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Module 1

♦ Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION


♦ Unit 2 : PROJECTS AND COMPANY
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
♦ Unit 3 : MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATION
♦ Unit 4 : THE DESIGN PROCESS
Unit 1

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION
1. Understanding of the goals of that organization and the nature of
the business to be conducted.

2. Analyzed the manufacturing requirement:


- production facilities
- sales objectives
- type of customers
- line of products to be offered
- the goals in regard to employment
- payrolls
- employee standards of living

3. What functions are necessary in order to achieve these goals


4. To group/relate the various functions - a pyramid developing
5. Describe the various job that will later have to be filled
Point Need to be Emphasized

1. This an Ideal Approach

It is better to set-up a tailor made organization to fit the


particular needs of the company than to allow an
organization to grow and develop according to the chance
situation of who happens to be around at the time.

2. Its Great Need for Flexibility

Flexibility is one of the most important characteristics of


good organization. The objectives, policies and
procedures of the company should be constantly under
review and updated as conditions and experience dictate
Organization Charts

♦ Organization Chart is diagram describing the


basic arrangement of work positions within an
organization. It is also the result of an
organization design that shows the formal
relationships among functions and the people
responsible for those functions. These charts
convey useful information about an organization’s
basic structure. From an organization chart one
can typically determine:
1. The division of work
¾ Each box on a typical organization chart represents a position to which work
is assigned and individual or group staff assignments made
2. Type of work performed
¾ The position titles convey the nature of the work assigned to the position
holder
3. Supervisor-subordinate relationships
¾ The solid line between positions represent authority relationships linking
managers and subordinates, they show who reports to whom in the hierarchy
of authority.
4. Subunit groups or components
¾ A good organization chart shows how various positions are grouped together
under common managers to form subunits often called departments.
5. The level of management

A complete organization chart shows management levels in the


entire hierarchy of authority. Successive layers of superior-
subordinate relationships are clarified as if in a map.

6. Communication channels

The lines on an organization chart indicate the formal channels for


the transfer of information throughout the organization
ENGINEERS, TECHNOLOGISTS, AND TECHNICIANS
♦ Engineers

♦ Four-years college/universities study program

♦ Career in manufacturing, the increasing demand in technology and


productivity, engineers seeks advanced degrees to secure
challenging jobs in the manufacturing industry.
Also involved in management, administration, design involving
product, processes, or the plant. Need to upgrade or improve existing
configurations or invent and introduce a new configuration.
♦ Engineering Technologist

♦ Formal education like an engineer also receive a


broad base education that places emphasis on humanities

♦ Working closely with engineers and providing technical support in all aspects
of product manufacture. Their assignment is on doing and organizing which
involves process and equipment selection, improvement, operation,
maintenance, testing, quality control, customer service, facilities planning and
energy management. Also can also be found in supervisory and managerial
position.
They are also typically involved in application - they deal with plant systems
that have already been developed and designed by engineers
♦ Engineering Technician

♦ Generally a two-year college level program of study from technical institute or


at universities offering the course.

♦ Plays a vital role in the overall engineering effort within manufacturing. Use
the ideas or carry out technical plans initiated by engineers and engineering
technologist. Assignment in manufacturing plant can include testing,
calibration of equipment, instrumentation, assembly and dissassemb1y of’
experimental experimental equipment, date acquisition, and the use of
computerized system to generate engineering drawing, which at one time was
prepared by draftsmen.
The engineering technicians training, & education and experience in a
manufacturing company are never complete but continue through one’s
lifetime.
The example of an organization chart
Design of organization

♦ Introduction
Before turning to the design of manufacturing systems, it is desirable to
consider the problem of organization and its relation to manufacturing. No
human group activity is ever really successful unless it is organized. Proper
organization and planning attempts to accomplish the essential coordination.

♦ Definition:
♦ Organization is a collection of people in a division of labor working together to
achieve a common goal, or
♦ The relationships among people and groups that make up a company.
The four basic elements are the foundation for
organization:
1. Collection of People
The reason for organizations to exist at all is to combine the efforts of many
people to accomplish more than they are otherwise capable of doing. This is
called synergy, the creation of a whole that is greater than the sums of its
individual parts. Synergy occurs in organizations when people work together
in such a way that one another’s performance effectively is increased.

2. Division of Labor
The risk of the organization must be subdivided and allocated as specialized
work tasks to individuals and groups. Through specialization, people are able
to develop skills and expertise appropriate to their assigned tasks and thereby
gain in performance effectiveness.
3. Working Together
The separate and a specialized activities ‘of many people must be coordinated if synergy
is to be achieved. Unless people work together their accomp1ish will fail to benefit the
organization s overall performance objectives.

4. Common purpose
This is the super ordinate goal of the organization. It constitutes the point of unity around
which the division of labor is implemented and coordinated.

The Importance of Organizing


1. - Clarifies who is supposed to do what

2. - Clarifies who is in charge of whom

3. - Clarifies channels for communication

4. - Focuses resources on objectives.


Unit 2 :
PROJECTS AND
COMPANY
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURES
1. Hierarchical Structure

- Figure above shown a hierarchical function of management structure


In this form of organization the heads
of the various specialist functions report directly
to the chief executive who is responsible to the
board of coordinating of the work of the
specialist functions to meet the objectives of the
organization. The advantages of this structure
are:

1. Maintains tight control at the top


2. Logically represents the functions
3. Maintain the power and prestige of the function
4. Reduces any duplication of functional effort
5. Allows for concentration of functional skills
6. Simple reporting relationship
7. Achieve extremely high plant
2. The project structure

To appear, as the organization becomes


more projects centered, carrying out nothing
else but projects. The organization providing a
service or consultancy, it does exist with
advantage in companies in jobbing production
or those with a very limited product range and
short term job for example construction project,
oil rig maintenance and contractual project
The advantages of these project:

1. Responsibility and authority are clearly identified.

2. Project budgets can be clearly defined and controlled

3. Communication between project and top management

4. Strong team understanding and loyalties are develop

5. Costs of management are clearly identified


3. Steps to design an organization

Prior to the design organization itself, there must be


a through understanding of the goals of that organization
and nature of the business to be conducted.

The sales and product objectives, types of customer


to be served, the line of products to be offered, and the
goals in regard to employment, payrolls, and employee
standards of living may influence the organization design.

Once the goals have been formulated, the next step


is to determine what functions are necessary in order to
achieve these goals. For example, a control function
might be divided between production control, quality
control and inventory control. The problem of
organization designer is to determine which function for
these particular businesses are important enough to
warrant at least one person assigned to that function
The next step is to group the various functions that
have been specific. The principle of span of control tells
us that there is a limit to the number of subordinates who
should report to one person, so it is necessary for us to
plan for different levels in our organization. If certain
function relate to each other they might possible be
grouped together and report to one person who in turn
would report to higher level. After grouping all of the
previously specified functions, we can see pyramid
developing as is typical of most organization charts.

The last step is to design or describe the various


jobs that will later have to be filled. A job description for
each position should be prepared that outlines the
general duties and responsibilities of the incumbent, as
well as the background, education and experience
deemed desirable to the person placed on that job.
Unit 3
MANUFACTURING
ORGANIZATION
Introduction
A system where input and outputs may take one or more of the followings:

1. Raw material being converted from their initially discovered state


into a material which can be produced some item example an
organization turning iron ore into sheet metal steel.

2. Materials being converted into components or parts, example an


organization converting mild steel into car engine piston rods to
complete an assembling engine.

3. Parts and components converted into assembling goods. Example


all car components like window, door, dashboard, tire and engine
need to finish goods.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT


Major department in Manufacturing Engineering

1. Production Department

2. Quality Control Department

3. Finance Department

4. Marketing Department

5. Personnel Department
Objective of Manufacturing Department

Maximum of Profit

Minimum of Cost

Actual manufacture will be perform by


production department, however engineering plays a
considerable role in getting efficient manufacturing
process set up and operating properly.
Structure of Manufacturing Engineering
1. Business
All employees are group according to the business function they are
involved with.Example all those concerned with production being in the
production department.

2. Product
All employees concerned with the same product are grouped together.
Example the car division and lorry division in same company

3. Process
All employees are grouped so that the department provide a particular
type of of process. Example printing department need a sheet of paper to
print.

4. Customer
All customer are grouped according to the particular territory which the
customer are located.

5. Geography
An organization may need to provider a services in number of different
region.
What is company?
A company may perform by one person or group of
people may organize to make a product or perform a
services.The goal is to make a profit.Profit is the money
left after the company pays all the expenses.

Every manufacturing company is a input process


output system for making products. Every company needs
inputs. The input is money, machine, materials and labors.
They must brought together to the company in order to
work. The company process the materials and then make
a product. Output is what company produces and the
product are shipped out of the factory to consumers.
How does company operate
Management people holding a meeting to make a decision about the
company. A section of the office area is called the personnel department.
People are applying the job and interview are being held.

People from research and development department are experimenting


with new materials and products. Designers are making sketches and making
mock up of new design ideas. New products and better ways to make the
products come from research and development department. They design to
make efficiency and the company can make the profit.

Production department are ensure the manufacturing activities is in


progress, materials are processes and products are being assemble. Turning
materials into components for products and then assembling the products.

Finished products are stored in a section of the plant or in a nearby


building. This storage is called warehouse. All raw materials and finished
product will come to this area. Marketing and sales department were find out
what customer need and don’t like.
3. Inspection
This involved quality control, materials and components

4. Engineering
This involved quality control, materials and component inward
inspection and shop floor inspection

5. Work Study
This involved method study and work measurement. Method study
involves finding the best way of doing a task and work
measurement is concerned with finding how long a task should
take.

6. Maintenance
It was maintenance and replacing a plant.
Unit 4
THE DESIGN PROCESS
Written Statement Situation

Written Statement Design Brief


Investigation
1. Function & Ergonomics
2. Shape and form
3. Materials
Notes & 4. Economics
Graphic 5. Shaping & forming
6. Construction
7. Fitting
8. Strength
9. Surface Finish
10. Special Factors
11. Safety

Graphic Solution
Graphic Best Solution
Realization Module
Graphic Working Drawing
Make Design Realization
Notes & Graphic Appraisal
Introduction

Before starting to design process it is important to


state the problem clearly. The statement describes what
will be done. It must be simple and clear. Every steps of
the design process should bring the designer closer to
solving the problem.
The design processes
To design a new product the designer and the engineer follow the same basis
steps for every product. Some steps are used more than others for some products. The
steps are usually followed in this order:

1. Collecting ideas
2. Building prototype
3. Drawing Plans
♦ Main drawing
♦ Assembly drawing
♦ Detail drawing
♦ Schematic drawing
4. Making mockups
♦ Paste up mockup – can see the general size and shape of the product.
Cardboard and Styrofoam were use.
♦ Appearance mockup – looks like actual product but none of the parts work.
♦ Hard mockup – made of final material but parts that make the product
operate would not be included
5. Sketching ideas
♦ Thumbnail sketch – quick sketch that capture the ideas
♦ Rough sketch – detail of the ideas
Making design decision
The sketch and mockups represents the designer ideas of how to solve
problems. Ideas for solving the design problems are discussed. Management makes
suggestions and the designer makes any necessary changes.

Factors to be considered when deciding which is the best design?

1. Will it be sold?
♦ Market – Is there a market demand for the product? Will it be sell?

2. Can the company make it?


♦ Cost – Would it be too expensive to make the design? Could it be
changed to make the cost less?
♦ Producibility – Can the product be made with the machines and the
workers that the factory has?

3. Will it work?
♦ Appearance –Does the design look good? Will people like the way it
looks? Can the appearance be improved?
♦ Function – Will the product do what it is supposed to do?
♦ Safety – Is the design safe to use? Can it break easily?
♦ Maintenance – Can the people take care of the product easily?
Questions

1. Explain the role of the designer in the development of a new product.


2. What kind of sketch would a designer show the ideas to another designer
in order to get more ideas for a new products?
3. What kind of sketches would a designer show to the top management of
the company?
4. Suppose a person wants to know how a design will look as a finished
product, can the person get the better idea from a sketch or from a mock-
up. Why?
5. What are the main reason for making a prototype?

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