Provisions Types of Resources/ Citizenship requirement

Properties
Exploitation of natural
resources (Sec. 2, Art. 12,
1987 Consti)
All lands of public Natural person- Filipinos
domain, waters, minerals, Corporations/
coal, petroleum, and Associations- At least 60%
other mineral oils, all owned by Filipinos
forces of potential and
other natural resources Other limitations-

1. Contract cannot exceed

25 years, renewable for not
more than 25 years

Public Utilities (Art. 12,
Sec. 11)
Mass Media (Art. 16, Sec.
11)
2. Foreign owned
corporations- Government
can enter into agreements
w/ foreign owned
corporations for large-
scale exploration.
Development, and
utilization of minerals,
petroleum, and other
mineral oils
Trains, Buses, Jeepneys, Natural persons- Filipinos
Tricycles, Taxis, etc. Corporation/Associations-
60% owned by Filipinos
(Note: What is prohibited
to the foreigners is the
operation of the public
utility, not the ownership of
its equipment or facilities)
The gathering, Wholly-owned and
transmission of news, managed by Filipino
information, messages, Citizens (Ownership and
signals, and forms of Management)
written, oral and all
visual communication
and shall embrace the
print medium, radio,
television, films, movies,
advertising in all phases,
and their business
managerial (P.D. 36, as
amended by P.D. 191 and
197)
Advertising Industry
(Sec. 11, Art. 16)
Ownership of alienable
agricultural lands (Sec. 3,
Art. 16)
Retail Business
Practice of all professions
(Sec. 14, Art. 12)
Natural Persons- Filipinos
Corporations/
Associations- 70%
Only applicable to
Filipinos- However, cannot
lease more than 500
hectares, or acquire not
more than 12 hectares
thereof by purchase,
homestead, or grant
Foreigners cannot own
alienable agricultural lands
except through hereditary
succession and natural-
born citizens who lost his
Philippine Citizenship may
be a transferee of private
lands (Sec. 7, Art. 12)
Corporations/Associations
- Only by lease for not
exceeding 25 years,
renewable for not more
than 25 years, and cannot
exceed 1,000 hectares
For both Filipinos and
foreigners
Limitation on foreigners-
(a) with paid-up capital of
USD 2,500,000.00 or more
provided that investments
for establishing a store is
not less than USD
830,000.00; or (b)
specializing in high end or
luxury products, provided
that the paid-up capital per
store is not less than USD
250,000.00 (Sec. 5 of R.A.
9762).
Limited to Filipino Citizens,
except as may be provided
by law
Educational Institutions Owned solely by Filipino
(Sec. 4, Art. 14) citizens (Except those
established by religious
groups and mission
boards)
Corporations/Associations
- 60% Filipino owned

Other limitations:
1. No educational
Institution shall be
established exclusively for
aliens and no group of
aliens shall comprise more
than 1/3 of the enrollment
in any school (Except:
foreign diplomatic
personnel and their
dependents and, unless
otherwise provided by law,
for other foreign
temporary residents