering the material's swelling and thermal H. Propeller Nozzles
expansion properties.
1. General
6.3 The clearance is not to be taken less than 1,5
mm on diameter. In case of self lubricating bushes 1.1 The following requirements are applicable to
reduction below this value can be agreed to on the propeller nozzles having an inner diameter of up to
basis of the manufacturer's specification. 5 m. Nozzles with larger diameters will be specially
considered.

1.2 Special attention is to be given to the

support of fixed nozzles at the hull structure.
14 - 14
Section 14 - Rudder and Manoeuvring Arrangement C

2. Design pressure 3. Plate thickness

The design pressure for propeller nozzles is to be
determined by the following formula : 3.1 The thickness of the nozzle shell plating is
2 not to be less than:
pd = c ⋅ Pd 0 [kN/m ]
t = 5 @ a ⋅ p d + tK [mm]
N 2
pdo = g [kN/m ]
Ap tmin = 7,5 [mm]

N = maximum shaft power in [kW] a = spacing of ring stiffeners in [m].

2
Ap = propeller disc area in [m ] 3.2 The web thickness of the internal stiffening
rings shall not be less than the nozzle plating for
π zone 3, however, in no case be less than 7,5 mm.
= D2
4
4. Section modulus
D = propeller diameter in [m]
g = factor according to the following The section modulus of the cross section shown
formula: in Fig. 14.9 around its neutral axis is not to be less
N than:
-4
g = 0,21 - 2 @ 10 2 2 3
Ap W = n @ d @ b @ v0 [cm ]
gmin = 0,10 d = inner diameter of nozzle in [m]
c = 1,0 in zone 2 (propeller zone), b = length of nozzle in [m]
= 0,5 in zones 1 and 3 n = 1,0 for rudder nozzles
= 0,35 in zone 4. = 0,7 for fixed nozzles.
see Fig. 14.9
5. Welding

The inner and outer nozzle shell plating is to be

welded to the internal stiffening rings as far as
practicable by double continuous welds. Plug
welding is only permissible for the outer nozzle
plating.

Fig. 14.9