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This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for penetrant examina- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing 2. Referenced Documents
method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface
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such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations, 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
final, and maintenance testing. It can be effectively used in the eral Bomb Method)
examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and E 516 Practice for Testing Thermal Conductivity Detectors
nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as non- Used in Gas Chromatography
porous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
nonporous plastics, and glass. leum Products (Bomb Method)
1.2 This practice also provides a reference: D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
recommended or required by individual organizations can be (High-Temperature Method)
reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness. D 4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Chemically
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and Suppressed Ion Chromatography
procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant tion
inspection is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice E 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-
may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering tive Testing
organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the E 1208 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
cognizant engineering organization. amination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel cess
concerned with liquid penetrant testing. E 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for amination Using the Water-Washable Process
evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It E 1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
should be pointed out, however, that after indications have amination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-
been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then cess
evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, E 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, amination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, E 1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination
and those considered unacceptable. Using Solvent-Removable Process
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
as the standard. SI units are provided for information only. E 1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the E 1418 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Using the Water-Washable Process
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2.2 ASNT Document: 4
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
3
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 165 - 02. the ASTM website.
2 4
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Recom- Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
mended Test Method SE-165 in the Code. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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of indications.
emulsifier, as recommended by the manufacturer. Any liquid
NOTE 1—The developer may be omitted by agreement between the penetrant, remover and developer listed in QPL-25135/QPL-
contracting parties. AMS2644 can be used, regardless of the manufacturer. Inter-
NOTE 2—Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a visible mixing of penetrants and emulsifiers from different manufac-
penetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualified in accor-
dance with 10.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration or
turers is prohibited.
quenching of fluorescent dyes. NOTE 3—Refer to 9.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen and
4.2 Processing parameters, such as surface precleaning, alkali metal content.
NOTE 4—While approved penetrant materials will not adversely affect
penetrant dwell time and excess penetrant removal methods,
common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers may be swollen or
are dependent on the specific materials used, the nature of the stained by certain penetrants.
part under examination, (that is, size, shape, surface condition,
alloy) and type of discontinuities expected. 7.2 Penetrants:
7.2.1 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are insoluble in water
5. Significance and Use and cannot be removed with water rinsing alone. They are
formulated to be selectively removed from the surface using a
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, separate emulsifier. Properly applied and given a proper
location and, to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of emulsification time, the emulsifier combines with the excess
the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant surface penetrant to form a water-washable mixture, which can
methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical
service items, volume of parts, portability or localized areas of
TABLE 1 Classification of Penetrant Examination Types and
Methods
Type I—Fluorescent Penetrant Examination
5
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Method A—Water-washable (see Test Method E 1209)
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:// Method B—Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic (see Test Method E 1208)
www.dodssp.daps.mil. Method C—Solvent removable (see Test Method E 1219)
6
Available from American Public Health Association, Publication Office, 1015 Method D—Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic (see Test Method E 1210)
Fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.
7
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Type II—Visible Penetrant Examination
Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org. Method A—Water-washable (see Test Method E 1418)
8
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Method C—Solvent removable (see Test Method E 1220)
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
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tics of the emulsifier and penetrant, and the geometry/surface
roughness of the part material contribute to determining the 8. Procedure
emulsification time. 8.1 The following processing parameters apply to both
7.3.2 Hydrophilic Emulsifiers are water-miscible liquids fluorescent and visible penetrant testing methods.
used to emulsify the excess post-emulsified penetrant on the 8.2 Temperature Limits—The temperature of the penetrant
surface of the part, rendering it water-washable. These water- materials and the surface of the part to be processed shall be
base emulsifiers (detergent-type removers) are supplied as between 40° and 125°F (4° and 52°C) or the procedure must be
concentrates to be diluted with water and used as a dip or spray. qualified at the temperature used as described in 10.2.
The concentration, use and maintenance shall be in accordance 8.3 Examination Sequence—Final penetrant examination
with manufacturer’s recommendations. shall be performed after the completion of all operations that
7.3.2.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by displacing the could cause surface-connected discontinuities or operations
excess penetrant film from the surface of the part through that could expose discontinuities not previously open to the
detergent action. The force of the water spray or air/mechanical surface. Such operations include, but are not limited to,
agitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing action grinding, welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating.
while the detergent displaces the film of penetrant from the part Satisfactory inspection results can usually be obtained on
surface. The individual characteristics of the emulsifier and surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, as-forged, or
penetrant, and the geometry and surface roughness of the part ceramics in the densified condition.
material contribute to determining the emulsification time. 8.3.1 Surface Treatment—Final penetrant examination may
Emulsification concentration shall be monitored weekly using be performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but
a suitable refractometer. not by themselves cause surface discontinuities. Such treat-
7.4 Solvent Removers—Solvent removers function by dis- ments include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring,
solving the penetrant, making it possible to wipe the surface sanding, buffing, sandblasting, or lapping. Performance of final
clean and free of excess penetrant. penetrant examination after such surface treatments necessi-
7.5 Developers—Developers form a translucent or white tates that the part(s) be etched to remove smeared metal from
absorptive coating that aids in bringing the penetrant out of the surface prior to testing unless otherwise agreed by the
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surface discontinuities through blotting action, thus increasing contracting parties. Note that final penetrant examination shall
the visibility of the indications. always precede surface peening.
7.5.1 Dry Powder Developers—Dry powder developers are
NOTE 7—Sand or shot blasting can close discontinuities so extreme
used as supplied, that is, free-flowing, non-caking powder (see care should be taken to avoid masking discontinuities. Under certain
8.8.1). Care should be taken not to contaminate the developer circumstances, however, grit blasting with certain air pressures and/or
with fluorescent penetrant, as the contaminated developer mediums may be acceptable without subsequent etching when agreed by
specks can appear as penetrant indications. the contracting parties.
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E 165 – 09
remove the remaining traces of surface penetrant as determined 8.6.3.2 Prerinsing Controls—Effective prerinsing is accom-
by examination under black light for fluorescent methods and plished by manual, semi-automated, or automated water spray
visible light for visible methods. rinsing of the part(s). The water spray pressure shall not exceed
8.6.2 Lipophilic Emulsification (Method B): 40 psi (275 kPa) when manual or hydro air spray guns are used.
8.6.2.1 Application of Lipophilic Emulsifier—After the re- When hydro-air pressure spray guns are used, the air pressure
quired penetrant dwell time, the excess penetrant on the part shall not exceed 25 psi (172 kPa). Water free of contaminants
must be emulsified by immersing or flooding the parts with the that could clog spray nozzles or leave a residue on the part(s)
required emulsifier (the emulsifier combines with the excess is recommended.
surface penetrant and makes the mixture removable by water 8.6.3.3 Application of Emulsifier—The residual surface
rinsing). Lipophilic emulsifier shall not be applied by spray or penetrant on part(s) must be emulsified by immersing the
brush and the part or emulsifier shall not be agitated while part(s) in an agitated hydrophilic emulsifier bath or by spraying
being immersed. After application of the emulsifier, the parts the part(s) with water/emulsifier solutions thereby rendering
shall be drained and positioned in a manner that prevents the the remaining residual surface penetrant water-washable for
emulsifier from pooling on the part(s). the final rinse station. The emulsification time begins as soon as
8.6.2.2 Emulsification Time—The emulsification time be- the emulsifier is applied. The length of time that the emulsifier
gins as soon as the emulsifier is applied. The length of time that is allowed to remain on a part and in contact with the penetrant
the emulsifier is allowed to remain on a part and in contact with is dependent on the type of emulsifier employed and the
the penetrant is dependent on the type of emulsifier employed surface roughness. The emulsification time should be deter-
and the surface roughness. Nominal emulsification time should mined experimentally for each specific application. The sur-
be as recommended by the manufacturer. The actual emulsifi- face finish (roughness of the part is a significant factor in
cation time must be determined experimentally for each determining the emulsification time necessary for an emulsi-
specific application. The surface finish (roughness) of the part fier. Contact emulsification time should be kept to the least
is a significant factor in the selection of and in the emulsifica- possible time consistent with an acceptable background and
tion time of an emulsifier. Contact time shall be kept to the shall not exceed two minutes.
minimum time to obtain an acceptable background and shall 8.6.3.4 Immersion—For immersion application, parts shall
not exceed three minutes. be completely immersed in the emulsifier bath. The hydro-
8.6.2.3 Post Rinsing—Effective post rinsing of the emulsi- philic emulsifier concentration shall be as recommended by the
fied penetrant from the surface can be accomplished using manufacturer and the bath or part shall be gently agitated by air
either manual, semi-automated, or automated water immersion or mechanically throughout the cycle. The minimum time to
or spray equipment or combinations thereof. obtain an acceptable background shall be used, but the dwell
8.6.2.4 Immersion—For immersion post rinsing, parts are time shall not be more than two minutes unless approved by the
completely immersed in the water bath with air or mechanical contracting parties.
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agitation. The amount of time the part is in the bath should be 8.6.3.5 Spray Application—For spray applications, all part
the minimum required to remove the emulsified penetrant. In surfaces should be evenly and uniformly sprayed with a
addition, the temperature range of the water should be 50 to water/emulsifier solution to effectively emulsify the residual
100°F (10 to 38°C). Any necessary touch-up rinse after an penetrant on part surfaces to render it water-washable. The
immersion rinse shall meet the requirements of 8.6.2.5. concentration of the emulsifier for spray application should be
8.6.2.5 Spray Post Rinsing—Effective post rinsing follow- in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, but it
ing emulsification can also be accomplished by either manual shall not exceed 5 %. The water spray pressure should be less
or automatic water spray rinsing. The water temperature shall than 40 psi (275 kpa). Contact with the emulsifier shall be kept
be between 50 and 100°F (10 and 38°C). The water spray to the minimum time to obtain an acceptable background and
pressure shall not exceed 40 psi (275 kPa) when manual spray shall not exceed two minutes. The water temperature shall be
guns are used. When hydro-air pressure spray guns are used, maintained between 50 and 100°F (10 and 38°C).
the air pressure should not exceed 25 psi (172 kPa). 8.6.3.6 Post-Rinsing of Hydrophilic Emulsified
8.6.2.6 Rinse Effectiveness—If the emulsification and final Penetrants—Effective post-rinsing of emulsified penetrant
rinse step is not effective, as evidenced by excessive residual from the surface can be accomplished using either manual or
surface penetrant after emulsification and rinsing; thoroughly automated water spray, water immersion, or combinations
reclean and completely reprocess the part. thereof. The total rinse time shall not exceed two minutes
8.6.3 Hydrophilic Emulsification (Method D): regardless of the number of rinse methods used.
8.6.3.1 Application of Hydrophilic Remover—Following 8.6.3.7 Immersion Post-Rinsing—If an agitated immersion
the required penetrant dwell time, the parts may be prerinsed rinse is used, the amount of time the part(s) is (are) in the bath
with water prior to the application of hydrophilic emulsifier. shall be the minimum required to remove the emulsified
This prerinse allows for the removal of excess surface pen- penetrant and shall not exceed two minutes. In addition, the
etrant from the parts prior to emulsification so as to minimize temperature range of the water shall be within 50 and 100°F
penetrant contamination in the hydrophilic emulsifier bath, (10 and 38°C). Be aware that a touch-up rinse may be
thereby extending its life. It is not necessary to prerinse a part necessary after immersion rinse, but the total wash time still
if a spray application of emulsifier is used. shall not exceed two minutes.
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E 165 – 09
8.6.3.8 Spray Post-Rinsing—Effective post-rinsing follow- 8.8.2 Aqueous Developers (Forms B and C)—Water soluble
ing emulsification can also be accomplished by manual, developers (Form B) are prohibited for use with Type 2
semi-automatic, or automatic water spray. The water spray penetrants or Type 1, Method A penetrants. Water suspendable
pressure shall not exceed 40 psi (275 kPa) when manual or developers (Form C) can be used with both Type 1 and Type 2
hydro air spray guns are used. When hydro-air pressure spray penetrants. Aqueous developers shall be applied to the part
guns are used, the air pressure shall not exceed 25 psi (172 immediately after the excess penetrant has been removed and
kPa). The water temperature shall be between 50 and 100°F prior to drying. Aqueous developers shall be prepared and
(10 and 38°C). The spray rinse time shall be less than two maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
minutes, unless otherwise specified. and applied in such a manner as to ensure complete, even, part
8.6.3.9 Rinse Effectiveness—If the emulsification and final coverage. Aqueous developers may be applied by spraying,
rinse steps are not effective, as evidenced by excessive residual flowing, or immersing the part in a prepared developer bath.
surface penetrant after emulsification and rinsing, thoroughly Immerse the parts only long enough to coat all of the part
reclean, and completely reprocess the part. surfaces with the developer since indications may leach out if
8.6.4 Removal of Solvent-Removable Penetrant (Method the parts are left in the bath too long. After the parts are
C)—After the required penetrant dwell time, the excess pen- removed from the developer bath, allow the parts to drain.
etrant is removed by wiping with a dry, clean, lint-free Drain all excess developer from recesses and trapped sections
cloth/towel. Then use a clean, lint-free cloth/towel lightly to eliminate pooling of developer, which can obscure discon-
moistened with solvent remover to remove the remaining tinuities. Dry the parts in accordance with 8.7. The dried
traces of surface penetrant. Gentle wiping must be used to developer coating appears as a translucent or white coating on
avoid removing penetrant from any discontinuity. On smooth the part.
surfaces, an alternate method of removal can be done by 8.8.3 Nonaqueous Wet Developers (Forms D and E)—After
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wiping with a clean, dry cloth. Flushing the surface with the excess penetrant has been removed and the surface has
solvent following the application of the penetrant and prior to been dried, apply nonaqueous wet developer by spraying in
developing is prohibited. such a manner as to ensure complete part coverage with a thin,
8.7 Drying—Regardless of the type and method of pen- even film of developer. The developer shall be applied in a
etrant used, drying the surface of the part(s) is necessary prior manner appropriate to the type of penetrant being used. For
to applying dry or nonaqueous developers or following the visible dye, the developer must be applied thickly enough to
application of the aqueous developer. Drying time will vary provide a contrasting background. For fluorescent dye, the
with the type of drying used and the size, nature, geometry, and developer must be applied thinly to produce a translucent
number of parts being processed. covering. Dipping or flooding parts with nonaqueous develop-
8.7.1 Drying Parameters—Components shall be air dried at ers is prohibited, because the solvent action of these types of
room temperature or in a drying oven. Room temperature developers can flush or dissolve the penetrant from within the
drying can be aided by the use of fans. Oven temperatures shall discontinuities.
not exceed 160°F (71°C). Drying time shall only be that
NOTE 12—The vapors from the volatile solvent carrier in the developer
necessary to adequately dry the part. Components shall be may be hazardous. Proper ventilation should be provided at all times, but
removed from the oven after drying. Components should not especially when the developer is applied inside a closed area.
be placed in the oven with pooled water or pooled aqueous
solutions/suspensions. 8.8.4 Liquid Film Developers—Apply by spraying as rec-
8.8 Developer Application—There are various modes of ommended by the manufacturer. Spray parts in such a manner
effective application of the various types of developers such as as to ensure complete part coverage of the area being examined
dusting, immersing, flooding or spraying. The developer form, with a thin, even film of developer.
the part size, configuration, and surface roughness will influ- 8.8.5 Developing Time—The length of time the developer is
ence the choice of developer application. to remain on the part prior to inspection shall be not less than
8.8.1 Dry Powder Developer (Form A)—Dry powder de- ten minutes. Developing time begins immediately after the
velopers shall be applied after the part is dry in such a manner application of dry powder developer or as soon as the wet
as to ensure complete coverage of the area of interest. Parts can (aqueous or nonaqueous) developer coating is dry (that is, the
be immersed in a container of dry developer or in a fluid bed water or solvent carrier has evaporated to dryness). The
of dry developer. They can also be dusted with the powder maximum permitted developing times shall be four hours for
developer through a hand powder bulb or a conventional or dry powder developer (Form A), two hours for aqueous
electrostatic powder gun. It is common and effective to apply developer (Forms B and C), and one hour for nonaqueous
developer (Forms D and E).
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line voltage can cause decreased black light output with temperatures. Any such evaluation shall also include consider-
consequent inconsistent performance, a constant-voltage trans- ation of the form in which the impurities are present. Some
former should be used when there is evidence of voltage penetrant materials contain significant amounts of these impu-
fluctuation. rities in the form of volatile organic solvents that normally
NOTE 14—Certain high-intensity black lights may emit unacceptable evaporate quickly and usually do not cause problems. Other
amounts of visible light, which can cause fluorescent indications to materials may contain impurities, which are not volatile and
disappear. Care should be taken to only use bulbs suitable for fluorescent may react with the part, particularly in the presence of moisture
penetrant testing purposes. or elevated temperatures.
8.9.1.2 Black Light Warm-Up—Unless otherwise specified 9.1.2 Because volatile solvents leave the surface quickly
by the manufacturer, allow the black light to warm up for a without reaction under normal examination procedures, pen-
minimum of five minutes prior to use or measurement of its etrant materials are normally subjected to an evaporation
intensity. procedure to remove the solvents before the materials are
8.9.1.3 Visual Adaptation—Personnel examining parts after analyzed for impurities. The residue from this procedure is
penetrant processing shall be in the darkened area for at least then analyzed in accordance with Test Method D 1552 or Test
one minute before examining parts. Longer times may be Method D 129 decomposition followed by Test Method D 516,
necessary under some circumstances. Photochromic or tinted Method B (Turbidimetric Method) for sulfur. The residue may
lenses shall not be worn during the processing and examination also be analyzed by Test Method D 808 or Annex A2 on
of parts. Methods for Measuring Total Chlorine Content in Combustible
8.9.2 Visible Light Examination—Inspect parts tested with Liquid Penetrant Materials (for halogens other than fluorine)
Type 2 visible penetrant under either natural or artificial visible and Annex A3 on Method for Measuring Total Fluorine
light. Proper illumination is required to ensure adequate Content in Combustible Liquid Penetration Materials (for
sensitivity of the examination. A minimum light intensity at the fluorine). An alternative procedure, Annex A4 on Determina-
examination surface of 100 fc (1076 lx) is required. tion of Anions by Ion Chromatography, provides a single
8.9.3 Housekeeping—Keep the examination area free of instrumental technique for rapid sequential measurement of
interfering debris, including fluorescent residues and objects. common anions such as chloride, fluoride, and sulfate. Alkali
8.9.4 Indication Verification—For Type 1 inspections only, metals in the residue are determined by flame photometry,
it is common practice to verify indications by wiping the atomic absorption spectrophotometry, or ion chromatography
indication with a solvent-dampened swab or brush, allowing (see ASTM D 4327).
the area to dry, and redeveloping the area. Redevelopment time NOTE 15—Some current standards require impurity levels of sulfur and
shall be a minimum of ten minutes, except nonaqueous halogens to not exceed 1 % of any one suspect element. This level,
redevelopment time should be a minimum of three minutes. If however, may be unacceptable for some applications, so the actual
the indication does not reappear, the original indication may be maximum acceptable impurity level must be decided between supplier and
considered false. This procedure may be performed up to two user on a case by case basis.
times for any given original indication. 9.2 Elevated-Temperature Testing—Where penetrant testing
8.9.5 Evaluation—All indications found during inspection is performed on parts that must be maintained at elevated
shall be evaluated in accordance with acceptance criteria as temperature during examination, special penetrant materials
specified. Reference Photographs of indications are noted in and processing techniques may be required. Such examination
E 433). requires qualification in accordance with 10.2 and the manu-
8.10 Post Cleaning—Post cleaning is necessary when re- facturer’s recommendations shall be observed.
sidual penetrant or developer could interfere with subsequent
processing or with service requirements. It is particularly 10. Qualification and Requalification
important where residual penetrant testing materials might 10.1 Personnel Qualification—When required by the cus-
combine with other factors in service to produce corrosion and tomer, all penetrant testing personnel shall be qualified/
prior to vapor degreasing or heat treating the part as these certified in accordance with a written procedure conforming to
processes can bake the developer onto the part. A suitable the applicable edition of recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A,
technique, such as a simple water rinse, water spray, machine ANSI/ASNT CP-189, NAS-410, or MIL-STD-410.
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E 165 – 09
10.2 Procedure Qualification—Qualification of procedures used to perform the examination, the agency should meet the
using times, conditions, or materials differing from those requirements of Practice E 543.
specified in this general practice or for new materials may be 10.4 Requalification may be required when a change or
performed by any of several methods and should be agreed substitution is made in the type of penetrant materials or in the
upon by the contracting parties. A test piece containing one or procedure (see 10.2).
more discontinuities of the smallest relevant size is generally
used. When agreed upon by the contracting parties, the test 11. Keywords
piece may contain real or simulated discontinuities, providing
it displays the characteristics of the discontinuities encountered 11.1 fluorescent liquid penetrant testing; hydrophilic emul-
in product examination. sification; lipophilic emulsification; liquid penetrant testing;
10.2.1 Requalification of the procedure to be used may be nondestructive testing; solvent removable; visible liquid pen-
required when a change is made to the procedure or when etrant testing; water-washable; post-emulsified; black light;
material substitution is made. ultraviolet light; visible light
10.3 Nondestructive Testing Agency Qualification—If a
nondestructive testing agency as described in Practice E 543 is
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1.1 Choice of Cleaning Method may not remove resinous soils (plastic coatings, varnish, paint,
A1.1.1 The choice of a suitable cleaning method is based on etc.). Because of the short contact time, degreasing may not
such factors as: (1) type of contaminant to be removed since no completely clean out deep discontinuities and a subsequent
one method removes all contaminants equally well; (2) effect solvent soak is recommended.
of the cleaning method on the parts; (3) practicality of the A1.1.1.4 Alkaline Cleaning:
cleaning method for the part (for example, a large part cannot (a) Alkaline cleaners are nonflammable water solutions
be put into a small degreaser or ultrasonic cleaner); and (4) containing specially selected detergents for wetting, penetrat-
specific cleaning requirements of the purchaser. The following ing, emulsifying, and saponifying various types of soils. Hot
cleaning methods are recommended: alkaline solutions are also used for rust removal and descaling
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A1.1.1.1 Detergent Cleaning—Detergent cleaners are non- to remove oxide scale which can mask surface discontinuities.
flammable water-soluble compounds containing specially se- Alkaline cleaner compounds must be used in accordance with
lected surfactants for wetting, penetrating, emulsifying, and the manufacturers’ recommendations. Parts cleaned by the
saponifying various types of soils, such as grease and oily alkaline cleaning process must be rinsed completely free of
films, cutting and machining fluids, and unpigmented drawing cleaner and thoroughly dried prior to the penetrant testing
compounds, etc. Detergent cleaners may be alkaline, neutral, or process (part temperature at the time of penetrant application
acidic in nature, but must be noncorrosive to the item being shall not exceed 125°F (52°C).
inspected. The cleaning properties of detergent solutions facili- (b) Steam cleaning is a modification of the hot-tank
tate complete removal of soils and contamination from the alkaline cleaning method, which can be used for preparation of
surface and void areas, thus preparing them to absorb the large, unwieldy parts. It will remove inorganic soils and many
penetrant. Cleaning time should be as recommended by the organic soils from the surface of parts, but may not reach to the
manufacturer of the cleaning compound. bottom of deep discontinuities, and a subsequent solvent soak
A1.1.1.2 Solvent Cleaning—There are a variety of solvent is recommended.
cleaners that can be effectively utilized to dissolve such soils as A1.1.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaning—This method adds ultra-
grease and oily films, waxes and sealants, paints, and in sonic agitation to solvent or detergent cleaning to improve
general, organic matter. These solvents should be residue-free, cleaning efficiency and decrease cleaning time. It should be
especially when used as a hand-wipe solvent or as a dip-tank used with water and detergent if the soil to be removed is
degreasing solvent. Solvent cleaners are not recommended for inorganic (rust, dirt, salts, corrosion products, etc.), and with
the removal of rust and scale, welding flux and spatter, and in organic solvent if the soil to be removed is organic (grease and
general, inorganic soils. Some cleaning solvents are flammable oily films, etc.). After ultrasonic cleaning, parts must be rinsed
and can be toxic. Observe all manufacturers’ instructions and completely free of cleaner, thoroughly dried, and cooled to at
precautionary notes. least 125°F (52°C), before application of penetrant.
A1.1.1.3 Vapor Degreasing—Vapor degreasing is a pre- A1.1.1.6 Paint Removal—Paint films can be effectively
ferred method of removing oil or grease-type soils from the removed by bond release solvent paint remover or
surface of parts and from open discontinuities. It will not disintegrating-type hot-tank alkaline paint strippers. In most
remove inorganic-type soils (dirt, corrosion, salts, etc.), and cases, the paint film must be completely removed to expose the
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E 165 – 09
surface of the metal. Solvent-type paint removers can be of the NOTE A1.1—Etched parts and materials should be rinsed completely
high-viscosity thickened type for spray or brush application or free of etchants, the surface neutralized and thoroughly dried by heat prior
can be of low viscosity two-layer type for dip-tank application. to application of penetrants. Acids and chromates can adversely affect the
fluorescence of fluorescent materials.
Both types of solvent paint removers are generally used at
ambient temperatures, as received. Hot-tank alkaline strippers NOTE A1.2—Whenever there is a possibility of hydrogen embrittlement
as a result of acid solution/etching, the part should be baked at a suitable
should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc-
temperature for an appropriate time to remove the hydrogen before further
tions. After paint removal, the parts must be thoroughly rinsed processing. After baking, the part shall be cooled to a temperature below
to remove all contamination from the void openings, thor- 125°F (52°C) before applying penetrants.
oughly dried, and cooled to at least 125°F (52°C) before
application of penetrant. A1.1.1.9 Air Firing of Ceramics—Heating of a ceramic part
A1.1.1.7 Mechanical Cleaning and Surface Conditioning— in a clean, oxidizing atmosphere is an effective way of
Metal-removing processes such as filing, buffing, scraping, removing moisture or light organic soil or both. The maximum
mechanical milling, drilling, reaming, grinding, liquid honing, temperature that will not cause degradation of the properties of
sanding, lathe cutting, tumble or vibratory deburring, and the ceramic should be used.
abrasive blasting, including abrasives such as glass beads,
sand, aluminum oxide, ligno-cellulose pellets, metallic shot, A1.2 Post Cleaning
etc., are often used to remove such soils as carbon, rust and
A1.2.1 Removal of Developer—Dry powder developer can
scale, and foundry adhering sands, as well as to deburr or
be effectively removed with an air blow-off (free of oil) or it
produce a desired cosmetic effect on the part. These processes
can be removed with water rinsing. Wet developer coatings can
may decrease the effectiveness of the penetrant testing by
smearing or peening over metal surfaces and filling disconti- be removed effectively by water rinsing or water rinsing with
nuities open to the surface, especially for soft metals such as detergent either by hand or with a mechanical assist (scrub
aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and beryllium alloy. brushing, machine washing, etc.). The soluble developer coat-
A1.1.1.8 Acid Etching—Inhibited acid solutions (pickling ings simply dissolve off of the part with a water rinse.
solutions) are routinely used for descaling part surfaces. A1.2.2 Residual penetrant may be removed through solvent
Descaling is necessary to remove oxide scale, which can mask action. Solvent soaking (15 min minimum), and ultrasonic
surface discontinuities and prevent penetrant from entering. solvent cleaning (3 min minimum) techniques are recom-
Acid solutions/etchants are also used routinely to remove mended. In some cases, it is desirable to vapor degrease, then
smeared metal that peens over surface discontinuities. Such follow with a solvent soak. The actual time required in the
etchants should be used in accordance with the manufacturers’ vapor degreaser and solvent soak will depend on the nature of
recommendations. the part and should be determined experimentally.
A2.1 Scope and Application A2.2.1.1 Safety—Strict adherence to all of the provisions
prescribed hereinafter ensures against explosive rupture of the
A2.1.1 These methods cover the determination of chlorine
bomb, or a blow-out, provided the bomb is of proper design
in combustible liquid penetrant materials, liquid or solid. Its
and construction and in good mechanical condition. It is
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
range of applicability is 0.001 to 5 % using either of the
desirable, however, that the bomb be enclosed in a shield of
//^:^^#^~^^"~@"~"~$$~~@""#:$@"##^^^"#"~~":@#^:^^^^^#$\\
alternative titrimetric procedures. The procedures assume that steel plate at least 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) thick, or equivalent
bromine or iodine will not be present. If these elements are protection be provided against unforeseeable contingencies.
present, they will be detected and reported as chlorine. The full
amount of these elements will not be reported. Chromate A2.3 Apparatus
interferes with the procedures, causing low or nonexistent end
points. The method is applicable only to materials that are A2.3.1 Bomb, having a capacity of not less than 300 mL, so
totally combustible. constructed that it will not leak during the test, and that
quantitative recovery of the liquids from the bomb may be
readily achieved. The inner surface of the bomb may be made
A2.2 Summary of Methods
of stainless steel or any other material that will not be affected
A2.2.1 The sample is oxidized by combustion in a bomb by the combustion process or products. Materials used in the
containing oxygen under pressure (see A2.2.1.1). The chlorine bomb assembly, such as the head gasket and leadwire insula-
compounds thus liberated are absorbed in a sodium carbonate tion, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action, and shall not
solution and the amount of chloride present is determined undergo any reaction that will affect the chlorine content of the
titrimetrically either against silver nitrate with the end point liquid in the bomb.
detected potentiometrically (Method A) or coulometrically A2.3.2 Sample Cup, platinum, 24 mm in outside diameter at
with the end point detected by current flow increase (Method the bottom, 27 mm in outside diameter at the top, 12 mm in
B). height outside and weighing 10 to 11 g, opaque fused silica,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
relatively insoluble, but may be satisfactorily burned when covered with
conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical a layer of white oil.
Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such NOTE A2.5—The practice of running alternately samples high and low
specifications are available.9 Other grades may be used pro- in chlorine content should be avoided whenever possible. It is difficult to
vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently rinse the last traces of chlorine from the walls of the bomb and the
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of tendency for residual chlorine to carry over from sample to sample has
the determination. been observed in a number of laboratories. When a sample high in
chlorine has preceded one low in chlorine content, the test on the
A2.4.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall low-chlorine sample should be repeated and one or both of the low values
be understood to mean referee grade reagent water conforming thus obtained should be considered suspect if they do not agree within the
to Specification D 1193. limits of repeatability of this method.
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E 165 – 09
A2.6 Analysis, Method A, Potentiometric Titration making the end point very difficult to detect. For chlorine contents over
Procedure 1 % in samples of 0.8 g or larger, 0.282 N AgNO3 solution will be required
to avoid exceeding the 10-mL water dilution limit.
A2.6.1 Apparatus:
A2.6.1.1 Silver Billet Electrode. A2.6.5 Blank—Make blank determinations with the amount
A2.6.1.2 Glass Electrode, pH measurement type. of white oil used but omitting the sample. (Liquid samples
A2.6.1.3 Buret, 25-mL capacity, 0.05-mL graduations. normally require only 0.15 to 0.25 g of white oil while solids
A2.6.1.4 Millivolt Meter, or expanded scale pH meter ca- require 0.7 to 0.8 g.) Follow normal procedure, making two or
pable of measuring 0 to 220 mV. three test runs to be sure the results are within the limits of
repeatability for the test. Repeat this blank procedure whenever
NOTE A2.7—An automatic titrator is highly recommended in place of new batches of reagents or white oil are used. The purpose of
items A2.6.1.3 and A2.6.1.4. Repeatability and sensitivity of the method the blank run is to measure the chlorine in the white oil, the
are much enhanced by the automatic equipment while much tedious effort
reagents, and that introduced by contamination.
is avoided.
A2.6.6 Standardization—Silver nitrate solutions are not
A2.6.2 Reagents and Materials: permanently stable, so the true activity should be checked
A2.6.2.1 Acetone, chlorine-free. when the solution is first made up and then periodically during
A2.6.2.2 Methanol, chlorine-free. the life of the solution. This is done by titration of a known
A2.6.2.3 Silver Nitrate Solution (0.0282 N)—Dissolve NaCl solution as follows: Prepare a mixture of the amounts of
4.7910 6 0.0005 g of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in water and the chemicals (Na2CO3 solution, H2SO4 solution, acetone, and
dilute to 1 L. methanol) specified for the test. Pipet in 5.0 mL of 0.0282-N
A2.6.2.4 Sodium Chloride Solution (0.0282 N)—Dry a few NaCl solution and titrate to the end point. Prepare and titrate a
grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) for 2 h at 130 to 150°C, similar mixture of all the chemicals except the NaCl solution,
weigh out 1.6480 6 0.0005 g of the dried NaCl, dissolve in thus obtaining a reagent blank reading. Calculate the normality
water, and dilute to 1 L. of the AgNO3 solution as follows:
A2.6.2.5 Sulfuric Acid (1 + 2)—Mix 1 volume of concen- 5.0 3 NNaCl
trated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp. gr 1.84) with 2 volumes of NAgNO3 5 V 2 V (A2.1)
A B
water.
A2.6.3 Collection of Chlorine Solution—Remove the where:
sample cup with clean forceps and place in a 400-mL beaker. NAgNO3 = normality of the AgNO3 solution,
Wash down the walls of the bomb shell with a fine stream of NNaCl = normality of the NaCl solution,
methanol from a wash bottle, and pour the washings into the VA = millilitres of AgNO3 solution used for the
beaker. Rinse any residue into the beaker. Next, rinse the bomb titration including the NaCl solution, and
cover and terminals into the beaker. Finally, rinse both inside VB = millilitres of AgNO3 solution used for the
and outside of the sample crucible into the beaker. Washings titration of the reagents only.
should equal but not exceed 100 mL. Add methanol to make A2.6.7 Calculation—Calculate the chlorine content of the
100 mL. sample as follows:
A2.6.4 Determination of Chlorine—Add 5 mL of H2SO4 ~VS 2 VB! 3 N 3 3.545
Chlorine, weight % 5 W (A2.2)
(1:2) to acidify the solution (solution should be acid to litmus
and clear of white Na2CO3 precipitate). Add 100 mL of
where:
acetone. Place the electrodes in the solution, start the stirrer (if VS = millilitres of AgNO3 solution used by the sample,
mechanical stirrer is to be used), and begin titration. If titration VB = millilitres of AgNO3 solution used by the blank,
is manual, set the pH meter on the expanded millivolt scale and N = normality of the AgNO3 solution, and
note the reading. Add exactly 0.1 mL of AgNO3 solution from W = grams of sample used.
the buret. Allow a few seconds stirring; then record the new A2.6.8 Precision and Accuracy:
millivolt reading. Subtract the second reading from the first. A2.6.8.1 The following criteria should be used for judging
Continue the titration, noting each amount of AgNO3 solution the acceptability of results:
and the amount of difference between the present reading and A2.6.8.1.1 Repeatability—Results by the same analyst
the last reading. Continue adding 0.1-mL increments, making
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A3.1 Scope and Application A3.4.5 Nylon Sewing Thread, or Cotton Wicking, white.
A3.1.1 This method covers the determination of fluorine in A3.4.6 Funnel, polypropylene (Note A3.2).
combustible liquid penetrant materials, liquid or solid, that do A3.4.7 Volumetric Flask, polypropylene, 100-mL (Note
not contain appreciable amounts of interfering elements, or A3.2).
have any insoluble residue after combustion. Its range of A3.4.8 Beaker, polypropylene, 150-mL (Note A3.2).
applicability is 1 to 200 000 ppm. A3.4.9 Pipet, 100-µL, Eppendorf-type (Note A3.2).
A3.1.2 The measure of the fluorine content employs the A3.4.10 Magnetic Stirrer and TFE-coated magnetic stirring
fluoride selective ion electrode. bar.
A3.4.11 Fluoride Specific Ion Electrode and suitable refer-
A3.2 Summary of Method ence electrode.
A3.2.1 The sample is oxidized by combustion in a bomb A3.4.12 Millivolt Meter capable of measuring to 0.1 mV.
containing oxygen under pressure (see A3.2.1.1). The fluorine NOTE A3.2—Glassware should never be used to handle a fluoride
compounds thus liberated are absorbed in a sodium citrate solution as it will remove fluoride ions from solution or on subsequent use
solution and the amount of fluorine present is determined carry fluoride ion from a concentrated solution to one more dilute.
potentiometrically through the use of a fluoride selective ion
electrode. A3.5 Reagents
A3.2.1.1 Safety—Strict adherence to all of the provisions A3.5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall
prescribed hereinafter ensures against explosive rupture of the be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended
bomb, or a blow-out, provided the bomb is of proper design that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the
and construction and in good mechanical condition. It is Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical
desirable, however, that the bomb be enclosed in a shield of Society, where such specifications are available.9 Other grades
steel plate at least 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) thick, or equivalent may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is
protection be provided against unforeseeable contingencies. of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening
the accuracy of the determination.
A3.3 Interferences
A3.5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, all
A3.3.1 Silicon, calcium, aluminum, magnesium, and other references to water shall be understood to mean Type I reagent
metals forming precipitates with fluoride ion will interfere if water conforming to Specification D 1193.
they are present in sufficient concentration to exceed the A3.5.3 Fluoride Solution, Stock (2000 ppm)—Dissolve
solubility of their respective fluorides. Insoluble residue after 4.4200 6 0.0005 g of predried (at 130 to 150°C for 1 h, then
combustion will entrain fluorine even if otherwise soluble. cooled in a desiccator) sodium fluoride in distilled water and
A3.4 Apparatus dilute to 1 L.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
400 to 450 30 32
detected, whichever is greater.
450 to 500 27 29 A3.9.3 Bias—The average recovery of the method is 62 to
A
The minimum pressures are specified to provide sufficient oxygen for com- 64 % of the amount actually present although 83 to 85 %
plete combustion and the maximum pressures present a safety requirement. recoveries can be expected with proper technique.
A4.1 Scope and Application ment of common anions such as bromide, chloride, fluoride,
A4.1.1 This method is condensed from ASTM procedures nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate.
and APHA Method 429 and optimized for the analysis of
detrimental substances in organic based materials. It provides a
single instrumental technique for rapid, sequential measure-
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//^:^^#^~^^"~@"~"~$$~~@""#:$@"##^^^"#"~~":@#^:^^^^^#$\\
solution before analysis can be attempted. The sample is height, and 5-mL capacity.
oxidized by combustion in a bomb containing oxygen under NOTE A4.1—Fused silica crucibles are much more economical and
pressure. The products liberated are absorbed in the eluant longer lasting than platinum. After each use, they should be scrubbed out
present in the bomb at the time of ignition. This solution is with fine, wet emery cloth, heated to dull red heat over a burner, soaked
washed from the bomb, filtered, and diluted to a known in hot water for 1 h then dried and stored in a desiccator before reuse.
volume. A4.3.3 Firing Wire, platinum, approximately No. 26 B and
A4.2.1.1 A filtered aliquot of sample is injected into a S gage.
stream of carbonate-bicarbonate eluant and passed through a A4.3.4 Ignition Circuit (Note A4.2), capable of supplying
series of ion exchangers. The anions of interest are separated sufficient current to ignite the nylon thread or cotton wicking
on the basis of their relative affinities for a low capacity, without melting the wire.
strongly basic anion exchanger (guard and separator column). NOTE A4.2—The switch in the ignition circuit should be of a type that
The separated anions are directed onto a strongly acidic cation remains open, except when held in closed position by the operator.
exchanger (suppressor column) where they are converted to
their highly conductive acid form and the carbonate- A4.3.5 Nylon Sewing Thread, or Cotton Wicking, white.
bicarbonate eluant is converted to weakly conductive carbonic A4.3.6 Ion Chromatograph, including an injection valve, a
acid. The separated anions in their acid form are measured by sample loop, guard, separator, and suppressor columns, a
conductivity. They are identified on the basis of retention time temperature-compensated small-volume conductivity cell (6
as compared to standards. Quantitation is by measurement of µL or less), and a strip chart recorder capable of full-scale
peak area or peak height. Blanks are prepared and analyzed in response of 2 s or less. An electronic peak integrator is
a similar fashion. optional. The ion chromatograph shall be capable of delivering
2 to 5 mL eluant/min at a pressure of 1400 to 6900 kPa.
A4.2.2 Interferences—Any substance that has a retention
A4.3.7 Anion Separator Column, with styrene
time coinciding with that of any anion to be determined will
divinylbenzene-based low-capacity pellicular anion-exchange
interfere. For example, relatively high concentrations of low-
resin capable of resolving Br−, Cl−, F−, NO3−, NO2−, PO43−,
molecular-weight organic acids interfere with the determina-
and SO42−; 4 3 250 mm.
tion of chloride and fluoride. A high concentration of any one
A4.3.8 Guard Column, identical to separator column except
ion also interferes with the resolution of others. Sample
4 3 50 mm, to protect separator column from fouling by
dilution overcomes many interferences. To resolve uncertain-
particulates or organics.
ties of identification or quantitation use the method of known
A4.3.9 Suppressor Column, high-capacity cation-exchange
additions. Spurious peaks may result from contaminants in
resin capable of converting eluant and separated anions to their
reagent water, glassware, or sample processing apparatus.
acid forms.
Because small sample volumes are used, scrupulously avoid
A4.3.10 Syringe, minimum capacity of 2 mL and equipped
contamination.
with a male pressure fitting.
A4.2.3 Minimum Detectable Concentration—The mini-
mum detectable concentration of an anion is a function of A4.4 Reagents
sample size and conductivity scale used. Generally, minimum A4.4.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall
detectable concentrations are in the range of 0.05 mg/L for F− be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended
and 0.1 mg/L for Br−, Cl−, NO3−, NO2−, PO43−, and SO42− with that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the
a 100-µL sample loop and a 10-µmho full-scale setting on the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical
conductivity detector. Similar values may be achieved by using Society, where such specifications are available.9 Other grades
a higher scale setting and an electronic integrator. may be used provided it is first ascertained that the reagent has
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
A4.3 Apparatus accuracy of the determination.
A4.3.1 Bomb, having a capacity of not less than 300 mL, so A4.4.2 Deionized or Distilled Water, free from interferences
constructed that it will not leak during the test, and that at the minimum detection limit of each constituent and filtered
quantitative recovery of the liquids from the bomb may be through a 0.2-µm membrane filter to avoid plugging columns.
readily achieved. The inner surface of the bomb may be made A4.4.3 Eluant Solution, sodium bicarbonate-sodium car-
of stainless steel or any other material that will not be affected bonate, 0.003M NaHCO3− 0.0024M Na2CO3: dissolve 1.008 g
by the combustion process or products. Materials used in the NaHCO3 and 1.0176 g Na2CO3 in water and dilute to 4 L.
bomb assembly, such as the head gasket and leadwire insula- A4.4.4 Regenerant Solution 1, H2SO4, 1 N, use this regen-
tion, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action, and shall not erant when suppressor is not a continuously regenerated one.
undergo any reaction that will affect the chlorine content of the A4.4.5 Regenerant Solution 2, H2SO4, 0.025 N, dilute 2.8
liquid in the bomb. mL conc H2SO4 to 4 L or 100 mL regenerant solution 1 to 4 L.
A4.3.2 Sample Cup, platinum, 24 mm in outside diameter at Use this regenerant with continuous regeneration fiber suppres-
the bottom, 27 mm in outside diameter at the top, 12 mm in sor system.
height outside, and weighing 10 to 11 g; opaque fused silica, A4.4.6 Standard Anion Solutions, 1000 mg/L, prepare a
wide-form with an outside diameter of 29 mm at the top, a series of standard anion solutions by weighing the indicated
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
section (about 20 mm) and attach the free ends to the terminals. eration flow rate to maintain stability, usually 2.5 to 3 mL/min.
Arrange the coil so that it will be above and to one side of the A4.6.1.1 Set up the ion chromatograph in accordance with
sample cup. Place 5 mL of Na2CO3/NaHCO3 solution in the the manufacturer’s instructions.
bomb, place the cover on the bomb, and vigorously shake for A4.6.2 Calibration—Inject standards containing a single
15 s to distribute the solution over the inside of the bomb. Open anion or a mixture and determine approximate retention times.
the bomb, place the sample-filled sample cup in the terminal Observed times vary with conditions but if standard eluant and
holder, and insert a short length of thread between the firing anion separator column are used, retention always is in the
wire and the sample. The sample weight used should not order F−, Cl−, NO2−, PO43−, Br−, NO3−, and SO42−. Inject at
exceed 1 g. If the sample is a solid, add a few drops of white least three different concentrations for each anion to be
oil at this time to ensure ignition of the sample. measured and construct a calibration curve by plotting peak
NOTE A4.3—Use of sample weights containing over 20 mg of chlorine
height or area against concentration on linear graph paper.
may cause corrosion of the bomb. To avoid this it is recommended that for Recalibrate whenever the detector setting is changed. With a
samples containing over 2 % chlorine, the sample weight be based on the system requiring suppressor regeneration, NO2− interaction
following: with the suppressor may lead to erroneous NO2− results; make
Chlorine Sample White Oil this determination only when the suppressor is at the same
content, % weight, g weight, g stage of exhaustion as during standardization or recalibrate
2 to 5 0.4 0.4
5 to 10 0.2 0.6
10 to 20 0.1 0.7 TABLE A4.1 Gage Pressures
20 to 50 0.05 0.7 Gage Pressures, atm
Capacity of Bomb, mL
CAUTION: Do not use more than 1 g total of sample and white oil or other mmA max
fluorine-free combustible material. 300 to 350 38 40
350 to 400 35 37
A4.5.2 Addition of Oxygen—Place the sample cup in posi- 400 to 450 30 32
tion and arrange the nylon thread, or wisp of cotton so that the 450 to 500 27 29
end dips into the sample. Assemble the bomb and tighten the A
The minimum pressures are specified to provide sufficient oxygen for com-
cover securely. Admit oxygen (see Note A4.4) slowly (to avoid plete combustion and the maximum pressures present a safety requirement.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where:
FIG. A4.1 Typical Anion Profile C = mg anion/L,
H = peak height or area,
F = response factor − concentration of standard/height (or
frequently. In this type of system the water dip (see NoteNote
area) of standard, and
A4.4) may shift slightly during suppressor exhaustion and with D = dilution factor for those samples requiring dilution.
a fast run column this may lead to slight interference for F− or
Cl−. To eliminate this interference, analyze standards that A4.8 Precision and Bias
bracket the expected result or eliminate the water dip by A4.8.1 Samples of reagent water to which were added the
diluting the sample with eluant or by adding concentrated common anions were analyzed in 15 laboratories with the
eluant to the sample to give the same HCO3−/CO32− concen- results shown in Table A4.2.
tration as in the eluant. If sample adjustments are made, adjust
standards and blanks identically. TABLE A4.2 Precision and Accuracy Observed for Anions at
NOTE A4.5—Water dip occurs because water conductivity in sample is Various Concentration Levels in Reagent Water
less than eluant conductivity (eluant is diluted by water). Overall
Single-
Significant
Amount Amount Operator
A4.6.2.1 If linearity is established for a given detector Anion Precision, Bias 95 %
Added, mg/L Found, mg/L Precision,
mg/L Level
setting, it is acceptable to calibrate with a single standard. mg/L
Record the peak height or area and retention time to permit F− 0.48 0.49 0.05 0.03 No
calculation of the calibration factor, F. F− 4.84 4.64 0.52 0.46 No
Cl 0.76 0.86 0.38 0.11 No
A4.6.3 Sample Analysis—Remove sample particulates, if Cl− 17 17.2 0.82 0.43 No
necessary, by filtering through a prewashed 0.2-µm-pore-diam Cl 455 471 46 13 No
membrane filter. Using a prewashed syringe of 1 to 10 mL NO2 0.45 0.09 0.09 0.04 Yes, neg
NO2 21.8 19.4 1.9 1.3 Yes, neg
capacity equipped with a male luer fitting inject sample or Br− 0.25 0.25 0.04 0.02 No
standard. Inject enough sample to flush sample loop several Br− 13.7 12.9 1.0 0.6 No
times: for 0.1 mL sample loop inject at least 1 mL. Switch ion PO43− 0.18 0.10 0.06 0.03 Yes, neg
PO43− 0.49 0.34 0.15 0.17 Yes, neg
chromatograph from load to inject mode and record peak NO3− 0.50 0.33 0.16 0.03 No
heights and retention times on strip chart recorder. After the NO3− 15.1 14.8 1.15 0.9 No
last peak (SO42−) has appeared and the conductivity signal has SO42− 0.51 0.52 0.07 0.03 No
SO42− 43.7 43.5 2.5 2.2 No
returned to base line, another sample can be injected.
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address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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