NOTES

Bisphosphonates are a group of drugs mainly used for the treatment of osteoporosis (taken orally) but may also used in the
treatment of cancer (given intravenously and in higher doses). These drugs affect the metabolism (turn-over) of bone. Examples
of bisphosphonates include: alendronic acid, risidronate, zoledronic acid (Zometa).

Extractions Not contra-indicated as ONJ risk is low. Root canal treatment preferable.
Atramatic extractions and careful follow-up of exposed bone are
recommended Avoid extractions if possible as increased risk of ONJ. Root treatment
preferable. For periodontally affected teeth, only extract if excessive bone loss

Difficulty pronouncing "f" and "v" sounds is most likely associated with skeletal class III malocclusion

chi square is used mainly for comparism between multiple varieties, and t test is for difference between 2 varieties

x rays...get used to a lot of x rays......especially condensing osteitis, osteosclerosis..focal, focal cemento osseous dysplasia,
ossifying fibroma, odontoma
DUML rule

So when doing selective grinding for this region have to do opposite of DUML?

If p-value<0.05 reject null

If p-value>0.05 fail to reject null

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/2010-released-qs-and-ans-2360369

On working side, the contact is between lingual inclines of facial cusps on maxillary teeth and buccal inclines of facial cusps of
mandibular teeth.

When you are moving towards working side it means the cusp slope of maxillary buccal cusp is higher, that's why there is no
contact on balancing side. So reduce the facial cusp of maxillary working side in order to provide balancing side contact.
https://www.facebook.com/DrBillDorfman

(D1/D2)2 = T1/T2 radiology problems equations

Surface hardness strength and prop limit of the metal are inc with strain hardening (burnishing) where as ductility and resistance
to corrosion decreses. Elastic mod (stiffness)unchanged.

Adrenaline release and excess insulin during hypoglycemia stimulate the uptake of potassium from the bloodstream, causing low
plasma potassium (hypokalemia)

Granules maigration and excessive augmentation are common problems with hydroxyapatite materials

toothbrush and dental floss can peretrate into sulcus. for toothbrush its 1mm and floss is 2mm

complete denture balanced occlusion lingual cusp of maxillary post teeth on non working side contact the lingual inclines of
facial cusp.

Dental amalgum be trimmed by carving along the margin with a sharp instuent that rest on tooth surface.

http://quizlet.com/20093063/amalgam-class-i-amalgam-preps-cavity-form-flash-cards/

class 1 amalgum, mesial and distal wall divergent to prevent the undermining of marginal ridges.

Majority of individual as they mature profile become less convex.

In adapting pontic to residual ridge the dentist must maintain a proper biological and hygienic envoirmnt. There fore pontic must
not be concave in 2 directions.

Early effect of traumatic occlusion hemorrhage and thrombosis of blood vessels in PL

How to differentiate between Cementoma and Condensing osteitis (CO)? Cementoma will be attached with the root surface
where as CO will be not

Condensing osteitis is a reaction to periapical infection resulting in the formation of dense bone. The infection usually originates
from caries (sometimes from periodontal disease).

Hand piece stones can be used to primarily to sharpens spoon shaped excavator..

Cusp to be restored by amalgam should be reduced by 2mm while forming flattend surface.

Hairy toungs hypertrophy of filliform papilla

In class 5 amalgum prep for an incipient lesion the internal form of the prep has axial wall is uniformly deep in to the dentine

Amalgam core mean in canal depth in each roort canal shold be 3mm.

Primary occlusal trauma occurs when greater than normal occlusal forces are placed on teeth, as in the case of parafunctional
habits, such as bruxism or various chewing or biting habits, including but not limited to those involving fingernails and pencils or
pens.

Secondary occlusal trauma occurs when normal occlusal forces are placed on teeth with compromised periodontal attachment,
thus contributing harm to an already damaged system.

NO CONTRAINDICATIONS: This includes patients with pneumothorax, pulmonary blebs, air embolism, bowel obstruction,
and those undergoing surgery of the middle ear.

Anti cholinergic drugs are contraindicated in glaucoma

A tray for a polysulfide impression dat lacks occlusal stops may result an inaccurate impression bcz of permanent distortion
during polymerixation.

The reactive lesion of gingival tissue dat revals bone formation peripheral ossifying fibroma.

The correct total flow of NO is determined by the amount necessary to keep the reservior bag 1/3 to 2/3 full.

To prevent the exposure of a dehiscence or fenestration on prominenet root bst choice is partial or split thickness flap

Ptergomandibular raphe in btw superior constrictor and bucinator

For cutting into dentin, metal crowns, amalgam = Use tungsten carbide..

For extrocoronal prep = Use diamond

Don't use diamond on metal crown, generation of heat is there ..

Cutting efficiency of carbide is more in dentin as it is viscoelastic

Vertical root frac / facio lingual/ pain on biting

Crack tooth syndrome/mesio distal/pain on releasing bite..

Anterior open bite apertognathism

Grinspans syndrome....>DM+hypertention+lichen planus

Knife edge mandibular residual ridge maximal extension of denture to distribute the force over awide area

Kaposis sarcoma most common intraoral site palate

Tripod spot to record the orientation of cast to surveyor.

Distofacial impression of mandibular arch-----overextended-----soreness----bcz of master

Lymphangioma is most commonly related to cystic gygroma

Value is the most important characteristic in shade matching

ORANGE INCREASES CHROMA

YELLOW and PINK PURPLE are used for HUE

Parotid gland is mainly responsible for stimulated saliva ..

Where as if patient experiences drying of mouth through out the day that is because of Submandibular and Sublingual gland.

1. Most common impacted anterior tooth--- maxillary canine

2. Most common supernumerary tooth—mesiodens
3. Most common ectopically erupted tooth—maxillary permanent first molar
4. Most common malignancy of oral cavity—squamous cell carcinoma
5. Most common benign tumour of oral cavity—fibroma
6. Most common retained tooth – primary mandibular second molar
7. Most common recurring cyst— odontogenic keratocyst
8. Most common cyst in oral cavity— periapical cyst
9. Most common lichen planus- reticular lichen planus.
10. Most common dermatosis to affect oral cavity- lichen planus
11. Most common chemical burn in oral cavity –aspirin burn
12. Most common topical fluoride in adults – stannous fluoride
13. Most common topical fluoride in children—1.23 APF gel.
14. Most common burshing technique-scrub technique
15. Most common developments cyst-nasopalati ne cyst
16. Most common complication of GA (op)-nausea
17. Most common used drug for petitmal epilepsy-ethosu ximide
18. Most common used drug for grand mal-phenytoil
19. Most common drug used for temporal epilepsy- carbomezepine
20. Most common treatment for cyst – enucleation
21. Most common used clasp-simple circlet clasp
22. Most common used face bow in fpd- kinematic
23. Most common complication of RA involves TMJ-fibrous ankylosis
24. Most common salivary malignancy in children – mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
25. Most common salivary malignancy in palate area-ACC
26. Most common type of haemophilia--- haemophilia A
27. Most common type of gingivitis in children--- eruption gingivitis
28. Most common type of cerebral palsy is –athetoid/ spastic.
29. Most common nerve involved in C sinus thrombosis – abducent nerve
30. Most common type of impaction ---mesoangular
31. Most common benign epithelial tumour---- papilloma
32. Most common complication of surgical extraction of lower third
molar—loss of blood clot
33. Most common used instrument grasp—pen grasp
34. Most common susceptible tooth for caries—mandibul ar first molar
35. Most common contrast media - iodine in oil
 36. Most common cause of light radiographs — exhausted developer
37. Most common cause of failure of RCT— incomplete obturation
38. Most common isolated yeast strain from RCT— Candida
39. Most common bacteria found in root canals --- gram positive
40. Most common part of oral cavity affected by L planus –buccal mucosa.

2.

Increase or decreasing the distance will not have effect on exposure time

Xray are High frequency - short wavelength - high energy

Wits:
-2 to +2 = Normal

Less than -2 = Class 3

More than +2 = Class 2

ANB normal = 2-4

Less than 2 = Class III

More than 4 = Class II

2.2mg will give 1mg of fluoride.

If complex treatment is to be carried out, like extraction of multiple teeth in an uncooperative child. USE GA .

Multiple extractions in cooperative, use Inhalation.

Simple extractions

http://www.dentaltraumaguide.org/definitions.aspx

cleft lip at 10 weeks, cleft palate 6-12 months

no space maintainer before age 3..

M C A T contraindicated in pregnancy.

Metronidazola
Chloramphinacol
Aminoglycoside
Tetracyclien

Le Fort I osteotomy:
'advancement; or treatment of upper jaw 'malocclusion and cleft palate'. Used to treat maxillary 'retrognathia'
Le Fort II osteotomy
treatment of upper jaw 'fractures'
Le Fort III osteotomy
treatment of 'midface' problems and deficiencies .
Diazepam treats Lidocaine overdose
Flumanzil treats Diazepam overdose
Neostigmine treats cholinestrase inhibitors overdose
Nalaxone treats opoid overdose
Milk & Calcium for fluoride overdose

A 4 yr old child management empathy and respect

Management of moderately apprehensive child Replacing words like LA with sleepy juice is called as Euphenism.

The restraining of uncooperative 2 yr child should be done by Dentist, Assistant, Parent

The dentist separately for core-build up and the crown but the insurance company says that the core build up is part of
crown.what is this called. bundling know unbundling also

Radiographic projection from the base of the skull: Submentovertex projection

o The zygomatic arches stand out like the handles of a jug on this view

Note:gingival index: both ordinal and nominal

Galvanic shock Sensitivity - choose this if only question says opposing dissimilar metal

What is the function of Hex on implants? b.

Crown and Bridge" Gold Alloys (Non-ceramic)

∗ Type I (soft) - min. 83% Noble Metal
∗ Type II (medium) - min. 78% Noble Metal
∗ Type III (hard) - min. 78% Noble Metal
∗ Type IV (extra hard) - min. 75% Noble Metal
∗ Type I - small inlays; very slight stress
∗ Type II - inlays, thick 3/4 crowns, complete crowns
∗ Type III - thin 3/4 crowns, abutments, pontics,
complete crowns, short-span FPD's
∗ Type IV - RPD Frameworks, long span FPD's

hemisection mand molar Mandibular molars to treat Class II or III furcation invasions
o Root amputation max molar
The drug enforcement agency is concerned with what? potential for abuse

What branch off facial nerve gets damaged the most during TMJ surgey? Temporal

Metastasis to the oral cavity is most likely to end up where? floor of mouth
The patient retires and loses health benefits. treatment is done on the next day. the pt requests the dentist to enter the
previous day date and the dentist does Fraud

Patient has 2mm communication with the maxillary sinus. what is the treatment of choice.
o 2mm: don’t do anything and follow up
o 2-6 mm: place gel foam (surgicel), suture ,decongestant and antibiotic , inform patient
o more than 6 mm: buccal flap
Abuses that have to be reported to authorities
colleague practicing with chemical impairment
colleague advertising on electronic media
child abuse
domestic violence
elderly abuse

Rule of 6s
o F- > 0.6 ppm NO SUPP
o Pt < 6 mos NO SUPP
o Pt > 16 yrs NO SUPP
2.2 mg of NaF will provide 1 mg of Flouride *memorize*

Unbundling: "the separating of a dental procedure into component parts with each part having a charge so that the cumulative
charge of the components is greater than the total charge to patients who are not beneficiaries of a dental benefit plan for the
same procedure."
o Bundling: "the systematic combining of distinct dental procedures by third-party payers that results in a reduced benefit for the
patient/beneficiary."
o Upcoding or overcoding: "reporting a more complex and/or higher cost procedure than was actually performed."
o Downcoding: "a practice of third-party payers in which the benefit code has been changed to a less complex and/or lower cost
procedure than was reported except where delineated in contract agreements."
maxillary molar has the worst prognosis in furcation involvement

Pt says "your fees seem high" ... how do you respond? "my fees are comparable to geographic area"

Bone density changes : Subtraction Radiography

Hand-Schuller-Christian triad
o Diabetes insipidus
o Exophthalmos
o Bone lesions (Langerhans dis)
Oral signs of hand-schuler-christ. = bad breath, sore mouth, loose teeth
o lesion are sharply punched out radiolucency and teeth appear as FLOATING IN AIR

Amelobelastoma and myxoma---- Hony comb-soap bubble

Paget's: Billateral maxilla------Cotton wool

Osteosarcoma : Radiographic sunburst appearance

Fibrous displysia: Ground Glass Appearance
You are the 8th dentist, pt did not like none of the previous. Likes you and will bring all his family. Pt suffers from?
o paranoid--no trust
characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of
Others

Pt with hemoglobin A1C of 12%,Pt just visited the MD, what kind of TX we can do? Consult with MD prior tx
o In most labs, the normal range is 4-5.9 %.
o In poorly controlled diabetes, its 8.0% or above
o in well controlled patients it's less than 7.0%.
Free gingival graft receives it’s eptithelium from – adjacent tissue (blood supply from CT)
Perineural invasion is seen in – adenoid cystic carcinoma
Resorption is centripetal (towards the centre) in the maxilla, and centrifugal (away from the centre) in the mandible. Hence, the
size of the maxillary arch will decrease with resorption and the size of the mandibular arch will increase.
2013 ADA Guidelines: According to these guidelines, antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered for people with:

Artificial heart valves.

A history of an infection of the lining of the heart or heart valves known as infective endocarditis.
A heart transplant in which a problem develops with one of the valves inside the heart.
Heart conditions that are present from birth, such as:
Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease, including people with palliative shunts and conduit.
Defects repaired with a prosthetic material or device—whether placed by surgery or catheter intervention—during the first six
months after repair.
Cases in which a heart defect has been repaired, but a residual defect remains at the site or adjacent to the site of the prosthetic
patch or prosthetic device used for the repair.
Antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines also have been developed for people who have orthopedic implants such as artificial joints. In
2012, the ADA and American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons updated the recommendations and no longer recommend
antibiotics for everyone with artificial joints. As a result, your healthcare provider may rely more on your personal medical
history to determine when antibiotics are appropriate for people with orthopedic implants. For example, antibiotic prophylaxis
might be useful for patients who also have compromised immune systems (due to, for instance, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis,
cancer, chemotherapy, and chronic steroid use), which increases the risk of orthopedic implant infection.

In the maxillary molars, the most prevalent anatomical location of enamel pearls in the first and second molars was the furcation
between the distobuccal and palatal roots,
Us population sees a dentist each year is 60%.
Furcation type 1,2-------GTR
Furcation type 3--------reposition flap surgery
Cherubism soap buble appearance.
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/mercury/mercury_dental_amalgam.html
sagittal split osteotomy---------maxillary excess/retro
vertical ramus osteotomy mand set back
lefort 1----Apertognathia
office bleaching--------superoxol
walking bleaching--------sodium perborate.
Composite doesnot maintain the mesiodistal dimension of restoration.
Earliest bacteria found in plaque is streptococcus sangius.
unfilled resin
Lowest thermal conductivity and diffusblity
High coeffient of thermal expansion.
Initiator benzoyl peroxide
1 yClean teeth with soft toothbrush.1–2 yParent should perform brushing.2–6 yPea-sized amount of fluoride-containing
toothpaste 2 times per day; parent performs or supervises.>6 yBrush with fluoridated toothpaste 2 times per day.
Mallieablity-------plasticity, tensile strength and elongation
Ductility -------------compressive strength and plasticity but no T.S
Antidotes for different drug overdose...
1.Heparin- protamine sulfate
2.TCA overdose- Physostigmine
3. Warfarin- Vit K
4.Opioids - Naloxane/Naltrexone
5.Beta blocker- glucagon
6. Benzodiazepene- Flumazenil
7. Theophylline- beta blocker
8. organohosphate poisoning- atropine, pralidoxime
9.Acetaminophen- N acetylcysteine
10.aspirin- Potassium salt and sodium bicarbonate
digoxin- phenytoin
Enlarged pulp chamber in
Dentinogenesis imperfect type 3
 Dentinal dysplasias type 2
Regional odontodysplasia
Hypophhsphatasia
Most common site for petechie is palate.
Enlarged marrow spaces due to loss of tarbacules------sickle cell anemia
Flaring of max ant teeth---------------thalasamia major and minor
Erythroblastic fetalis----------can cause enamel hypoplasia
Chronic lymphocytic leukumea------lymp node, complicated by hemolytic anemia, survival rate z good
Ch mylog leukemias-------splenomegaly, Philadelphia chr, survival rate 4 years
Blast cells or aurrer bodies----------------acute myloid leukemia
Scleroderma radio findings
1.bilatrel resorption at the angel of mandible
2.condyle and coronoid resorption
3.widening of period ligament space.
Onion skin------garre`s osteomyelitis
Wander woude syndrome---cleft lip, palate, lower lips pits
Dental findings in osteopetrosis
1.delayed eruption
2.congenital absent teeth
3.unerupted malformed tooth
4..enamel hypoplasia
-Ground Glass appearance--> Fibrous dysplasia
2-Punched out radiolucencies-->Multiple Myeloma
3-Cotton Wool Appearance-->Paget's Dz
4-Tooth Floating in Air-->Eiosinophilic Granuloma
5-Snow Appearance--> Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor(CEOT)
6-Honey Comb Appearance--> Odontogentic Myxoma
7-Soap Bubble Appearance--> Aneurysmal Bone Cyst, Cherubism
8-Scooped out radiolucencies at mid root level--> Histiocytosis X
9-Scalloped radiolucencies around the roots of teeth--> Simple bone cyst aka traumatic bone cyst
10-Beaten Metal appearance on the skull-->Crouzon Syndrome
11-Enlarged marrow spaces--> Sickle cell Anemia
13-Widened PDL with dissolving bone--> Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
14-Moth-Eaten radiolucency--> external resorption.
15.honey comb appearance…… Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Blood test level shows vit D deffiency
Low level of vitamin D
Low calcium and phosphorus level
Alkaline phosphatase level can b high
Vit D deffiency higher carries rate…
Alkaline phosphatase inc in 1.pagets dis 2. Vit D deffiency 3.albright syndrome
And dec in hypophosphatasia
Cerebral palsy oral features 1.higher incidence of peri and carries 2.attrision of teeth 3. Difficulty in swallowing and
mastication.
Neck swelling are caused by
1.TB 2.Infectous mononeuclosis 3.hodgkins dis:
Granulomatous inflammation is typically associated with caseous necrosis except crohns disease which is non caseating type.
Edema of the glottis is the main complication of ludwigs angina.
Mc site melanoma gingiva and palate
Mc site BCC is Nose
Mc site for multiple myloma mandibular ramus area.
Most common melanoma superficial spreading.
Least common acral
Poorest prognosis melanoma nodular
Lentigo melanoma----hutchinsons freckle+elderly
Cancer of nasopharynx is least common site for SCC.
Tounge cancer is associated wid mortality.
Over all survival rate for radial growth phase in melanoma is 100% and in vertical 70%.
Scc poorest prognosis floor of mouth.
Cancer of bical mucosa mid way anterior posterior along the plane of occlusion.
Moth eaten apearance. 1.Osteomyelitis(radioluceny with focal opacity) 2. Ewings sarcoma(redulcency of medulla with erosion of
cortex with expansion) 3. Barkit lymphoma(mariginated destruction) 4.osteosarcoma 5.chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma are radioresistant
Osteosarcoma metastasis to brain and lungs
Osteopsarcoma prognosis better in mandible as compare to maxillaaa
Most common intraoral site for kaposis sarcoma is palate
Most common malignancy affecting skeletal bone is metastatic carcinoma
Diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in difficult cases can be verified by immunoperoxidase stain for cytokeratin,
No gum chewing in MPDS
Malkerson Rosenthal syndrome----fissured tounge+chelitis+facial paralysis
Ramys hunt syndrome----facial n paralysis+geniculate ganglioin+herp zoster
Bells palsy and trigeminal neuralgia are more common in Multiple scelorosis
Brachial cyst counter part lymphoepethelial cyst
Nasopalatine ductal cyst also known as incisive canal cyst
Median palatal cyst pposterior presentation of nasopalatine cyst
Soft tissur variant of nasopalatine cyst is palatine papilla.(infra bony counter part)
Albright syndrome
1.polyostotic f dysplasia 2.cafe lu spot 3.precocious puberty
Gardner syndrome complication adenocarcinoma
Mono ostotic fibrous dysplasia and craniofacial lesion have greatest potential for malignanat trons and radi inc the risk by 400
fold
Eruption cyst is soft tissue variant of dentigerous cyst.
Granuloma and cyst can be differentiated histologically only.
Gingival cyst of adult hood soft tissue counter part of the latrel perid cyst.
Salt and pepper type pattern-------------calcifying odontogenic cyst.
Glandular odontogenic cyst most common in mandible.
All the cyst arise from rest of dental lamina except dent cyst which arise from reduced enamel epi and radicular cyst which arise
from rest of malasez.
Radiographically Ameloblastoma appears similar to central gian cell granuloma.
Loss of diffrantiation in ameloblastic carcinoma.
Cementifying fibroma is similar to ossifying fibroma.
Ameloblastic fibroma and fibrodontoma mostly in chillldren and young children.
Eiesegangs rings------------calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor.
Multicystic ameloblastome-----------surgical excision or resection
Unicystic--------------------------enuclation
Semilunar radiolucency-------SQ odontogenic tumor
LKB1 mutation---------------peutz juger syndrome
Bismuth line marginal gingiva
Lead line—dark marks on gingiva
Drud induced hyperpigmentation---minocycline, cyclophosphamide, chloroquine, azidothymidine
Malonacytic macule-----gingiva
Congenital nevi most commom malignant transformation while acquired nevi more common than congenital
Focal melanosis in oral cavity no treatment
most common site for erythoplakia-------mucobucal fold
Resberry like appearance pyogenic granuloma
Peripheral giant cell granuloma most common location gingiva
How to diffrantiate bw hemangioma and hematoma by blanch test, hemangioma will blench on diascopy while hematoma do
not..
Warthins tumor almost exclusively paratoid tumor
Necrotizing silometaplasia-----------no treatment, healing usually occurs in 6-10weeks
Mumps acute phase salivary amylase inc
Stafne idiopathic cavity contain submandibular gland not sublingual
Maxillary sinus retention cyst and psudocyst require no treatment
Ranula mostly to sublingual less to submandibular
Salolithiaisis can occur in sjogran syndrome
Sarcoidsis commonly invoved organ lungs
Acini scell carcinoma(warthins tumor)------honey comb cytoplasm.
Most agrresive salivary gland tumor------Adenocarcinoma
`Mc salivary gland tumor mucoepedermoid carcinoma and 2nd MC is acini cell carcinoma
Swiss cheese pattern -----------adenoid cystic carcinoma(cribriform pattern)
Major salivr gland Mucoepedermoid carcinoma
Minor salivary gland—adenoid cystic carcinoma 2nd low grade adenocarcinoma
Most of the tumor that occurs in parotid are benign.
Sjogren syndrome….low wbc and c3 and c4 dec
SLE-------------butterfly shaped rashes, and ANA and LE test are positive.host response to malignancy is best reflected by
lymphocytic infl at the edge of the tumor.
Target lesion/Bulls eyes----erythema multiform
Triad of stev jhonson syndrome…stoamatitis, eye lesion, genital lesion
Vesicular lesion do not precede the formation of ulcers in apthous stomatitis..while in viral apposite is true.
Bechet`s syndrome..apthous major+genital ulceration+eye lesion+skin lesion
In histoplasmosis------ch non healing ulcer+lung infection,, in dissimenation form oral inf may be 1 st sign. And Rx anti fungal for
6-12months
Scarlet fever—strawberry tounge, inflamed fungiform papilla
Highly infectious stage of syphilis is secondary.
Congenital syphilis protected up to 16th week
Copper colored vesicles on palm and soles………congenital syphilis
1mL of 2% lidocaine contains 6 mg of NaCl and 1mg of methyl paraben and 0.5mg of sodium meta bisulfate

100ppm= 100mg/L=.1gm/100ml= .01%

The conversion goes:
.05% Fluoride * 10,000= 500 ppm
Adolescents do not benefit from TSD. TSD is intended for children to remove fear and allow treatment. This technique works
well with apprehensive children, mentally challenged children and challenged adults.
Ibuprofen should also be used with caution in people who are 65 or over, because they are at increased risk of developing more
serious side effects.
1.Centric glide or interferences: movement of the mandible while in centric relation, from the initial occlusal contact into
maximum intercuspation.
There is premature contact between mesial inclines of max teeth and distal inclines of mand. teeth
CORRECTION: A centric interference (forward slide) can be corrected by grinding the mesial inclines
of maxillary teeth and distal inclines of mandibular teeth.

2.Protrusive interference
- anterior movement of the mandible from max inter cuspation towards the incisal edges
-occurs when distal facing inclines of max posterior teeth contact mesial inclines of mand. posterior teeth during a protrusive
movement(DUML)
CORRECTION: distal of upper and mesial of lower

3.Retrusive is opposite of protrusive.

4.Working side interference

- occurs when there is contact between max. and mand. posterior teeth on the same side of the arch in the direction the mandible
moved causing disclusion of teeth
- Working side interferences generally occur on the inner aspects of the lingual cusps of maxillary molars.)
CORRECTION: BULL RULE

5.Non-working side interference(balancing side)

- occlusal contact between max. and mand. teeth on the side opposite the direction the mand. has moved
- results when there is contact between max. buccal facing inclines of palatal cusp and mand. lingual inclines of buccal cusp on
the non-working side

CORRECTION: Grind the secondary centric holding cusps( Grind the inner inclines of the mandibular buccal cusp) Never grind
the maxillary lingual cusps (primary centric holding cusps)..
For the National Board Exam questions, you can reduce the maxillary lingual cusp if it is high in centric as well as other occlusal
positions -> in reality, you should not
Retention grooves in class v restoraion for direct gold not needed as the preparation, itself provides retention by facial
Betel quid and smokless tobbaco increase chances of SCC and verrucous carcinoma
Causes of MACROGLOSSIA
Inflammatory-------glossitis
Traumatic-----------post operative edema
Metabolic causes-------myxedema, amyloidosis, lipoid priotenosis, chronic steroid therapy
And acromegaly.
Congenital causes------cretenism, hemangioma, lymphangioma, downs syndrome, beckwith-weidman syndrome, generalized
gangliosidosis syndrome, mycopolysachridosis.
Decreases alkaline phosphate in hypophosphatesia, also pernicious and aplastic anaemia, cml
1, ant mandible, teeth vital, ant mandible, black females- periapical cemental dyplasia
2. focal cemento osseous dyplasia- post mandible, caucasians
3. florid cemento oseeous dyplasia when involving both maxilla and mandible
Pulmer vinson syndrome..KAIDS_ koilonychia,atrophy of buccal,glossopharyngeal,eso membranes,iron deficiency,dysphagia,
SCC
Daily secretion of adrenal gland is 20mg while in stress situation it is 200mg
Severe adrenal insuffiency during surgery-----adrenal crisis-----CVS collapse----DOC is im/iv hydrocortisone.
Target lesion/Bulls eyes-------------erythema multiform.
Greater palatine foramen……1.distal to maxillary 2 nd molar. 2. 5mm anterior to vibrating line 3.halfway
between the gingival margin and midline of the palate.
Incisive foramen-----------nasopalatine nerve+sphenopalatine artery
Cleft lip left side more involved
Tri germinal neuralgia-----Right side more involved.
The retrodiscal tissue is highly vascularized and innervated, whereas the articular disc for
the most part is not. Only the extreme periphery of the afiicular disc is slightly innervated.
MC location for sinusitis is maxillary sinus and rare one is sphenoid.
Ethemoid sinus………orbital cellulitis and meningitis
Spenoid sinus…..cavernous sinus+pituitary+meningitis
The lateral pterygoid muscle forms the roof of the pterygomandibular space.
The inferior alveolar nerve passes lateral to the sphenomandibular ligament so likely to damage during IAN block
Spheno+ stylomandibular ligaments------accessory ligaments….limitation of mandibular movements
Temporomandibular ligaments…..main stabilizing lig of TMJ.--------------prevents the inferior and posterior displacemt of
condyle.
Collatrel ligaments….stabilize the disc
Deviation of mandible on Same side in
1.ankylosis 2.trauma 3. Condylar fracture 4. Latrel pteregoid muscle injury on same side
Deviation of mandible on OPPOSITE side in
1. condylar hyperplasia
Whartons duct is closely related to lingual nerve which crosses over it.
Posterior maxillary artery supplies the maxillary premolar, molar teeth and maxillary sinus.
Mandibular condyle and articular eminence in TMJ are coverd by fibrous connective tissue.
Opening of submandibular duct-------------sublingual carnicule.
Carotid sheath-----CIVIL
Functional part in TMJ……condyle and articular eminence
Non functional part…………glenoid fossa
Blood supply of TMJ.
Anterior portion.ant latrel pteregoid artery
Posterior…..sp temporal and maxillary artery
Nerve supply of TMJ
Capsule…..auriculotemporal nerve
 Anterior region..massater and deep temporal nerve
TMJ…extreme periphery,capsule and synovial tissue are richly inervated. While articular cartilage and central portion has no
nerve supply and retrodiscal tissue richly innervated
Upper motor neuron lesion---------contrlaterel side+atrophy
Lower motor neuron lesion-------same side +atrophy+ fasciculations
Submandibular gland--------sublingual canicule and sublingual gland-----------sublingual fold
Opposite to tip of greater cornu of hyoid bone-----------lingual artery
Close mouth technique(vazirani-alkinosi)--------IAN+incisive+mental+lingual+mylohyoid
Gow gates technique….IAN+lingual+mental+incisive+auriculotemporal+bucal+mylohyoid nerve blocks
PSA nerve block aslo known as tuberosity or zygomatic block----------------hematoma formation
Reduced cardaic out put is the main factor in all types of shock.(inc adregic response, inc heat rate, inc perp vascular resistance,
mental status changes, myocardial ischemia)
As a general anesthetic NO lack of potency.
NO cylinder blue and Oxygen green cylinder.
Disadvantages of NO-----------misuse, nausea, diffusion hypoxia, not a complete pain reliever so
Local anesthesia is also required.
Local anasthesis……….more protein binding or more lipid solubility inc duration of LA.
LA-----lower Pka----more free base form available-----rapid onset of action
LA---inc Blood flow---shorter duration of action.
Patient on tricyclic antidepressant-------avoid epinephrine
Patient on B-Blocker----epinephrine---causes inc blood pressure and bradychardia
The addition of vasopressor and anti oxidant in LA causes reduce PH and causes burning sensation at the injection site.
Adverse effects of LA are related with
1.Toxic dose 2. Intravascular injection 3. Rapid injection
Epinephrine dose
Normal patient---------0.2mg/200ug or 11 cartidges
CVS patients----------0.04/40ug or 2 cartidges
O2 is indicated for the treatment of all types of syncope except hyperventilation syndrome.
PSA nerve block---------causes hematoma formation--------can be reduced by using short needle.
Colour coding of needles… Red 25#, Yellow 27#, Blue 30#.(25 is preferred)
Larger guage (smaller diameter)has advantages..
1. Greater accuracy 2. Less deflection 3. Do not break
Hyperventilation syndrome can cause carpopedal spasm
Most important function of vasoconstrictor in LA is incr the depth and duration of action.
Affinity for epinephrine 50% Alpha and 50% Beta.. while levonordefrin 75%Alpha and 25% Beta..(ep z more potent than L)
LA-------------blockage—different size----smaller unmylinated fibers 1st than larger mylinated fibers or same size than mylinated
fibers 1st and unmylinated later
And size of nerves--------smaller size 1st fail to condut than larger size
Firing frequency-------higher freq (eg pain) 1st blockage as compare to lower frequency (motor)
And A delta fibers and C fibers has higher freq so 1 st blockage as compare to A Alpha fibers..
Procaine is not available in North America
Most common side effect of methohexital is Hiccoughs caused by rapid injection of brevital.
Thiopental------dose=3-5mg/kg, induction less than 30seconds, slow recovery, half life 6-12H
Methohexital-----1-2mg/kg, induction less than 20sec, rapid recovery, half life 3 hours.
The most effective agent in the initial treatment of respiratory d€pression due to the over dose of barbiturates is oxygen under
positive pressure.
The most common early sign of syncope is pallor.
Neurolept anesthesia--------neurolept+narcotic+NO(un con)
Neurolept analgesia-----------neurolept + narcotic (con)
Neurolept agents----dorperidol-----1. Antiemetic 2. Alpha blocking activity 3. Reduce anxiety
Primary health hazard for an unconscious patient in supine pos is tounge obstruction.
Causes of trismus
trauma to muscles or blood vessels in the infratemporal fossa,
hematoma formation,
localized muscle necrosis secondary to the anesthetic drug or vasoconstrictor,
infection in the fascial space,
introduction ofa foreign body.
MC complication associated with NO sedation is behavioural problem.
MC cause of perasthesia of lower lip is removal of mandibular 3 rd molar(horizontal impacted)
pin most perforateon mesial side of mandibular 1st molar .
Platelets COUNT. Intraoperative bleeding 40-70K, <20K—spontaneous bleeding
Platelets required for surgery 75K
Hematocrit required for surgery===30%
Local anesthesia contains
6mg of Nacl, 0.5mg of sodium metabisulfate and 1mg of methylparaben
Increasing the PH of LA speeds the onset of action, effectiveness, and make it more comfortable.
Lidocoine and procaine direct CNS depression rather than excitatory phase.
NO has main effect on reticular activating system and limbic system.
Side of action of LA is at lipoprotein sheath of the nerves
Most resistant part-medulla oblongata.
Desflurane-------heating component to allow dilevry at room temperature.
Sevflurane mostly in children
COPD….NO contraindicated but we can give volatile anesthetics.
Volatile anasthetics------bronchodilator, vasodilator and cardio suppresnt
Rate of injection of valium is 1ml/min(1ml=5mg)
Intraarteial injection during I/V sedation-------burning sensation, blotchy appearance and weak pulse.
Ketamine------------inc sympathetic output----inc heart rate, inc Bp, inc CO, bronchial muscle relaxation and also inc resp
secretions and cerebral vasodilatation.
Diazepam------5-10mg PO,, promethazine 25mg PO
Pento and Secobarbital ----50-100mg PO
If hypotension is due to narcotics than DOC is Narcans. And in bradycardia DOC is Atropine.
Cause of Postoperative hypertension is/are
Post-op pain, Hypercapnia, Anxiety, Overdistention of the bladder, Hypoxia
Last part of CNS to be depressed during GA is medulla oblongata.
Oxygen want----------inc pulse rate
GA contraindication------------acute resp infection
Endotracheal entubation with pharangeal packs to avoid aspiration in GA
Most frequent complications following O and M surgey..
Pulmonary Ateletasis (in smokers)
Aspiration pneumonia (right side)
Pulmonary embolism (DVT)
Biopsy-----10% formalin(4% formaldehyde)--------20 times greater than volume of S specimen.
No other solution is acceptable
Ventricular ejection fraction below 50% indicative of---------CHF
CHF------- Avoid NSAID, asprin, Ca channel blocker
Stridor…….laryngeal obstruction
Patient have GA 2 most common causes of fever 1.pnemonia 2.atelectasis.
Tracheal deviation------pneumothorax
Most common PO complication of outpatient GA is nausea.
Management of atelectasis is 1. Spirometry 2. E.suction 3. Bronchoscopy
In COPD…asprin should be use with caution inc chances of Hemoptysis and also erythromycin should ba avoided bcz of
theophylline toxicity
90% type 2 DM
Asprin causes respiratory alkalosis
In asthma….avoid anti histamine, minimize epinephrine dose , avoid asprin and avoid erythromycin and clarithromycin if pt also
taking theophylline
Hemophilia C----------rosenthal`s syndrome-----not a sex linked and deff of factor 11
PT increases in warfarin,liver diseases, vit-k deffiency, antibiotics, and fat malabsorption while PTT increases in Heparin, von
willbrand disease, hemophilia
Patient with COPD and Cystic fibrosis shold be treated in upright position.
Nephrotoxic drugs should be avoided in kidney failure patients which include asprin,Nsaids, acetaminophen, morphine,
meperdine
Most commonly used benzodiaz: is midazolam and most potent is lorazepam. Midazolam most soluble,rapid onset, short duration
while lorazepam least soluble slow onset and longer duration.
Talwin compound=asprin+pentazicone
Barbiturates are contraindicated in pregnancy and respiratory depression
Banzodiazepens are used for pre-operative medication, i/v sedation, induction of anesthesia, maintainence of anesthesia,
suppression of seizure activity
Meperdine ---------moderate to severe pain, pre-op sedation, post-op analgesia, obs: anesthesia, supportive anaasthesia’
Meperdine with MAO inhibitor---------concimatant admistration contraindicate,----can cause seizure or come. Also meperdine
effectiveness dec: in the presence of phenytoin
Anticholinergic drugs contraindication. Glaucoma, intestinal obstruction and prostrate hypert:
Atropine causes mydriasis and cycloplegia.
Uses of barbiturates------anesthesia, anticonvulsant, anxiety.
Phenobarbital-----tonic-clonic seizures, status epilepticus, eclampsia.
Sequence of extraction----posterior than anterior and maxillary than mandibular
Acute dentoalevolar abcess is not a contraindication to extraction.
Maxillary teeth extraction--------Primary direction of laxation
Deciduous-------palatal permanant ----buccal
Do not use cowhorn forcep for extraction of mandibular primary molar.
Isolated maxillary molar------extraction------complication can occur such as tuberosity fracture and alveolar process fracture
IF genial tubercle removed-------flacid tounge.
Basically GTR are indicated in following conditions: 1) Class II furcations 2) Class II and III intrabony defects
3)Recession.defect 4)Alveolar ridge augmentation 5) Repair of apicectomy defects. Contraindications are: 1) In cases where flap
vascularity is compromised 2) very severe defect minimal remainning periodontium 3) Horizontal defects 4) In cases of flap
perforations
In maxillary torus removal stent should be placed to prevent hematoma formation and support the flapp
Tooth sectioning with straight bur no 8 or fissure bur no 557 or 703
LUXATION forces perpendicular to long axis of tooth.
Tooth extraction----------class 2 lever
Single maxillary molar------possiblity of ankylosis---------floor of maxillary sinus 8 risk.
OAC
2mm---nasal precations+sneezing open mouth+antiobiotics+local decogrstant+sys decong
2-6mm-----figure of eight suture
7mm—flap procedure
Cancer of the other part of the body metastases most commonly to?
o Bone:Molar region of mandible
o Soft tissue: attached gingiva then tongue
o Breast cancer is the most metastatic to the oral cavity appearing in the mandible
o then lung cancer is the second appearing in the soft tissue.
SUTURES----intraoral 3/0, 4/0 extraoral 6/0
3% hydrogen peroxide -----------intaoral debridement
Resorbable suture…….plain gut 8 days, chromic gut 12-15 days and synthetic—30days(polyglycolic acid)
Resorbable suture----silk and cotton suture
Resorbable suture…intense inflamtory reaction dats why we avoid on skin
Pt on anticoglant therapy--------non resorbable
Periosteum must be reflacted as integral part of the flap
Flap should be closed over bone if possible.
Teeth are resisitant to crush bot not shear
Distilled water---------not used for irrigation bcz its hypotonic
Root of zygoma--------interfere with removal of max 1st molar.
but interarch distance is 7mm for posterior and 8-10 for anterior teeth
CYNOACRYLATE Yes it is tissue adhesive, hemostatic and bacteriostatic.. so used in perio dressing
Canine region----post inferior displacement of condyle---------digastric, mylohyoid, genohyoi, and genioglossus
At the condyle-----latrel pteregoid-------ant medial
At the ramus-----medial pteregoid+masseter+temporalis=ant superior
Sub condylar #an medial higher condylar #horizantal and vertical
Maxillary# greater chances of deformity as compare to mandibular deformity WHILE in mandibular # Malocclusion
15-24yr----young ---most chances of #
Most common # zygomato maxillary
Normal healing time in bone fracture—6 weeks,\
Cervical spine # with mandibular # following radiograph should be considered…..
Latrel view, CT, PA view
In adults # mostly:nasal---zygomatic-----mandibular-----maxillary while in children: frontal—orbital
ZMC #------x-rays------PA oblique waters view, reverse waters, submento vertex but gold standard is CT
ZMC#------infraorbital nerve damage, superior orbital fissure content damage
Most feared rare complication ZMC # is blindness
Rigid fixation--------plates,screws and pins
Semi rigid-----------mini plates and wires
Non rigid-----------IMF
Lefort type2----------pyramidal#
ZMC #--------------tri pod #

FLAPS SUMMARY
Trapezoidal--->provides excellent access on more than 1 tooth but disadvantage is gingval recession.
2)Triangular--->provides satisfactory visualization,provides adequate blood supply and used to surgically remove small root tips.
3)Envelope/Sulcular--->used for surgery incisions on edentulous ridge for removal of mandibular tors.
4)Semilunar---->provides great access to apical root tip,used mainly in apicoectomys but diasadvantage is poor access and
visualization.
5)Y-incison--->removes a maxillary palatel torus.
Mandibular angle # more complication as compare to angel or symphasis which includes delayed union, fibrous, union
malocclusion.
Bilateral condylar #-----------ant open bite+inability to protrude the mandible.
Unilateral condylar#---------forward displacement of head of condyle..
Rescue breathing---------1breath every 5seconds or 10-12 breath/min
Chest compression-----depress the sternum---1.5-2 inches and 30 compression every 2 breath---100/min
Most of the oral bleeding can be controlled by pressure pack.
Rescue breathing in chilldrens after every 3 seconds and in adults after 5-6 seconds
Compression rate 100/min
Compression/ventilation ratio 30/2
Compression depth: 1.5-2inches in adults while in children 1/3rd to 1/2of depth of chest
Organ donor-------6 class
Too much pressure on xyphoid -----liver damage
Most common error in BP-------too large or too small cuffs
TO be good candidate for surgery-----PT should be in b/w 5-7
Orthodontic therapy has been shown to increase plaque retention and increase the numbers of :
A) purple complex bacteria
B) bacteria that increases in pregnancy women
C) prevotella melaninogenicus
Costochondral graft in ----------------TMJ,Condyle. If in ridge augmentation can cause shrinkage
BMP----------osteoinductive potential
Autgenous bone graft-------------inductive+conductive and genic potential
Cortical bone graft----advantages-------structral similarity and BMP. Disa adv: lamellar structure.
Cancellous B>G-------adva: rich cellularity dis adv:--------dose not posses structural similarity
Autogenous bone graft-------osteoconductive +inductive+genic potential
Allograft-------3 types
1.fresh frozen------rarly used b/c of transmission of disease
2.freez dried-------osteoconductive potential only
3.deminralized freeze dried------lack strength+ostoconductive+inductive potential(b/c of BMP exposed)
Sliding genioplasty--------------MC complication---------neurovascular disturbance
Alloplastic material in genial deffiecency-----
1.migration of A.M 2.unpleasant sensation. 3.erosion of chin prominence
Greatest osteogenic potential---------autogenous cancellous graft and hematopoitic graft.
Cadaver bone----------allograft and animal bone -----------------Xenograft.
Alloplast----------synthetic material
Minimum 10mm of bone height is required for dental implant
IAN and IMPLANT distance 2mm
The highest failure rate of implant in posterior maxilla D4.
Minimum amount of space required for 4mm dental implant is 7mm(4+1.5+1.5)
Most popular implant is root form.
Implant of choice in very atrophic mandible is……..tranosseous mandible
When there is adequate length/depth but insufcient width----------blade form implant we use.
Maxillary 3rd molar………………infra temporal space
Mandibular 3rd molar-----------masseter space
Mandibular molars +premolar-----------bucal + submandibular+sublingual+pteregomandibular space
Temporal space-------infra temporal+ masseter +pterego mandibular space
Masticator space--------temporal + pteregomandibular space
Most common space is vestibular space
Canine and temporal space can cause CS thrombosis via ophthalmic vein.
Lateral pharyngeal----------retropharyngeal------prevertebral fasia space----------mediastinum
Trismus---------------masticator space involvement-----------most consistent sign
Submandibular space is cont with lateral pharyngeal space
More accurate method of body temperature measurement---rectal and least is axillary
1c rise in temperature----------10 beats inc:
D/water------hypotonic-----not used as irrigant------causes cell lysis
Criteria for referral to oral surgeon
Rapidly progressive swelling, temperature >101, trismus <10mm, difficulty in breathing and toxic appearance, facial space
involvement
Antibiotics in-----immunocompromised patients, rapidly progressive swelling, sever pericoronitis, osteomyelitis, involvement of
facial spaces, diffuse swelling.
Frenectomy------wide based----V Y advancement and narrow based---------diamond excision and Z-plasty
CS thrombosis----veins---inferior ophthalmic vein and angular vein ant
Pteregoid plexus of vein and trasverse facial vein post
3,4,V1,6 CN ------------passes via CS
Abcess is chronic and aerobic bacteria while cellulitis is acute anerobic bacteria.
Auto transplantation -----------Most important criteria for success is adequate bone support.
Cricothyrotomy--------in emergency situation of laryngeal obstruction(stridor or crowing sound)-----not tracheostomy(not
emergency procedure but its long term aiawar maintenance)
Platelets count 30k------emergency procedure can b performed
Columbia universal currette used in Gingival curettage
DD for cancer
Candidiasis
Chancroid
Condyloma Acuminata
Drug Eruptions
Genital Warts
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
Herpes Simplex
Herpes Zoster
HIV Disease
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
Urethritis
Urinary Tract Infection, Females
Urinary Tract Infection, Males
Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Yaws
Enamel hypoplasia------histo diff
Hypomaturation--------apoosition
Hypocalcifeid---------calicification
Germination and fusion…both are in primary incisors common
Dilacerations is consistent finding in Congenital ichthyosis.
Enamel hypoplasia------more susceptible to dental decay and sensitivity.
Risk of fluorosis------------excess of 3ppm
Thistle tube shaped pulp chamber with multiple pulp stone-----dentinal dysplasia type 2
TSD especially useful when treating a child with different cultural back ground
Anger is easier to treat than fear
Fear---------parents sits behind the chair, identify the fear,focus of fear and lastly sedation.
White-knuckler----------tense cooperative
Most common pre-medication prior GA is VERSED
Less than 2 years------uncoperative
2 years-----------------TSD
3-7years--------------generally cooperative
8years and older-------usually cooperative
Rubber dam------aid in the management of the child and quite and calm the patient
Minimum oxygen flow rate----3L/min
MAC—105% and maintenance dose--------30-35%
Scarlet fever-------enlargement of fungi form papilla
Diphtheria is contagious
Predominant condition noted in adolescents is gingivitis not periodontitis
Localized aggressive periodontitis------puberty, familial pattern, incisor and molar, AA, absence of plaque.
Cleft palate more in females and cleft lip more in males
Ectodermal dysplasia--------sex linked recessive disorder
Cellulitis in child is more difficult to treat as compare to adults
3 STAGES of odontogenic infection
PERIAPICAL OSTEITIS, CELLULITIS AND SUPPURATION
SBE prophylaxis is required for dental treatment
In apert syndrome-------mid face retrusion---------lefort 3
Radio graphically beaten coper skill--------------crouzon syndrome
Mandibular prognathism,----------downs syndrome, apert syndrome, achondroplasia
Cleft palate……..apert syndrome and treacher Collins syndrome, robin perirer syndrome
10-14mm mi. implant length
5 mm implant ant. to mental foramen
2 mm away from vital structures
3 mm between implant and implant
2-4 soft tissue height surrounding implant
1.5 mm between implant and tooth
1-1.5 mm around implant in all directions
Teeth are reddish brown and fluoresce under ultraviolet light------------------porphyria
Yellow or green dis of teeth-----------vitamin excess
Tetracycline effects teeth that have not completed enamel formation.
Infants should be weaned from the bottle at 12-14months of age
1st primary tooth------------primary hygiene starts
With in 6 months of eruption of 1 primary tooth---------1st dental visit
Patients with aphthous ulcer should be screened for DM and Bachet`s syndrome
Cystic fibrosis--------halitosis and dental development and eruption are delayed
patient had xerostomia need restoration FDP
cystic fibrosis------------early morning appointment are not recommended, avoid GA, upright position, short appointments,
enamel hypoplasia, lower lip everted,dental development and eruption delayed.
Kopliks spot---------measles
Petechiae like spot on soft palate-------rubella
Ulceration of oral mucosa and pharynx--------small pox
ADHS-----------------doesnot need any special treatment
Oxygen no less than 20% in nitrous oxide.
Bite wing radiograph-------angulation 10*
Maximum dose of LA is 300mg
In chilldrens sedative mostly--------------chloral hydrate
Chloral hydrate--------bitter taste and GIT irritation
Fluoride rinse more effect on newly erupted tooth. And fluoride more effects on smooth surface than oclusal.
Pea size tooth paste contain .75g paste and 0.4mg fluoride.
Carries activity is directly prop to consistency, frequency and oral retention.
PH=====APF ---------3.0-3.5, Sodium fluoride----------9.2
Rule of 6 for fluoride…
If water flourid is more than 0.6pp no fluoride supplementation
If the age of child is less than 6months or more than 16 years---------no fluoride supplementation
APF--------------gel form in tray--------applied for 4 minutes(if a child vomit than 2min +1min)
Ipecac syrup is used to induce vomiting, in flouride toxicity
Cariostatic effect of fluoride is produce during calcification stage of tooth development
CEMENTUM tends to increase with age.
Labial eruption path-----------inadequate attached gingiva
Last primary tooth to be replaced by permanent tooth is maxillary canine.
Crown completion ------------4-5year except canine 6year and 1st molar 3years
10years from start of calcification to apex closure
Calcification of primary teeth---------ADBCE(14,15,16,17,18 weeks)
Calcification of permanent teeth------1st molar at birth , all anterior teeth except max latrel incisor 6months, laterel incisor
12months, 1st PM 18months, 2nd PM 24months and 2nd Molar 30months
Roots of primary anterior teeth are taper more rapidly
Calcification of primary teeth begins in 2nd trimester and complete in 3-4 years
LEEWAY space in maxilla 1.mm and mandible 3.1mm
Until the establishment of contact------no need for bitewing radiograph in child
At the age 6---1st OPG
Most common retained primary tooth-----mandibular 1st molar
At birth child can`t differentiate b/w sour bitter and sweet.
Transverse ridge----------mb-ml---------seprates the mesial portion from rest of crown and in primary mandibular 1 st molar
Primary Mandibular 1st molar--------longest cusp MB and sharpest cusp ML. no central fossa.
Primary mandibular 2nd molar----resemble permanat mandibular 1st molar---same ouline cavity design for amalgam but MB.DB
and D on primary are equal sixe while in perm 1st molar distal is shorter
Primary molar has more prominent facial crest of contour
Prim teeth greatest FL diameter-------of mand 2nd molar
Primary mand CI resemble perm mand LI not CI
Ant tooth having shorter inciso cervical height than MD width is prim max CI.
Cusp of prim max canine is longer and sharper than perm max canine and also MCR is longer than DCR (opposite is true for
perm canine)
Primary Maxillary 1st molar occlusal pit and grove pattern is H shaped.----------varies from any other tooth in arc
Pulp therapy is contraindicated in children who have serious illness like leukemia and cancer pts
Teeth without accessible canal pulpectmy is contraindicated
SUCCESS of pulpotmy depends upon vitality of radicular pulp
Calcification of pulp-------pulpotmy contra indicate
Formocresol----------19% formaldehyde+ 35% cresol and 15% glycerin and water
Formocresol causes fixation of pulp and degeneration of odontoblasts.
Pulpotomy------formocresol brown, glutryladehyde pink and ferric sulfate dark red.
Formocresol is fastest of all apply only 15 seconds while glutryl for 4 min and form for 5min
IAN block success ratio is more in children and antpost position of mandibular foramen is about the same or distal in children.
02 most commonly used ansthetics in children are lidocoine and mupivacaine
Primary teeth---------class 2---------no need for gingival bevel-----bcz enamel rods occlusally
Premature loss of class 2 amalgam in primary teeth---------mesial migration of teeth+ loss of arch space
SS crown in child-----------oclusal reduction----1-1.5mm and buccal reducation 1-1.5mm
Primary teeth are more mineralized as compare to permanent teeth.
30-60%loss of minerals---------than lesion appear on radiograph
Initiation-------induction-----missing or supernumery teeth
Bud stage-----------proliferation, cap stage-----prolif,diffr, morphg,------dense in dent, tubercle, germination, fusion
Bell stage---------hito+morphi diffrran:------------macro microdontia,AI, DI,
Apposition----E dysplasia, hypoplasia, concresence and enamel pearl
Accessory root canals are formed by break or perforation in the root sheath bf the root dentine is formed
Odontogenic recurrence rate 10-30%
Damage to succedaneous perm tooth results in-----------E hypoplasia, arrested growth and dilacerations
Pulpan necrosis more commom in perm teeth than primary teeth.
FORMOCRESOL AND FERRIC SULFATE are not recommended as pulpotmy agent in perm teeth.
Most injuries to primary teeth 1.5-2.5 years
Avulsed primary tooth not replanted.
Splinting for root#------3months
Avulsed permanent tooth-------composite+arch wire----best system to use (1-2weeks)
There is no reliable vitality test in primary teeth. And primary incisor thermal test is more reliable.
Young child------avulsion----------replantation-------blood flow is regained in 20 days
Most ectopically erupted tooth in order…Permanent max 1st molar----max canine---mand canine---mand 2nd p molar and max LI.
Heavy frenum with midline diastema and no recession of gingiva----------wait till the eruption caine-----if after eruption of
canine there is spacing----------frenectomy
enamel make complet remineralization at 5.5
dentist do the treatment for 2 crown but the insurance company pay the money for one crown what is it..downcoding
Burs may be sterilized by pre-vacuum sterilization, using a steam sterilizer. Sterilize at full cycle with a dwell at 134ºC
minimum for 6 minutes.
Fear decreases pain and anxiety increases pain.
Nominal - mild, moderate, severe
o Ordinal include numbers: like furcation involvement 1,2,3
o Interval - Celcius degree
o Ratio- e.g Kelvin degree, or BP measurement(can not be zero), PH, length(can not be negative),weight.
% of US population does not have dental insurance 65%
Class III malocclusion with cleft lip and palate is more in Native Americans > Oriental and Caucasians > Blacks.
Highest prevalence of caries = Hispanics
Highest DMFT = White (caucasian) (highest amount of restored teeth)
Highest untreated primary teeth = Hispanic
Highest untreated perm teeth = Black (African American)
Moderate periodontitis = Black males ( African American)
Class II caries = Whites (caucasian)
Class III caries = Blacks (African American)
Cleft lip/palate w/ Class III occlusion = Native American
Cleft lip alone = Asian
Cleft lip in USA = 1:700 to 1:800
class 2 malocclusion : whites of northern European descent
class 3 malocclusion : Asian
Caucasians have more lip cancer while African american have more oropharyngeal carcinoma.
Anterior open bite: African American(blacks)
Deep bite: cuacasian( whites)
Indirect bonding bracket technique---------more complex, more technique sensitive and control of flash mean excess cement
remove easily and is usue is lingual ortho
Nance appliance------premature loss of primary maxillary teeth
Lingual arch-------inc arch length, anchorage purpose, space maintainer
Lip bumber-----distalization of molar, uprighting of mesialy and lingual tipped molars, inc arch length and interposition of soft
tissue in b/w upper and lower teeth
Head gear-------modify the growth of maxilla, anchorage purpose, protract or retract the maxillary teeth and traction purpose
Head gear.. maximum----14 hours minimum 8 hours and average 10-12 hours
Orthopedic force ----------250-450 and for mov of teeth -----100-200N
Whipe spring derotate one or 2 teeth
Easiast movem-------- mesially and tipping
In wires----increase the wire length-----------strength dec by ½ time, stiffness dec by cubic factor and range by Sq time. While
diameter increases strength by cubic factor, stiffness by quard factor and working range is reduced by half.
PROBLEM with simple removable appliance is----lack of patient cooperation, improper activation and poor design
Maxillary incisor rotation------in mixed dentition not treated-------treated in early permanent dentiotion with remov appliance
F=dr4/L3
Condition where bands used instead of brackets-----short clinical crown, labial and lingual attachment required, better anchorage
and SS crown where incompatible bonding.
Cool glass slab for both GIC and Zinc phosphate
Elastics are always attach to brackets and arch wire and never to naked tooth
Elastics class 1-------inter maxillary class 2---------intra maxillary for classs 2 malocc: class 3: intra maxillary used for class 3
malocc: and edge to edge bite class 4 cross bite
Center of resistance-------single rooted tooth-------1/3rd to ½ from the alveolar crest to root apex and in multi rooted tooth apical
to furcation.
Effects of head gear…restrict the anterior growth of maxilla, distalize the molar and extrusion of molar particularly with cervical
p H G. timings female 8.5-10.5 and male 9.5-11.5
Post cross bite and mild ant cross bite should be treated as soon as possible and severe Ant cross bite in 2 nd stage
Most commonly used appliance for palatal exp is hyrax type. Activation 0.25turn/day and produce expan of 0.5mm/day
Mild post cross bite in children----halwey type removable appliance with jack screw.
Q helix, W arch-----------uni /bi lateral cross bite + rotating molars
Corrected ant cross bite is best retained by……..normal incisor relation
Skeletal cross bite----------smooth closure and functional cross bite caused by thumb sucking
TPA-----------------expansion of intermolar width, de rotation of molars, anchorage purpose and roor movement of molars
Priority impacted teeth 1st , in occlusion inter arch and in habits thumb sucking
Long face predispose the patient to class 2 and short face to class 3.
Ceph shows magnification up to 7-8%
Most stable point in growing skull from ceph point is Sella turcica
Adolescent growth spurt--------ulnar sesamoid or hamate bone
Mesiodense------------2 periapical radiograph and 1 occlusal
Uprighting of molar ------------------complication inc mandibular plane angel, open bite and loss of ant guidance
In newly born child---oral cavity 1st germ free than after 12 hours oral microflora appear and after 6 months S,mutans and sanguis
present and after 5 years oral bacteria of child resembles that of adult
Serial extraction------------mixed dentition, severe class 1 malocclusion, arch length discrepancy, insuuffient arch length
Compression side-------osteoclastic activity-------resorption
Tension side------------------osteoblastic activity--------------deposition
MD tooth movement is also called uprighting
Crown movement--------Cenetr of rotation at apex and Root movement----------Center of rotation at crown
Primary component of attached gingiva-----------collagen fibers
Post orthodontics C supra crestal fibrotomy most often performed on a rotated maxillary lateral incisor.
Supra crestal fibrotomy-mostly in rotation cases.
Otho Rx------------part time retention 12 months and full time 3-4 months
Cranial vault----------intramemb--------suture, periosteum
Cranial vault-------------cartilagenous------------endo chondral
Endochondral ossification does not affected by growth of surrounding tissue like cranial base doesn’t affected by brain IN
CONTRAST cranial vault is affected by brain b/c its intramem it means endochondral is affected by genetic influence and
intramem by surrounding structure
At birth greatest dimension of face width.
Inter sphenoidal—3 years, spheno ethemoidal----7 years and spheno ethemoidal later ages
Cranial vault, maxilla, mandible---intra membranous
Cranial base(E,O,S), long, short-----------endochondral
Patient skeletal growth pattern----------most important factor is heredity
Deposition and resorption may not occurs in equal amount
Interstitial growth------------nasal septum, mandibular condyle and spheno occipital synchonodrsis
V shaped principle------------mandibular condyle
Bone----------appositional and cartilage----------interstitial
Major site of vertical growth in mandible is condyle
In infancy primary molar is located at about the spot where primary 1 st molar will erupt
Maxilla--------increase in arch length-------------deposition at maxillary tuberosity and resorption with in max sinus
Maxilla------downward(deposition) and forward(resorption)
Maxilla follows neural tissue and mandible genital tissues
Growth spurt-----girls 12 and boys 14
Space closure is least likely to occur following early loss of primary maxillary central incisor
Deglutation affects mandibular growth
Width of the jaws before growth spurt and length of jaw during G spurt
Impacted canine--------missing lateral incisor or short roots
UPRIGHTING molar 6-12 months and stabilization 2-6months( simple UR 2months and with surgery 6months)
Severe lingual tipped molar----more difficult to upright
Osteoclastic activity is more important than osteoblastic activity
Arch perimeter after perm incisor eruption in mandible is non existent and in maxilla its lil
Malocclusion are more readily identified in children 7-9years
Angel class-1 70% and class-2----25% and class 3---5%
Ant open bite early diagnose is essential as it is not self correcting
Bulls dogs-----class 3 and nasolabial angel should slight perp or slight obtuse
As the children matures there profile become less convex
Class 3 maloclusion------difficulty in f and v sound
Class 2 malocclusion----------retrognathism and over bite
Incidence of malocclusion in homogenous population is lower.
Sunday bite……….patients with skeletal class 2-----bring the mandible forward to improve the appearance
Pathologic occlusion can cause-----------TMJ problem, wear facets, pulpal changes, periodontal changes
Premature exfoliation of primary teeth-------hyperparathyroidism
ANB*------------less than 4 class 1 and more than 4 class 2
Tongue thrusting cant be blamed for open bite
Negative pressure created from suckling doesnot causes maxillary constriction, but actually force of bucinator
Anterior open bite can cause tongue thrusting but reverse is not true.
Terminal plane relationship of primary mand 2nd molar determines the future ant-postposition of 1st permanent molar.
Mesial step ----------class 1, flush terminal if late mesial shift occurs it develops on class 1 other wise in class 2, and in distal step
it develops in class 2.
Early mesial shift uses primate spaces and late mesial shift uses LEEWAY spaces.
Oral lesions may be an early manifestation of leukemia, pernicious anemia. , infectious mononucleosis
All the permanent teeth erupts lingual to primary teeth except mandibular canine which erupts facial to mandibular canine.
For maxilla and mandible growth in width is completed 1st than length and height
Over jet 2-3mm and Over bite 10-20%
Supervision of child development of occlusion most critical during mixed dentition stage.(7-10years)
Characteristic of mixed dentition-------class 1 molar and canine, leeway space, well aligned incisor with modrate crowding and
tight contact.
Permanent teeth move buccally and occlusally while erupting.
Serial extraction contraindication---------deep bite
Flat bone of the skull and part of clavicle are formed by intramembranous bone formation.
Approximate force for anchorage----------------250g 10h/day and for traction 500gm 14-16h/day
effective dosage for lateral cephalogram 3-7
in prosthodontics:
* Retention.....> retentive arm of clasps (direct retainer)....against vertical occlusal forces
and resistance of metal deformation
*Support.....> rest (indirect retainer) ....against vertical forces
*Stability....> alveolar ridge + harmonious occlusion ...against horizontal forces
*Reciprocation (cross-arch stabilization).....> rest + minor connector + reciprocal clasp arm.
*Bracing....> clasps in non-undercut area ( occlusal rest-minor connector junction should be acute < 90 degree for max. bracing.
Classic symptoms of suckling habits….proclination of maxillary incisors, retro of mand incisors, class 2 malocclusion, cross bite,
ant open bite, and narrow max arch
Russell bodies in peri apical granuloma
Odour of acetone on the breath may indicate bronchiectasis, rhinitis, salicylate poisoning, DM.
Children in primary dentition most often present with dec overbite.
Moment M= F*d
CONCIOUS SEDATION----------minimally depressed level of consciousness ,retin the ablity to maintain airway respond to
physical stimulation
Ortho 1st than frenectomy
A) placement of max.teeth too far labially......> failure to pronounce F and V sounds and T will be D.
B) placement of max. teeth too far lingually......> D will be T and S will be TH
C) pt whistles when speaks is caused by decrease in overbite + increase in overjet
D) pt. whistles on S sound....> more space between tongue and ant. palate.
E) pt. lisp on S sound.....> no space between tongue and ant. palate
F) pt pronounce S to be TH......> thick palate + max. ant. teeth are placed too far lingually.
G) pt with CD has sore throat.....> thick retromylohyoid area which is composed of sup.constrictor and palatoglossus m.
H) pt with CD has diificulty in swallowing....> increase in VDO ( decrease in interocclusal space)
I) burning sensation on lower pM area.....> pressure on mental N. (mucosal neuroma)
J) pressure on lingual frenum area (action of genioglossus)
K) Dislodgement of mand. denture in DB area....> action of masster muscle
THE use of rectangular collimation and high speed films are methods to reduce radiation exposure.
Film based xray mean manual--------------higher resolution and need higher radiation exposure
Disadvantages of digital imaging--------------rigidity and thickness of sensor, dec resolution, higher intial cost and unknown
sensor lifespan.
Storage phosphorus imaging-------------it takes 30sec to 5 min
Magnification----------target film distance increases magnification increases and vice versa also film object distance increases
magnification increases and reverse is also true
Foreshortening--------ray perp to film only and in elongation x-ray is perp to tooth only and to minimize the distortion It should
be perp to both tooth and film.
Higher KVP---------------long scale contrast---------------lower contrast
Lower KVP----------------shorter scale contrast----------higher contrast
PID--------------size increases----------lower magnification
PID--------------size decreases---------------higher magnification
Radiopaque-----------rays doesnot pass---------------bone enamel, dentine, metals
Radiolucent-------------rays passes-------------------soft tissues, air spaces, PDL, porecelin, acrylic
Amalgam is most radiopaque
Labial mounting-----------just consider directly looking at the patient mouth-----patient right left on x-ray and V versa
For a child who is carries free the 11st bitewing radiograph should not be taken until spaced b/w posterior teeth close
Hook like projection of bone extending from medial ptregoid palate------------ hamulus
Triangular radiopacity-----------superimposed on molar teeth and maxilla when mouth is opened--------coronoid process.
Antral mucosal thickening in the maxillary sinus is usually an incidental radiographic finding.
FLOWABLE COMPOSITE---we use them in class 5 and 3.. also as liners and in pit n fissure sealants, bonding mateeial for
porcelain crowns too. High filler content, highly polishable and high polymersation shrinkage
Developer-----hydroquinone, anti oxidant-------sodium sulfate, accelerator----------alkali, restrainer--------sodium bromide
Optimal temperature for developing solution is 68f
Fixing agent-----sodium thyo sulfate/ammonium thiosulfate/hypo, anti oxidant------sodium sulfate, acidifier-----sulphuric acid or
HCL, hardener ------potassium
Fixing time is always double of developing time.
8 OZ of developer/fixer solution is added daily.
Developing solution gets weaker----------------film gets lighter
Yellowish brown film------------insuffient fixing or rinsing
Foggy fim----------------outdated, improper storage or light leak
Light spot------fixer dark/black spot -------------devloper
RAD--------absorbed dose, REM-------------equivalent dose, biological dmage.
 equivalent dose = absorbed dose*qualifying factor
Effective dose estimate risk in humans
Radiations---- 1/3rd by direct damage-------ionizing radiation and 2/3rd by free radical formation means indirect damage
Stochastic effects---------direct function of dose----increase dose-------increases occurance but does not severity increases
eg.carcinoma
Non-stochastic effect--------somatic effect---increase severity with increase absorbed dose eg erythema etc
Young bone, Liver, kidney and salivary glands are radio resistant
Effects of radiations are not visble immedietly.
Effects of radiation exposure are additive.
Cell nucleus is more sensitive than cytoplasm,
Radiation causes cell death by-------apoptosis, chromosomal abnormalities, preventing successful mitosis
3H in osteoradionecrosis------------hypo cellularity, hypoxia, hypo vascularity.
No effects on embryo or fetus from low doses radiation uses in dental radiography.
Radiation induced cancer not distinguishable from cancer caused by other factors
Radiotherapy-------------tumor in advance stage, deeply invasive, radiosensitive.
Radiation------------xerostomia persisted beyond a year les likely to shows return of the function.
Number of electrons is controlled by temperature of tungsten filament/Ma
Dental radiography------mA---7-15mA and KVP 65-100(digital 8-40kvp)
Higher KVP-----------------greater energy levels, shorter wave length, more penetration and less absorption
To increase the film density----------increase mA, KVP, decrease the source object.
Intensity of radiation is inversely prop to sq of distance.
Half value layer determine the penetrating quaitlities….direct relation
KVP----------control quality, velocity , contrast
Unclear area on radiograph -----------------penumbra
Sharpness can be increased by---------reducing focal spot size, slower film, less movment, increasing the distance between focal
spot and object and decreasing the distance between film and object
Optical density-------0.4 enamel and dentine 1 and soft tissue 2.0
Exposure time is measured in impulse because x-rays are created in series areburst/pulse rather than cont:
60impulse in one second
Latitude and contrast are inversely related.
Aluminum disc--------filter higher wave length and lower penetrating xray beam
Copper in anode---------good thermal conductor-------dissipating heat from tungsten target—reduce the risk of melting
Atom maximum contain seven shells and K has highest energy level
x-rays are electromagnetic radiations
Ampicillin, methicillin and penicillin g cannot given orally
Function of added filtration is remove the longer wave length and shorter energy beam because ther are hamful to the patients
Filtration reduce the patient dose, decrease the contrast, increase the density of film
x-ray beam is polychromatic.
Radiation we receive from outer space is called cosmic radiation
Maximum permissible dose---------non occupation 0.1 rem/year and occupation--------5rem/year and pregnant
women+occupation----------0.1 rem/year
Primary risk of dental radiography---------radiation induced cancer.
Set the mA to highst level and KVP 70-90kvp
mA and exposure time are inversely related
operator 90-135* to the beam and 6 feet distance
aluminum disc--------filter out longer wavelength rays---------increasing the over all quality of beam
film placed posteriorly in mouth---------------diamond effect or herring bone defect.
Operator can`t control the size of the focal spot
Incorrect vertical angulation--------------excessive vertical angulation causes foreshortening and insuffient vertical angulation
causes elongation
Incorrect horizontal angulation causes---------overlapping
Cone cutting----------portion of the film will appear clear with the curved line
Paralleling technique------------long cone-----------increase exposure time
Poor contrast-------------high KVP
Blurred vision------------patient movement or drifting of X-ray arm
Paralleling technique/ long cone technique-------------greater definition and less image magnification
Exposure time increased in paralleling technique and in bisecting technique it actually decreases
Bisecting technique-----------short cone technique---------follows the rule of isometry.
Periodontal bone levels will not be represented accurately by bisecting technique
Early occlusal carries are difficult to seen on x-ray until the involvement of DEJ.
Buccal and lingual carries are difficult to seen on x-ray best detected clinically
Buccal and lingual S carries--------- circular radiolucent area……later semilunar/eliiptical
Root surface carries-----------mostly in mandibular premolar and molar and cup/crater shaped radiolucency.
Alveolar crest…1.5-2mm below the CEJ.
Zygomatic #--------submento vertex and appears as handles of jug on view.
Maxillary sinus---------------peri apica, OPG, occlusal view, cald well, lateral head and waters view
Mad facial #------best view is waters view
Bilateral condylar #--------------------towens projection
Towens projection--------condylar, condylar neck and rami
OPG-----------------loss of fine detail.
Serial ceph may be used to asses direction of bone growth.
Bitw wing radiograph--------------proximal carries and progression of periodontal disease.
Bite wing radiograph no----------0 in primary 1 in mixed 2 after 2nd molar eruption and 3 less commonly.
Bite wing radiograph-----------angel +8-10* and alveolar bone resorption best seen on B.wing
Largest intraoral film 4 and standard is 2
In children limited no of radiographs and thyroid shield
Widening of periodontal ligament at apex-------------furcation involvement
Maxillary 1st molar furcation involvement-------mostly from mesial side
Narrow pocket shows------root fracture or pathosis of pulpal origin
EPT------------1-79 shows vital and 80 or over shows necrotic
In crack tooth syndrome crack propagate mesiodistally and in vertical root fracture it progress bucolingually….
Crack tooth syndrome diagnostic test….dyes, tactile examination, tooth slots and transillumination
LAP= tetra + metro GAP= penicillin Chronic periodontitis= doxycycline+ SRP
With age chroma increases
PDL-------thinner in middle of the root and wider in alveolar crest region
Foramen and fossa------radiolucent and lines radiopaque
unilocular radiolucencies at different sites
Apex of non-vital teeth ➝periapical granuloma, periapical cyst

• Apex of vital teeth ➝immature cementoma

• Crown of impacted teeth ➝dentigerous cyst
• Overlying mandibular canal ➝neurofibroma, neurilemmona
• Inferior to mandibular canal in 2nd molar area ➝Stafne cyst
• Focal or noncontiguous multiple➝myeloma, LCH, metastasis

alpha, beta, cathode, proton and neutron are example of non-particulate radiations
electromagnetic radiations---------------gamma rays, light rays, radio waves, x-rays,cosmic rays
quality of x-ray beam half value layer and quality of photon----KVP
greater the HVL----------------greater will be intensity-------------greater quality
collimation------restrict the shape and size of the beam
filtration----------filter the longer wave length beam, increase penetrability, and reduce the exposure to the patient
filtered beam is lower intensity and higher quality
for carries detection-----------high contrast and low scale
PID------------larger-----------sharpness increases
Faster film--------------grain size increases---------------decreses sharpness
Magnification increases sharpness decreases
Radiosensitivity is directly related to reproductive ablity and inversely to diffrantiation
Residual biological damage that remains in tissues is cumulitative
Radiation induced thyroid cancer--------somatic
Biological dose equilvelent dose
Highly oxygenated or high temperature----------more chances of radiation damage
Satisfactory intraoral radiograph-----100-600mR
Total filtration -------------2.5
x-ray collimated no more than 2.75
maximum permissible dose/week----------0.1rem
scattered radiation------------higher KVP and close ended PID.
To estimate the exposure------either we use TLDS or badges. Mostly TLDS can be reused and while badges single use
Developer and fixer should be change monthly and replinsh daily
Filtration reduce the contrast and inc the density of the film
Medi lateral subcondylar #--------------PA view
Posterior mandibular area------------to determine the extent-----------lateral oblique veiw
Walls of the orbit----------radiograph--------cald well
Invertet curve of spee------------patient chin too high
Exgreated curve of spee-----------too low
Lateral view for 1.where excessive growth is occurring 2.if the growth has occur since last radiograph 3. After surgery 4. Needle
breakage 5.caluli or any pathology
Perforation in TMJ_---------arthrography and to know abt soft and hard tissue relation-------MRI
On OPG----------incisor looks small----------patient is biting too forwars
Bite wing radiograph------------crestal bone, calculus, margin of restoration and interproximal decay
Mandibular foramen does not appear on peri apical x-ray
Reverse film-------------lead foil comes infront---------------light film results
Over angulation---------------crown cut off and foreshortening
Palatal torus---------horse shoe shaped maxillary connector(least rigid)
Simplest and most commonly used mandibular major connector-----lingual bar
Interproximal spaces and embrasure spaces more-------------lingual bar
Chromium cobalt alloy are more rigid as compare to gold or palladium
Chromium cobalt alloy-------higher rigidity, less flexibility, stiffness high, density less, specific gravity less
Causes of fracture alloy of CO-CH--------------cold working, shrinkage porosity, low percentage elongation, excessive carbon
Shrinkage in Co-Ch-----------2.3%
To prevent the horizontal movement of the clasp-------encircle the tooth half or 180*
Ring clasp-------------avoid where carries rate is high and esthetically objection
RPI more advantageous on carries prone individual
dental anomalies in different developmental stages of tooth
Initiation -anodontia or supernumerary teeth.
Cap stage- proliferation - dens-in-dente, gemination, fusion, and tubercles.
Bell stage -Morphodifferentiation and histodifferentiation - dentinogenesis imperfecta, amelogenesis imperfecta, and
macrodontia / microdontia.
Apposition stage -enamel dysplasia, concrescence, and enamel pearls.
Infrabuldge retainer should not be placed in tissue undercuts
Wrought wire ---------------elongation percentage of more than 6%.
Most important property in clasp is elongation.
Gold clasp has half the retention of chromium cobalt clasp while enganging ideal undercuts
Co-Cr---------------prop limit less-----------grain size larger—more chances of fracture
Mechanical properties of wrought wire are superior to those of cast structure. 25%(T.strength, hardness, strength, toughness,
flexibility, adjustment and ductility)
Rest--------mostly premolar and canine
Anti rotational device----rest/connector
Indirect retainer----------rest should be placed away from distal extension as possible
Yield strength is directly related with flexiblity
Reciprocation can be achieved by------plating, minor connector, guiding planes, contact areas of proximal teeth and reciprocal
clasp arm
Proximal guiding-------1/3rd bucolingual width , 2/3rd of bucal and lingual cusp and verticaly 2/3rd
Primary purpose for rest is vertical support for RPD
inciasal rest mostly mandibular canine and cingulum rest mostly---maxillary canine
Guiding planes---------most changes to bucal and proximal surface or premolar and molars
Retention----------against line of insertion(sticky foods, gravity, opening mouth) and produced by retentive arm of the clasp
Support--------in line of insertion(in gingival direction) produced by occlusal rest and bony ridge
Stability---------against horizontal force--------------produced by all components of clasp except retentive arm
Denture problem during Smiling-----excessive thickness in buccal area, opening/yawing---------------distobuccal, sore gums and
aching muscle----------treat by increase interocclusal distance and reduca vertical dimension, tingling/numbness on lips or corners
by excessive pressure on mental foramen
Objectives of altered cast technique----------maximum possible support from distal extension base of RPD and accurately relate
soft tissue base of denture base to metal frame work
Stability is more important for patient comfort and oral health
Plastic teeth bonds well to acrylic than the porecelin
In clasp========flexibility =======length3/diameter3
Fibrous Dysplasia---->Children
*Paget's Disease------>Adults over 50
*Aneursmal Bone Cyst---->Teenagers
*Cherubism----->Children
*Periapical Cemeno osseous Dsysplasia---->Middle aged black women
*Capillary Hemangioma---->1st week after Birth till 9 years old
*Cavernous Hemangioma---->Old Adults
Disto buccal----masseter, disto lingual-------sup: constr muscle
Proper border remolding-------------stablity and lack of displacement
Immediate denture should be relined 5months and 10months post extraction
Sup constrictor impinge-------------sore throat
Reline is contraindicataes ------------decrease vertical dimension and over closure
Occlusal disharmony can be most accurately corrected in articulator after patient remounting procedure
Tongue biting-----post teeth lingually inclined
Vertical dimension of occlusion affects lip support as well
Labial surface of max incisor 8mm anterior to incisive papilla
For better asthetics……teeth set facial to ridge, seal, adequate bulk of maxillary facial flange
Placing max incisor too far superiorly and facially---------difficulty in F and V sound
Learning to chew satisfactory can take 6-8 weeks
Trouble some swaalowing----------dec interocclusal distance, dec freeway space and inc vertical dimension
Overdenture------main advantage prevent the resorption of alveolar and other are-------proprioception and retention
Posterior dental arch--------too narrow/high--------wisling sound
The sound instead of S--------palatal thickness or teeth palataly placed
T like D------palataly and D like T----labially
Multilocur radiolucencies and sites
• Anterior to 1st & 2nd molar ➝• CGCG
• ABC
• SBC
• Brown tumour
• Posterior involving ramus ➝
• Ameloblastoma
• Pindborg tumour
• Odontogenic myxoma
• Cherubism
• No site predilection ➝
• Fibrous dysplasia
• Central haemangioma
• OKC of basal cell naevus syndrome
Advance age--------broader contact area in denture
Whistling sound----------too much horizontal over lap, vertical over lap is not enough and area palatal to incisor is improperly
contoured
Loose hyperplasitic tissue----------passive position impression
Receptors Sour protons blocking K+ channels. Sweet/UMAMIactivation of T1R3 receptors
Whistle on S sound------------increases the palatal resin convex contour lingual to max incisor
Lisp on S sound-----reduce OVD and increases interocclusal distance
Max and mand canine and P.molar contact during sibilants----------reduce VD and increases interoclusal distance
Maxillary occlusal rim should be parallel to camper`s line.
If during try in want to adjust C occlusion, best way is to take the new centric relation record and remount
Porosity in acrylic------1. Insuffient presuure (at least 20-30Pa required) 2. Paking in plastic stage (sandy or sticky)
Morphologic changes associated with edentulous state-----------deepning of nasolabial grove, loss of labiodental angel, dec in
labial angel, narrowing of lips, prognathic profile, increase collumela-philtral angel
Fracture occurs in porcelain rather than porcelain metal interface
Meta=0.5mm porcelain 1-1.5mm tooth cutting 1.5-2mm
Most freq cause of porosity in porecelin is due to inadequate condensation pressure
Ortho silver solder and bridge work gold solder
Solder melts at 150f*
Flux---------disslove the surface impurities, protect the surface from oxidation
Contraindication of fixed bridge work-------------poor oral hygiene, high carries rate, unacceptable occlusion, bruxism, mobile
teeth
FDP------------any prosthesis replacing more than 2 teeth should be high risk
Diverging multirooted curved and broad labiolingual roots preferred over fused single conical and rounded roots
Excessive bone resoption----------anterior fixed bridge is contraindicated best is RPD
Replacing max or man canine abudment CI and LI
High carries rate, short clinical crown, minimal over jet contraindicated for 3/4th crown
Nickel and beryllium can cause allergy in female specially
Silver palladium--------silver 55-71 and palladium 25-27%
Palladium- silver---------mainly palladium and silver 40%
Porcelain adhere to metal by chemical bond------covalent bond
The most common complaint of lab technician regarding PFM-------improper margin in impression
Butt joint------shoulder----poorest type of finish line in metal restoration
Melting point Gold 950 and Co-Cr 1350
Metal coping--------maximize the strength of porcelain veneers, and fit of crown
Outer junction of porcelain and metal should be right angel
Copper causes greening effects in porcelain.
Functional cusp reduction 1.5 and non-functional 1mm and convergence 6-10*
Primary reason for 3/4th crown over full crown is tooth structure is spared
The path of insertion for partial veneers---------ant teeth parallel to incisal ½ to 2/3rd of labial surface and in posterior parallel to
long axis of tooth
Pin modifies 34 crown----preserve labial and one proximal surface
Tooth reduction for PFM and all ceramic should be same 1.5-2mm
Gold preferred for restoration of occlusal surface in tooth grinding habit
Work/strain hardening-----------------heating at room tempratur--------------inc strength, hardness, prop limit and dec ductility and
resistance to corrosion
Quenching make the metal more malliable
Anneling inc the ductility and strength
Gold 1,2,3--------------gypsum bonded and 4 phosphate
Dowels-------silver palladium----------gypsum
Wear facets excessive----------dishrmony b/w centric relation and occlusion
Diagnostic cast------alginate----poured with type 4 or 5 plaster
Portion of the pontic approximate the ridge should be convex
Saddle shaped-concave-difficult to clean
Egg shaped/bullet shaped--------convex-easy to clean
Excessive tissue contact in pontic one of the major reason of for failure of fixed bridge
Glazed porecelin---polished gold----unglazed porecelin------acrylic
Flux contain--------borax, silica, sodium pyroborate and (fluoride in case chromium only)
Strength of solder join depends upon height not width
Antiflux---restrict the flow of solder mostly graphite pencil
Sanitry-----hygenic, no contact, un esthetic zone also conical in un esthetic zone
Modified ridge lap----------esthetic zone, minimal contact
Saddle+ovate------concave and un hygienic
In gold crown theortically beveling with feathered edge and practically chamfer
Chamfer mostly for----------gold, cast metal restoration and lingual margin of metal ceramic restoration
Shoulder---------ceramic, porecelin
Shoulder with bevel------------inlay, 3/4th crown and PFM
PFM------shoulder. Chamfer, bevel
PFM extend to marginal ridge-----shoulder and metal ceramic with metal collar-------shoulder with bevel or chamfer
Ceramic or porcelain-------------shoulder, 90*, 1mm
Electro surgery-----------Too low current causes tissue drag, and contraindications are---------------delayed healing, insulin pump,
thin attached gingiva, TENS,pacemaker
Half close eyes can increase the sensitivity of retinal rods to better choose the value of the colour
Blue fatigue accentuates yellow sensitivity
7/8th crown------------both proximal surface and sito bucal surface of tooth, especially useful when distal surface has carries or
decalcification, serve as excellent abudment for tooth, usually placed on maxillary molar bu can be placed on mandibular
premolar and molar.
Highly esthetics---------predominantly glass and high strength genrally of poly crystalline
most radio opaque to least ( gold - amalgam - znoE - enamel - dentinr - pdl space )
Co-Cr has melting poin 2300-2600 has lower yield strength, lower density and specific gravity
Nickel--------ductilty and percentage elongation
Provisional restoration is cemented with temp bond
Type 1 gypsum--------not used today
Type 2------------------ortho cast, type 3-----RPD, opposing cast,diagnostic cast, also called yellow stone or micro stone, type 4
and 5 used for crown bridge and implants
Dental plaster,,,,,,,,,,,accelerator--------gypsum, nacl, potassium sulfate and retarders are borate, citrate
Dental plaster is Beta hemihydrate(more water) and Dental stone is Alpha hemi hydrate(less water)
To reduce the porosity--------vibrator and 2nd method is 1st water in bowl and sift powder over it
Nodules of stone appears in occlusal pits of stone cast--------------due to entrapment of air
All gypsum product are weaker in tensile strength than compressive strength
Open vessels 120-150c*---------POP and autoclave 150-160*------------dental stone
Exposure of stone to tap water causes-------erosion of stone
The best method to control the gelation time of alginate impression is to alter the temperature of water
Reactor in alginate is calcium sulfate
Polyether-------stiff, dimensionally stable up to 24 hours and when dry, more than 1 cast, demonstrate imbibition
Polyether is hydrophillic and condensation silicone is hydrophobic
Condensation silicone-------------catalyst is tin octonate, hydrophobic, poor wetting, low stability, more flexible and more chances
of distortion. We have to wait 20-30 min b/f pouring
# 271 bur to start cavity prep
difference between 330 and 170 carbide burs was asked: they both r pear shaped with only difference in head lengths
330-2mm while 170/171- 4mm
P.gingivalis is increased in downs syndrome kids right
In ZOE----------catalyst is ca chloride, mineral/vegetable oil-----masking the effect of eugenol, rosin speedy reaction
Dimensional stability of ZOE is most likely due to failure to use custom tray
Radiographic apearnce of crouzen syndrome beaten copper skull
Confirmed crouzan frog like treachers bird like
Agar---------no custom tray required, special eqp needed, borax acts as strengthing agent, dimensionally unstable, 8% water and
poured with stone only
Hydrophilic-----agar and polyether hydrophobic condensation silicone and addition silicone
Alginate---------filler D.earth , retarder sodium phosphate,reactor calcium sulfate also poor accuracy and detain, tears easily, high
perm deformation
Alginate—debris on tisues------irregular voids in impression
Additional silicone-----most accurate elastomers,catalyst is chlorplatinic acid and scavenger is platinium or pladium. Delay
pouring up o 1 week,
More stiff is polyether and tear strength polysulfide, dimensionally stability additional silicone
Alginate-----3mm of space present b/w oral tissues and impression-----------------more accurate
Agar -------------technique sensitive and pt complains thermal shock
Both the undermixing and over mixing reduce the strength in alginate
Elastomers---------------best tray is custom made, lesser material and uniform distribution
Alginate----------------best tray is stock tray, more material more accuracy and reliblity
Polusulfide--------high flexibility, good flow propert, high tear resistance also exothermic, also contain lead dioxide which
contain brown discoloration. Messy------bad odour test, stain cloths,
Condensation silicone-------- alcohal, Additional silicone------------hydrogen gas, Polysufide-----------water
Highest deformation among all elastomers-----------polysulfide
additional silicone can pe poured up to weeks,poly ether several hours, polysufide with in one hour, and agar alginate immeditly
Exothermic reaction--------POP, Polysufide and acrylic resin
Imbibition-----------alginate and polyether
Acrylic-greater monomer------excessive shrinkage noram ratio of L/P ratio 1:3
In Acrylic------initiator is benzyol peroxide, inhibitor hydroquinone, chemical activator p-toulidine
Polymerization range in acrylic 60-77c*
Maxillary sinus enlarge through out the life so tuberosity moves downward
Submucosal vestibuloplasty-------maxillary arch------------to increase the dentire bearing area
TMJ----upper compartment gliding and in lower compartment its rotatory movement
Epinephrine in gingival sulcus-----------vasoconstriction and shrinkage
Zinc chloride causes-------necrosis of epeth and Ct---------delayed healing
Hamulus--------attachment pteregoid humulu--------lies b/w buccinator and superior constrictor muscle
Palatal tori----------thin mucosa can cause rocking of denture and delayed healing so cover with surgical stent and dressing, if all
max teeth are removed its best to remove torus at the same time
Plaque index is ordinal
Loose hyperplastic tissues----------impression in passive position
Frenectomy-------- z-plasty------fibrous attachment to bone
Paget`s disease-----------bone expansion---------denture remade
Epulis fissuratim caused by--------------over extended denture, traumatic occlusion
Denture stomatitis is mostly caused be-candiasis and trauma
Remade new denture mostly in Pagets`s disease(ostitis deformans) and acromegaly
In any debilitating disease-----------construction of denture--------------do not use porcelain teeth, narrow occlusal table, non-
pressure impression technique, OHI, recall appointment 6months
Too much interocclusal distance----------muscular imbalance
VD at rest= VDO+ interocclusal distance
VDR always greater than VDO,
Protrusive record-------ant + inf condylar path
When the mandible protrude--------sepration of post teeth—chirestens phenomena,,, affected by incisal guidance ant and condylar
guidance post
Anterior guidance in CD should be avoided to prevent dislodgment of denture base
When recording c.relation in dentate patients imprint shold be confined to cuspal tips and should not perforate
Mandibular movements----------------protrusion 9-10mm, laterally 10mm, retrusion 1mm and opening 50-60mm
Occlusion-----------max 1st premolar occludes in Distal triangular fossa of 1st PM and same like 2nd molar
During mandibular movements lingual cusp of mandibular molar will not contact their maxillary antagonist.all other areas bucal
and ligual cusp contact
Non working movements-------------mesiolingual cusp escape through distobucal groove
Lingual cusp of mandibular 1st perm molar does not occlude with anything
Lateral excursive movm---------------guidence through canine
If u r changing canine protected occlusion---------------there are more chances of increase non working side interference
Horizontal forces are most destructive to periodontium
In centric occlusion cusp fossa relationship, on working side-------contact of opposing cusp and non working/balancing side----
max lingual with mand bucal
Oblique ridge-----DB and D cusp
Inclination of condylar path---------------steeep mean cusp height will be longer, and shallow cusp height should be shorter
Anterior guidance-------------increases------cusp height increases
Empty mouth swallowing-----intercuspal position
Tooth contacts are of longer duration in chewing than swallowing
Group function or unilateral balanced occlusion…..same thing on one side all teeth are in contact and other side not in contact
while in bilateral balanced occlusion on both sides there are contacts
Determinanats of occlusion----------right and left TMJ, neuro mascular system and occlusal surface of teeth
Theoretical determinanats needed for restoring a complete and functional surface----------------vertical over lap of anterior teeth,
articular eminenece, working side condyle, position of tooth in the arch
Basic principle of occlusal adjustment --------------maximum distribution of occlusal stress in centric relation,, force should be
along the long axis, surface to surface contact it should be changed to point to surface contact, and once in centric occ never take
it out.
DB cusp serve as escape way ML cusp
Bannet movement---------lateral shift of the mandible or immediate side shift
Bennett angle----------sagittal plane and path of non working condyle.
Balancing/non supporting/non centric/shearing cusp…………does not occlude or fit on fossa, unlock the cusp
Supporting/working/stamp/centric cusp
In posterior cross bite-------supporting and non supporting reverse.
Non supporting cusp do not contact just over lap
Balance occlusion-----------in order to give stability to appliance (in PD)
Eccentric occlusion------------protrusive, right and left lateral contact –when jaws are not moving
Articulation----------------------relationship of teeth during movement in to away from position while teeth are in contact
The purpose of selective grinding is to remove all interference with out destroying cusp height
Interference in Centric just grind marginal ridge and fossa while in lateral just grind the non holding cusp
Occlusion of gold restoration checked with Shim stock
Multiple adjacent pontics on ant fixed bridge-reduced facial embressure to enhance the esthetics
Condylar guidance depends upon------TMJ, muscle, ligaments, methods used for registration
When adjusting condylar guidance for protrusive relationship------- pin on articulator should be raised out
Least reproducible maxillomandibular record is protrusive
Porcelain----------low tensile and shear strength
Metal porcelain junction should be at right angel and occlusal surface covered with PFM should be 1.5mm away
Poreclin rust at 2000f*
Core material in all ceramic is usually high strength sintered ceramic
In, Sn, Fe, Cr, all contribute to metal oxidation for chemical bonding to porcelain
Basic shade in PFM is provided opaque
Value is most important in shade selection, hue should be selected 1st, and intensity under value, value cant be increased
Addition of yellow increase the chroma and particularly yellow shade
Two modification for hue---------pink purple in yellow result yellow red and yellow decreases the red content
Violet-----reduce the value
Staining on porcelain---------------reduce the value, increases metamerism and loss of floursence
Smooth porcelain appears larger
Human teeth fluoresce mainly blue white hues 400-450
Glazed porcelain is better than over glazed porcelain,,,glazed porcelain non porous resist abrasionposses esthetic ablity well
tolerated by gingiva
Free gingival graft---------epethelial formation in 1 week and complete maturation in 10-16weeks
Free gingival graft receive its nutrient from Connective tissur, intra oral site is edentulous space or palate
Localized narrow recession-----------------free gingival graft and wide/deep recession ----------------lateral positioned flap(pedicle
flap) or sub epithelial CT graft
Class 1,2 G recessin good prognosis, 3 partial coverage 4 poor prognosis
Hemisection in mandibular molars and root amputation in maxillary 1 st and 2nd molar, most perio disease max 1st and 2nd molar
Hemisection in furcation class 2 and 3
Ideal pontic is ovate. Sanitry and ovate are convex, and ridge lap and modified ridge lap-------------concave
Surgically created edge of flap must be uniformly thin usually 2mm thick
Gingivectomy---------incision should be placed apical to pocket depth
ANUG------------gingivoplasty
Internal bevel incision------------remove the pocket lining, conserve uninvolved outer surface of gingiva, produce sharp thin flap
margin for adaptation to bone tooth junction
Modified widman flap--------------just instrumentation but does not reduce pocket depth, does not extend beyond the
mucogingival junction,
Undisplaced(un repositioned) flap-----------instrumentaion + pocket wall removal,
Undisplaced and gingivectomy are to flap procedure to remove the pocket wall
Apically displaced----------access, remove the pocket wall and inc the width of attached gingiva
Most freq performed type of perio surgery is Undisplaced(un repositioned) flap
Lateral post flap/ pedicle flap-------------inadequate zone of attached gingiva, isolated area of gingival recession and CI are donor
site lack suffient attached gingiva and fenestration and dehiscence
GTR----------non resorbable mem removed after 3-6 weks,
Primary reason for failure of free gingival graft is distruption of blood supply.
Inadequate zone of attached gingiva--------------gingival graft. Coonective tissue graft, apically positioned flap, LP flap
G recession-----------------G &Ct graft, pedicle, sub epe ct graft, and GTR
Ideal thickness of free gingival graft is 1-1.5m
In free gingival graft there is necrotic slough while in positioned flap not bcz in positioned flap blodd supply is maintained
Top layer is last to be vascularized in Free gingival graft
Double papillaf flap-------inturpted blood supply bcz of suture tension and indicated in tooth brush abrasion, hypersensitivity
Apically displaced flap-----------------full thickness, indication-----------moderate to deep pocket, furcation involment, crown
lengthening root plaining, aceess for surgery
Free gingival graft--------epethelium degenrates------------re epethelization from adjacent tissues and surviving basal cells of the
graft
Palatal flaps can`t be displaced bcz of absence of un attached gingiva
Horizontal incision contain-------3 incsion------------internal bevel, crevicular incision, interdental
Internal bevel/reverse bevel/1st incision------------0.5-1mm in apicaly D F, 1-2mm in modified widman F, and not
displaced…coronal to base of pocket
Vertical releasing incision should extend beyond
Ostectomy---------bone pecieces remains-----------widow peaks-----------P pocket
Early to moderate bone loss, moderate root trunk, bony defect 1,2 wall-------------ostecetomy
Shallow to moderate bone loss-----------------osteoplasty
Horizontal bone loss is most common bone loss in perio
Bone grafting success directly related with----------no of bony wall defect and inversely with roor surface area
Root resorption is most common side effect of grafting
One wall bone defect------hemi septum
Two walled------------------crater, best corrected by recountoring and 3 walled----intra bony
Smokers---------------------red and orange bacteria, T forsythia, effects neutrophils and inc tissue destructive enzyme
Increase risk of perio disease in autoimunse disease,osteoporosis, smokeless tobacco, radiation therapy
Smokless tobacco--------------leukoplakia, carcinoma, attachment loss and tooth loss
Radiotherapy------------------attachment loss and tooth los
IL1 and TNF 1-----bone resorption and IL8 chemotactic factor
Primary cell producing prostaglandins in inflammation are fibrblast and macrophages
VITAMIN B deff can cause gingivitis and in C deff there is loose teeth , bleeding swollen gingiva
Decrease in no of P gingivilis, T forsyethia, and T denticola associated with successful treatment of disease
For patients taking more than 325 mg of aspirin per day, aspirin may need to be discontinued 7 to 10 days before surgical
therapy
LIPO POLYSACHRIDES CAUSES----------------bone resorption and inhibit osteogenesis and chemotaxis
Herpetic gingiva stomatitis is contagious when vesicles are present
Chronic periodontits can be caused by EBV, CMV
LAP-----------familial, incisor and molar, puberty, absence of local factors, AA
Viridans----gram + and alpha hemolytic
LAP------aa and GAP-----p gingivilis and depressed chemotaxis
Desquamative ginigivitis----------phemphigus, phemphigoid, L planus, ch ulcerative stomatitis, linear Iga disease, dermatitis
herpatiform, LE, EM
Desquamative gingivitis---------red atrophic, glazed gingiva, middle age women, spares the marginal gingiva, involve attached
gingiva, needed biopsy, role of plaque is vague in DG
Hypo phosphatsia, tetralogy of fallot .CHD, eisenmengers syndrome inc period disease
Cup like resoptive area-------------intial periodontitis
Most critical factor for periodontitis--------attachment loss and mobility
Furcation grades and prognosis----1 fair, 2 poor and 3 quistonable
Most accurate in alveolar bone resorption------bite wing
Ortho therapy----------plaque accumulation more P.melaninogenica, P.intermedia, A odontolyticus
Pregnancy----------P intermedia, g enlargement in 2nd or 3rd month,
04 stages of period disease….initial neutrophils, early lymphocytes, established plasma cells and advanced plasma cells is CT
and neutrophils in junctional epithelium and gingival crevice
Bleeding during probing----------------indicated crevicular epithelium is ulcerated
Periodontal--------recall visit-----3 months, if plaque control is good than it would be 4-6months
Puberty-------capnocytophagia, P.intermedia,
Pick up/open tray impression is used mostly for divergent implants
External hex----------component of implant and seat in to abudment while in internal hex component of abudment and seat in to
implant
Implants-----
Torque applied to screw is called pre load, open tray impression is mostly used,
Counter sinking----------flaring or enlarging the coronal end of osteotomy
Tapping---------creation of spiral groves on inside the osteotomy, which reduce the required torque
Macro structure-------design or geometry and Micro structure-------------surface characterstic
Screw shaped implant-----------added stability and tapered
Biological width in implant----3-4mm and in tooth 1-2mm
Anti rotational elements------------prevent the rotation of abudment and restoration but not implant, single unit restoration require
anti rotational while multi unit not
Probing refrence point---------------In tooth CEJ and in implant shoulder/permanent structure
Amount of bone loss 0.2mm/year
In implant lateral forces are well tolerated------off axis loading
Most common cause of peri implantitis is poor hygiene and occlusal loading
Excessive heat----damage to bone cells---------prevent osteointegration
i/v bisphosphonate therapy--------absolute contraindication for implant therapy
implant limit oh heat 47c* for less than 1 min
non passive fit--------down and implant failure
if osteotomy is too large-----------lack primary stability and osteo integration fails
implant failure cases------------pain , infection, parasthesia, peri implant radiolucency, mobility
success ratio 855 1st 5 years and 80 %10years
2 adjecent amplants----------absence of interdental papilla—black triangle disease
C T appearance around implant shows implant failure
1st bone to establish on implant is woven bone than lamellar bone
CHF patient on digitalis---------avoid epinephrine or limited dose to 0.036mg, avoid calry or erythromycin, avoid gag reflex and
epinephrine cords, place in upright position/semi supine and avoid NSAIDs
Relative contraindications are ppl who have uncontrolled diabetes and smokers. ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS: mental
or physcho disorders, under age 16, ppl who are too critical, one cant please.
Bone fracture splinting adults 2-8 weeks and children 3-4 weeks, alveolar # or root # is 3-4 months
Tooth avulsion-------flexible, splint root fracture/bone fracture----------rigid splints
Veneers reduction……….incisal 0.7 middle 0.5 and gingival 0.3mm
Tetracycline, Benzodiazepine, and Barbiturates AVOID AVOID AVOID during pregnancy
Facial Max LI, Mandibular central and maxillary 2 premolar: widest keratinized gingival
Facial of Mand. C, Mandibular first premolar, and lingual surfaces adjacent to mand. Incisors and canines and MB of Max 1 st
Molar and Mand. 3rd Molar: narrowest keratinized gingival

posterior maxilla-------D4--------highest failure rates

failure rates are higher in smokers,,although not a absolute contraindication
in normal teeth there are periodontal ligament so proprioception, while in implant no p ligaments and dec tactile sensation and
with time tactile sense increases in implant called osteo perception’
anterior loop----------course of IAN anterior to mental foramen
1 stage implant-----non submerged/transgingival
Cross sectional view-------------CBCT, CT, conventional linear tomography
Probing in implant is deeper as compare to normal teeth and usually we use plastic probe
Minimum implant length------10mm and maximum 16mm
Primary stability is primary objective of surgical implant placement
Factors for abudment selection------------inter arch space, angulation, esthetics, soft tissue height
Morse taper--------------------------abudment to implant connection------prevent from rotation, and tight fit b/w metal components
and reduce the bactr=erial contaminations
Inter arch space is limited-----------cemented crown to abudment is least advantegous
Screw retained restoration needs less space as compare to cemented restoration.
In implant we can use safely--------------powered tooth brush, flossing, manual tooth brush, end tufts tooth brush, plastic currete
and probe
Imlant recall visit for hygiene-------3 months
Plat form switching-----------smaller diameter abudment with wider diameter implant------advantage reduce bone remodeling and
bone loss
Opsonin C3b, chemotactic factor c3a and c5a
Receptor----------mast cells C3a and C5a +IGg , Ige and dendric cells C3a neutrophils C3
NK cells kills viral infected and tumor cells
As the severity of inflamation increses plasma cells increases
Zinc oxide eugenol dressing----bactiostatic agent is chlor thymol
Rotary polishing agent contra indication-----------comunicable disease, respiratory preoblems, newly erupted tooth, green stain,
inc risk of carries,
A tissue-level implant should be used when ease for oral hygiene is desired to preserve crestal bone.
Major component of gingival CT is collagen fibers, and usually consist of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
Acute period abcess------pain, mobility, tooth feels elevated and systemic involvment
Chronic---------a symptomatic, mobility, fistula tract, no sys involv
Periodontal abcess----------fusi form bacteria
Occlusal spints----------controlling recurrence of drug induced gingival enlargement
Occlusal adjustment should not be done until inflammation is resolved
Preliminary phase(emergency treatment)------------ phase 1==carries control, ext of hopeless teeth, SRP, OHI, Night guard,
splinting, re-examination,-------phase 4 mainatanace--------phase 2 or 3
Increase tooth mobility caused by--------pregnency, local or systemic factor, trauma, hypo/hyper function,o trauma, bruxism, and
plaque induced mobility
Patients with periodontitis often have T lymphocytes sensitized to plaque bacteria
T lymphocytes------------contact dermatitis type 4 hyper:, cell mediated imunity and modulation of anti body mediated
Cementum primary is acellular, 1st formed, does not contain cells, sharpys fibers major portion, cervical half of the root.
secondry cemetum is cellular, after reaches the oclusal portion,less calcified, S fibers occupy smaller portion
cementum deposition is more rapid at the apical portion
functions of cementum--------------attachment of sharpys fibers, compensate, protects the root and reparative function
cementum repair occurs on vital as well as non vital teeth
CEJ-------60-65% over laps, 30% edge to edge and 5-10% fails to meet
Trauma from occlusion is bcz of alteration of oclusal forces----------priamry trauma from occlusion and reduce adaptive capacity-
--------sec trauma
Spilinting indication,,,,,,,,mobility of teeth, drifting of teeth, prosthetics where multiple abudment are necessary
Black,green, brown, orange--------improper oral hygiene.
Silver amalgam and topical fluoride-----------exogenous intrinsic
MC sign of occlusal trauma is tooth mobility
Abrasive consist of 20-40% dentifrices
Water irrigation device------clean non-adherent plaque and debris from oral cavity more effectively than tooth brush and M wash
Oral irrigator are contraindicated in patients requiring antibiotic pre medication bcz of chances of bacteremia
Dentine 25 and cementum 35 times abrade faster than enamel. So more problems in root
Tooth wear occurs more on maxilla than mandible and on left side
Tooth paste---------pyrophosphate-----------reduce the new supra gingival calculus formation
Super floss components----------stiff under appliences, spongy for bw wide spaces and regular for sub gingival plaque
Super floss uses------implant patiens,wide spaces, embrasure,bridge, braces,isolated tooth
Most simplest and used--------scrub and perio patints-----sulcular and mostly recomnded----bass
Plaque removal at gingival level, stimulation of gingiva-------Bass technique
Brush should be changed after 3months
Side effects of chlorhexidine-------------brown staining of teeth,trainsient impairment of test, low toxic activity in human
Chlorhexidine 12% alcohol and listrene 24%
Sub gingival doxycycline 10%FDA approved
LAP--------tetracyclne, chronic period:-------SRP+SDD, metronidazole—anerobic+Aa, penicillin LAP+GAP
Cipro floxacin-----------anti biotic against which all strains of AA are susceptible
Macrolides-apears to concentrate in gingival tissue
Width of attached gingiva---------------b/w muco gingival junction and base of perio pocket
Width of attached gingiva is greater in anterior segment than posterior segment, and increases with age and supra erupted teeth
Circular fibers resist the rotational forces
Most numerous cells in PDL are fibroblast, mesenchymal origin,
Gingival ct sells-----mast cells. Macrophages, adipose cells, esnophills, plasma cells and lymphocytes
Gingival innervation--------labial, buccal palatal nerves
Transeptal maintain the integrity of dental arch
Alveolar crest-extrusion, apical fibers does not occus in incompletely formed roots
Narrow gingival zone-------------mand canine and 1st premolar facial surface and lingual surface of LI and canine,mesio bucal
root of max 1st molar and some times 3rd molar
Attached gingiva width 2mm,
Vermillion border of lips----------karetinized
EARLY COLONIZERS of plaque--------actinomycis, streptococcus
Green complex-------------ACE------------actinobacillus, capnocytophagia, E korodens
Orange----------------PCF----------fusobacterium, camphylobacter, prevotella
Res-----------------TTP-------------- t forsythia, T denticola, P ginigivilis
In biofilm—bacteria communicate with each other via Quorm sensing
Gram +ve use sugae as energy source and salive as carbon source while mature plaque bacteria amino acids and peptides as
energy source
Crystals structure----------------mandibular ant region brushite and post region magnesium white lock, in subgingival calculus less
brushite and more mag w lock, as we go deeper in the pocket sodium content increases
Bleeding on probing is associated with red complex
Osseous crater best treated with osseous re countouring
Degree of success of periodontal bone grafting is directly related with no of bone wall of the defect and inversely relataed with
surface area of root against which graft is implanted
Three wall defect most commonly on mesial surface of mandibular and maxillary 2 nd ,3rd molar
2 most critical para meters for prognosis of perio----------attachment loss and mobility
Pocket depth----------from marginal gingiva to base of perio pocket while attachment loss is from base of pocket to CEJ.
Type 2 furcation involvement--------GTR,
Furcation involvement of maxillary 2 nd molar have poorest prognosis
Gingival hyperplasia--------------phenytoin, mephenytoin, ethotoin, methusxinimide, valporic acid, succinimides
Cyclosporine induced G hyperplasia is more vascularized than phenytoin
Recession is measured from marginal gingiva to CEJ
Furcation involvement ------------NBBERS probe
The correct probing force is 10-20mg so that depress the thumb 1-2mm
Recession= migration of free gingival margin apical to CEJ(CEJ-marginal gingiva)
Periodontal attachment loss=GR+P pocket( if recession we add it and if hyperplasia we subtract it)
Attached gingiva=distance from marginal gingiva to MJJ-pocket
Most common cause of gingival recession is abrasion or tooth injury
Clinical evaluation of soft tissue response to SRP should not be conducted earlier than 2 weeks
In RP ideal working stroke begins at the apical edge of junctional epithelium
Most difficulty in in performing thorogh SRP in tri furcation of max molar
Mandibular incisors and max 1st premolar------flutings
Local is always require for gingival curratage
Currete 11,12 distal and 13,14 mesial 4-r 4-l Columbia
Most effective instrument for sub gingival scaling and root planning is curette
Curette has working end on both side, and rounded toe
Edematous gingiva respond better to curettage than fibrotic gingiva
Ultrasonic instrument---------light touch, light pressure, constant motion parallel to tooth
Ultrasonic—20k -65k while sonic 2k-65k
Magnato restrictive-------elliptical shaped and pizo electric is linear shaped
Prophy contraindications-------respiratory illness, hemodylasis, hypertension, infectous disease
Ultra sonic instruments----------principle-------high freq sound wave
Schwartz Pizo retrivers-------removal of broken tips
Wire edge is produced when last stroke is made away from cutting edge.
Scaling and Rp on anterior teeth with deep pockets have short straight shank
Subgingival scaling 0*, Scaling and root planning 45-90* gingival curettage >90*
Modified pen grasp for perio instruments
Patient management
OHI----lack of sensitivity, so less useful
Caucasians have more chances of coronal carries as compare to non Caucasians
Prevalence of gingivitis highest during 2nd and 3rd decade after that remains constant
Incidence of oral and pharangeal cancer increases with age alcohol tobacco and uncommom before the age of 40
US 8000 deaths occurs per year as a result of oral and pharyngeal cancer
Community water fluoridation effectiveness 20-40% while school water effectiveness is 20-30%
School water fluoridation is 4.5times higher than community water fluoridation
Topical fluoride----------varnish and gels
Varnish-----high fluoride conc in small amount of materials and effectiveness is 7-75%
Varnish-----adhesive, should maximize the fluoride contact with tooth
Varnish indication-------------adult pt with g recession and root carries, bed ridden patients, disabled child
Fluoride suplementaion---------non floridated area, b/w 6months and 16years of age
F suppl starts with drops and at the age of three replaced by F.tablets
F supplementation-----------tablets and rinses.
Fluoride rinses---------6 years or older b/c in younger more chances of swallowing, so not recomnded in early child hood carries
Fluoride rinses daily 0.05% or weekly with 0.2%
Pit and fissure sealent----------provide physical barrier to impaction of substrate for bacteria
Fluoride least effective on pit and fissure where sealent are mostly effective
Office based fluoride-----sealents, topical fluoride and fluoride supplements
AFP----1.23%
High conc fluoride like APF----------form calcium fluoride--------release slowly fluoride and reminralization and no need for
prophylaxis before fluoride
Dental carries control through diet is moderately successful
Patients especially prone to carries----------dentifrices+ fluoride gels home use
Office---------APF and home use Naf 1%, stannous fluoride 0.4%
Normal distribution
Skewed distribution-----------------if the mean is greater than median its +ve and if the mean is lower than median its –ve and if
both are equal its normal distribution
Range is difference in b/w highest and lowest. And not a stable indicator
More chances of needle stick injury more chances of HBV----------HCV--------HIV
PPO-------open panel ---------can go to any dentist
HMO------closed panel----------specific dentist
As part of the occlusal reduction, a wide bevel should be placed on the functional cusps of posterior teeth to provide structural
durability in this critical area. Failure to place a functional cusp bevel can result in thin, weak areas in the restoration.
Do not disinfect when u sterilize
Bench mark organism for sterilization---------------bacillus spores
Biological monitors----------weekly done
Dry heat sterilization for metal and glass objects only
Heat sensitive instruments------------medical device---------48.9c* for 2-3 hours
Bench mark organism for dis infectant----------Mycobactrium TB
Spatters-----large, visible, with in 3 feet, potential route for infection for dental health care worker
Aerosol-----5-50um, invisible, floating in air for hours, can cause rep infection but not HBV/HIV
Blood borne------spatters.. respiratory disease---------mist, aerosol
Noise control-----85db protective measure 90db chances of damage increases and 95db mandatory protection
In water line CFU should be less than 200
COLOUR CODING:
Blue identifies health hazard, yellow identifies reactivity of materials, red fire hazard and white required PPE
In table of allowance payment may be full or might not be by insurance company, if not patient involved in balance billing
Fee schudle---------payment in full bu insurance, patient will not pay any thing
Reduced fees for service is related with PPO
MEDICARE does not provide dental service except in emergency
Medicare for older and disabled patients
Medicaid---------adult, disabled, blind, provide dental survice in children no later than 3 years
Behavior is determined, purpose ful, units of activity
When revewing oral hygiene------------pt repeat in the end what u said
Child can`t be expected to learn behavior until he has matured to stage at which he is ready for learning
Aggressive personality----------irritability, tanturums, violence in response to frustration
Manipulative attitude--------more demanding attitude
Stress is most associated with response effect
Behavior shaping is regarded as learning model
Behavior modification is also known as behavior therapy.
Systemic desensitization-----technique used for eliminating anxiety associate with phobias
To reduce the anxiety work quickly
50-80% dental fear occurs during child hood or adolescence
Organism are blank slate 8 birth
Autoclave----------protein denaturation, and heat under pressure
Dry heat---------cogulation of protein
Instruments must be dry-----------b/ ster with dry heat or ethylene oxide bcz water will interfere will sterilization
Chemical vapour sterilization----------132c* for 20-40min and 20Lb pressure
Chemical vappour sterilizer will destroy the heat sensitive plastics
Rapid heat--------191c* for 12min in wrapped while 6 min in un wrapped
Glutaraldehydes ---------10hour to kill spore
Ammonium compound are cationic detergent---------in activated by anionic detergent
Anionic surface active agent --------------detergent, soaps------------reduce the surface tension
Non anionic have no anti microbial activity
Liquids are sterilized by ----------------filtration, 0.22um nitro cellulose
Sodium hypochlorite-------1:100(500ppm) is acceptable, renew weakly
Phenol----------too caustic----rarely used today
Disinfectant---------water based is better than alcohol , pump spray is better than aerosol spray
Chlorine---powerful oxidizing agent------kills bacteria and virus by oxidizing free sulphhydryl group
Ethylene oxide------------alkylating agent irreversibly inactivating DNA and proteins, in sealed chamber
Antiseptic------static while disinfectant--------cidal + static
Soap is natural and detergent is synthetic, and surfactant is added to increase the wetablity
Hand gloves-----most common type IV hypers reaction and less type I
Allergy to latex gloves---alternative is vinyl/nitrile gloves
Latex gloves----------type I hypersensitivity reaction-------------similar to bee sting---------may be mild include skin only and may
be severe which also include respiratory system.
Mercury poisning--------------pneumonia, gingival discoloration ,renal tubular necrosis, contact dermatitis and lossend teeth
Mercury 0.1/c3 NO 1000ppm
OSHA regulate contaminated sharps only
Medical record must be maintained for duration of employment+ 30years
Regulated waste---------blood+ items contaminated with blood or pot infectous materials
Bandages and feminine products are not included in regulated waste
Saliva should be treated as infectous according to OSHA
FDA is responsible for regulating hand piece and making recommendation for sterilization for them
When handling chemical agent, sharps,,,,,,,,,, always use heavy duty utility/nitrile gloves
Fluid resistant gowns-----------large amount of fluid/saliva/POIM is suspected, OSHA bleives it depends upon concentration and
type of exposure suspected
Primary method to reduce the HCP exposure to blood borne pathogen from sharps is E control
Mercury-contaning items should not be placed in sterilizer or in regulated medical waste
Amalgam waste recycler-------accept extracted teeth
P value-----less than 0.5 mean null hypothesis rejected and statistical significant while p value above 0.5 mean bull hypothesis
accepted and statistical insignificant
Multiple regression--------linear relationship b/w dependent and independent variables
DMFS-------universal acceptiblity while Plaque index no universal acceptiblity
Plaque index shows thickness of plaque while OHI shows plaque relation to teeth
Effectiveness of community water fluoridation is 20-40% and school water 20-30%
Fluoride tablets---------topical and systemic effects
EFFECTIVNESS------------Dental sealants 51-67% , tablets 30%, mouth rinses 25-28%
Dentist are morally, ethically, legally obligated to report suspected cases
Child abuse new born to 3 years of age
Child abuse inform-----state agency, police. Domestic violence 68% face involve
Incidence is rate while prevalence is proportion(%)
Epidemiology-----------prevention of disease while public health organize community effotrs
Vital index= birth/death
Good Samaritan law---------provides immunity for specified health pracitioners
Nominal shows ethinicity
In autonomy-----------informed consent should be obtained
Riboflavin deffiency---------chelosis and glossitis
Cheese and peanuts decreases the effectiveness of sucrose
Strict vegetarian deffiency of calcium, iron and vit B12
Pharmacology
Metyrosine inhibits the tyrosine hydroxylase-------rate limiting step in the Epinephrine and NE synthesis
Alpha blockers side effects-----------orthostatic hypotension. Dry mouth, nasal congestion and tracycardia
MAO inhibitor should not be used with indirectly acting sympathetic drug and opioids esp meperdine
Epinephrine should not be used with neuron depleting agent like reserpine
Caredilol and labatolol have non selective B blocker and Alpha 1 blocking activity
Orthostatic hypotension is caused by------------alpha blocker, direct vasodilator and centrally acting drugs like clonidine and
methylodopa
MC alpha receptor Alpha 1 and Most common Beta receptor B2
Alpha receptor response are excitatory and Beta receptor on heart is exc and else where inhibitory
Dobutamine---------alpha 1 and B1 selective agonist
Non selective Beta blockers-----------pheochrmocytoma and raynad`s phenomena
Long duration alpha blocker-------doxazosin used in hypertension
Intrinsic sympathomiometic activity-------------acubutolol and pindolol
At higher doses beta selective loss its selectivity and also effects on B2 as well
MC side effect of B blocker is drowsiness
Acebutolol-----vantricular arrythimias’
Epinephrine increases the anxiety as it has CNS stimulatory action
Sympathetic stimulation----------dilatation of pupil---------mydriasis
Parasympathetic-----------------constriction of pupil-------meiosis
Most abundant product of lidocoine is 4-hydroxylidine
Bupivacaine and etidocaine longer duration of action, bupivacaine is more for sensory nerves than etidocaine
Opioids increases the toxicity of Local anesthetics
Allergic reaction caused by ester LA manifestation------------naso labial swelling, mucosal swelling, itching
Intermediate acting LA-----------prilocaine, mupivacaine, lidocaine,
Long acting LA--------------------edidocaine and bupivacaine
Chlor hydrate----------anoxious child patient. 50mg/kg-1g/kg pro drug converted in to tri chlor ethanol and may displaced
warfarin from binding site and dec the PT
PABA decreases the effectiveness of sulfonamides
Tetradoxin-----------blowfish and sexitoxin--------------algea =================both these agent have LA property
EMLA---2.5%----mixture of prilocaine and lidocaine-----------increase solublity, increase penetriblity and systemic absorption
Cocaine-----------vasoconstrictor, physical dependence, abuse, inhibit the reuptake of sympathomiometic amines------can cause
euphoria and hypertension
Fluoride dose---------age while LA dose-----------------Weight
Lidocaine interaction----------B blocker and cimetidine reduces the clearance and inc the duration while phenobarbital and
phenytoin inc the clearance of LA
Articaine--------7mg/kg
NO have minimal depressant effect on CVS and no muscle relaxant property
NO interact with Vitamin B12 synthesis via methinonane synthases------------dev Vit B 12 formation
High doses of NO can cause----------infertility, spontaneous abortion, neurologic and kidney damage, bone marrow supression
NO is not analgesic, respiratory depressant, no LA property
Halothane ---------------causes hepatitis, weak muscle muscle relaxant, problem with epinephrine while des,iso,savflurafane does
not causes problems as with halothane
Ketamine--------dessociative anesthesia------------ block NMDA, problem halucinations and treated with diazepam
Mepevacaine contain least amount of sodium meta bisulfate, bcz mepevacaine contain less epinephrine and also same reason
used where less vasoconstrictor is needed
Alpha adrenergic blockers after LA-------50% reduction in time for normal sensation to occurs
Anti histamine stimulate and depress the CNS
cimetidine have anti androgenic effects, inhibit P450 and increases the activity of warfarin and carbamazepine
1st generation anti histamine-----------reduces the motion sickness and also sedative
2nd generation anti histamine-----longer half life, doesnot cross BBB , no sedation, chances od cardiac arrhythmias
Cephalosporin active against gram +ve and –ve bacteria
Pseudomonas aruginosa-----------fourth generation ceph
Alternative to mafloquine for malaria prophylaxis------------doxycycline
Macrolides are bacteriostatic
Erythromycin metabolize in liver and excreted in bile
Post antibiotic effect---------------aminoglycosides
Bacteriostatic-------------macrolides, clindamycin, sulfonamides
Bactriocidal--------------aminoglycosides, penicillin, cephalosporin, floroquinolones
Sulfonamides are not used for treatment of oral infection--------bcz low degree of effectiveness against oral pathogen
Blood dyscrasias rarely caused by sulfonamides but they are fatal if they occurs
Serious staph, streptococcal infection-------------vancomycin I/V
Red men syndrome is caused by Vancomycin
Grey baby syndrome---------2-9 days a/f the chloramphenicol
Cloromphenicol---------non dose related causes aplastic anemia and pancytopenia while dose related causes anemia, leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia
Nitazoxanide-----interfere with electron transfer reaction in protozoa
Sleeping sickness-------Eflornithine
Ethambutal is only effective against mycobacterium
Lysine tablets and docosanol cream in her labilis
Troche----------clotrimazole I/V form---amhotericin B
Amphotericin B--------kidney toxicity
Oral candidiasis---------------nystatin. Oropharangeal.C-----------------clotrimazole and fluconazole. Esophageal.C-keto
Probenecid increase the concentration of penicillin
Always choose bactiocidal and narrow spectrum antibiotics
Extended spectrum penicillin--------amoxacillin, ampicillin broadest spectrum------------pipercillin and ticarcillin
Amoxicillin inhibit renal secretion of methotrexate
Penicillin directly excreted with out metabolism
Naficillin, oxa, diclo, cloxa are excreted by biliry mean-------so no adjustment in kidney disease
Bacitracin causes neprotoxicity
Vir family in HIV-------------non nucleoside reverse trancriptase inhibitor
Alternative to penicillin in ANUG------------tetracycline
Fanconi syndrome---------tetracycline, gentamycin, azathioprine, cidofivir (TAGC)
Tetracycline are not the drug of choice for gram staphylococcus and streptococcus
GIT upset is most common side effect of erythromycin so taken with food
Neuraminidase inhibitor--------------oseltamivir, zzanamivir------------inhibit the influenza neuraminidase
Acyclovior----------inhibit viral DNA synthesis
Amantadine and rimantadine--------prevent uncoating-----------influnza A and B. amantadine also in parkinsons disease
Tetracycline contraindicated up to 8 years of age’
Asprin contraindicated in pregnancy esp in 3rd trimester’
Acetaminophen---------mild to moderate pain, hepatotoxic, weak inhibitor of prostaglandins
NSAIDs inhibit the anti hypertensive effects of ACE inhibitor, B blocker and diuretics
Acetaminophen-------greater than 7.5gm--------hepatotoxicity
Antidote for acetaminophen is N-acetyl cysteine
Patient taking methtraxate or probenecid--------acitaminophen is preff as compare to asprin
Muscaranic receptor----------Gq, phospholipase C, and Ca
Parasympathetic------------meosis and sympathetic mydriasis
Anti cholinergic drugs have no intrinsic activity of their own
Anticholinergic uses----------parkinsons diseases, motion sickness, post operative bladder syndrome, travelers diarrhea
Anti parkinosonism--------------benztropine and trihexyphenydyl
Ganglionic blocker--------mecamylamine
Depolarizing NM blocker--------S choline
Mecamylamine is used clinicaly for hypertensive crisis, malignanat hypertensn, blood less field surgery
Non depolarizing competitive NM blocker------antidote is neostigmene and pyridostigmene
Succinylcholine causes muscranic response
The stimulation of skeletal muscle by excess ACH causes paralysis of muscle
Indirect acting cholinergic drugs used for Alzhm disease------------Donpezil, Tacrine, rivastigmine, galantamine
Long acting barbiturates excreted through liver
Daily dose of 80mg of asprin is useful for platelet action
Cardiac arrythimias most commonly with halothane
Edorphronium for the diagnosis of mysthania gravis and treatment of MG ---------pyridostigmene
Edrophonium----diffrant b/w cholinergic crisis and M gravis
CI for anti cholinergic drugs---------trachycardia, BPH, narrow angel glaucoma, asthma
Ultrasonic tip to tooth surface should be at 10*
Corticosteroids---------short term effects----------mood changes, sec infection, hyperglycemia, and long term osteoporosis,
cataract, hypertension, myopathy, Adrenal insuufiency
Leukotriene inhibitors----------zileuton Leukotriene receptor antagonist-----montelukast
Compazine is antipsycotic
Steroids in--------LE, asthma, arthritis, TMJ pain and A stomatitis
CHF steroids CI
Amyl nitrate--------------cynide poisning---------oxidize hemoglobin, euphoria and sexual stimulant
Nitroglycerine is venodilator only
Digitalis=============supra ventricular trachycardia, cardiogenic shock, heat failure and CI are ventricular fibrillation,
ventricular trachycardia
Drug interaction of digoxin
B blocker+digoxin=heart failure Digxoin+antiobiotics=toxicity, Digoxin+antithroid drugs= dose adjusmnt
Digoxin+diuretics=toxicity
ACE inhibitors can cause----------angioneurotic edema
ACE inhibit the break down of bradykkinin------------------potent vasodilator
Verapamil----------angina, hypertension, supraventricular trachyarr
Quinidine---------supraventricular trachycardia
Amidarone---------------pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid abnormalities, skin discolouration, peripheral neuropathy
Quinidine-----supraventicular trachcardia, B blocker----ventricular rate, amidarone----------vent+supraven arrythimias, ca channel
blocker-----supravent trachycardia starting from AV node
Procainamide-----------atrial fibrillation, fluter, trachycardia, V tracycardia
Patient taking statin drug avoid erythromycin as this may increases theprotein break down kidney failure
Prolonged QT interval-----------erythromycin, clarithromycin while erythromycin not
Erythromycin TOARSE de pointes
Exemastane, letrozole------------aaromatase inhibitor----------breast cancer
Carmustinr,lumistene,samustine-------brain cancer
Busalfan-CML and chlorombucil------------CLL
mechloethamine -------hodgkins disease and lymphoma
Darbepoitene alpha------------erythrpoisis
Pegfligrasim---------------activation of neutrophils
Sargramostin--------myloid reconstruction after autogenous BM transplanaion
Methotrexate, 5-floururacil and doxorubicin-------------mucositis
Anti metabolite mostly in S phase
Thiazaide diuretics causes-----------hyperurecemia,hypercalcemia
Loop diuretics-----------hyperurecemia, tinnitus, hearing loss,
Most important side effect of potassium sparing diuretics is hyperkalemia
Potassium sparing diuretics--------collecting duct, thiazide--------distal tubules and loop D----------assending limb
Functioning B cells are req mateaglindines and sulfonylurea to work
Sulfonylurea and metaglindines increases the insulin secretion
Heparin neutralize thromboplastin and also blocks new thromb generation
R Arthritis drugs------------Etanercept, Infliximab, adalimumab
Antifungal drugs----azoles drugs are P450 inhibitor
Avoid trizolam in patient taking antifungal drugs
1 grain=65gm and 1 ounce =30g or 30l
Drugs used in glaucoma------pilocarpine, latanoprost, betaoxol, bimatoprost
Antacid neutralize the acid by chemical reaction
Clopidegrol has same mechanism of action as asprin but it doesnot causes pepric ulcer like asprin
Bisphosphonate----------non healing ulcer or exposed jaw bone, side effects ODN jaw, Git symptoms, esophagus erosion
Renin inhibitor--------aliskiran
Ethanol and alcohol inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase
Most potent antacid is aluminum hydroxide and anta acid having most neutralizing property is calcium/sodium bicarbonate
Ethyl alcohol-------------depress CNS, vaso dilataion in Skin, ADH production decreases, excitatory neuron inhibited and
inhibitory stimulated
Growth hormone is administered S/C or I/M 3 times per week
a list of drug interactions:
1) Erythromycin / with penicillin- antagonism
tetracycline - penicillin - cancel each other
2) Sulfanamides and trimethoprim - synergism(both interfere with folinic acid mechanism)
3) Seldane - erythromycin- cardiac arrythmias
4) Broad spectrum antibiotics with coumarin anticoagulants -increased coagulation action becuase of reduction in vit k sources
5)penicillin G with Probenacid - decreases renal excretion of penicillin G
6) tetracycline with antacids - effectiveness of tetracyclines reduced
7)Ampicillin with oral contraceptives - decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives(rapid excretion steroids from body)
8)erythromycin with digoxin- inhibits effectiveness of drug
9)NSAID - lithium, methotrexate- decrease elimination of lithium and metho( more side effects)
10)NSAID- diuretics -reduced action of diuretics
11) NSAID- warfarin _increased bleeding
12) NSAID with alcohol- bleeding ulcers
13) NSAID- antihypertensives - increased hypertension(antgonises)
14)NSAID- cyclosporine- negates the effect of cyclosporine on kidney function
15)Opiods- barbiturates - depress respiration by rendering respiratory center less sensitive to CO2
16)ciproflocacin inhibits methadone
17) rifampicin increases methadone
18)opioid with BZP-resp depression
19) opiods (meperidine)with Central nervous system (CNS) depressants, antihistamines, tranquilizers, , seizure med., muscle
relaxants, sedatives, TCA,
20)opiates and alcohol enhances the sedative effect of both substances, increasing the risk of death from overdose
21) opiod with naloxane- cancel each other
22)epinephrine -histamine - antagonism- effect exactly opposite to histamine
23)epinephrine- nitroglycerin -phisiologic antagonism
23) acetaminophen and codiene- synergism
24)protamine-heparin- agonist antagonist
25)meperidine dont go with MAO inhibitors
26)erythromycin shouldnt be given with theophylline
27)lidocaine with betablocker-reduced blood flow to liver-decreased clearance of drug
28)lidocaine-cimetidine-inhibits micrsomal enzymes-decreased lidocaine clearance
Molar Area:
1)Eruption Cyst
2)Odontogenic Keratocyst
3)Odontogenic Myxoma
4)Traumatic Bone Cyst
5)Ameloblastoma
6)Cementoblastoma
7)Chronic Osteomylitis
8)Complex Odontoma

*Premolar Area:
1)Ossifying Fibroma
2)Lateral Periodontal Cyst
3)Perihperal Giant Cell Granuloma

Anterior Area:
1)Nasopalatine Cyst
2)Globulomaxillary Cyst
3)Compund Odontoma

4)Periapical Cemnto-ossoues Dysplasia

5)Adenomatiod Odontogenic Tumor
6)Odontogenic Fibroma

Quinine-----------noctural pain cramp

Tetnus-------methocarbamol
Chronic muscle spasm---------dizepam, baclofene, carisoprodol
Acute muscle spasm------cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol
MAO inhibitor and levodopa------------orthostatic hypotension
Anticholinergic drugs and MAO inhibitor--------xerostomia
Doxapram and strychnine-------analeptic and respiratory stimulants
Caffenism--------600-700mg per day 1000 per day toxic level
MERCURY POISNING---------------gastric lavage, sodiym bicarbonate, chelation with ant liwiste and fluid therapy
Pencillaimine and dimeracaprol--------------antidote for mercury and lead and copper
Emergency estiodol is levonogestrol
MoDFINAl-----------day time sleeping
ST jhonson wort-----------anti depressant and also P450 inducer
Ginko boliba-----vasodilator, garlic--------lower cholesterol and inhibit platelet aggregation
Ginseng---------stimulate immunse system
Saw potato=BPH chamomile-----------------anti inflammatory, anti coagulant, ease spasm
Chamomile should not be given in patient taking anti cogulant
Echinacea----common cold, flu and immune supresant
Ephedrine caffeine interaction causes death
Methylseregide----migraine headache
Smoking cessation-------NRT, bupropion, varenicline
Patch is MC used NRT, gum dilevers nicotine faster than patch,
Pure RATA
50#page paedo
Page #77 protho
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0073374601/student_view0/chapter2/multiple_choice_quiz.html
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=dQAq19KuXnMC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=commo
nest+site+for+rodent+ulcer+outer+canthus+inner+canthus&source=bl&ots=W0rnuyRQzp&sig=
zv0_uKcfDD3cgpNk8PlT0ETG2XE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=frPgUrvVNbCr0gXKooGgDw&redir_e
sc=y#v=onepage&q=commonest%20site%20for%20rodent%20ulcer%20outer%20canthus%20i
nner%20canthus&f=false
http://paulrodentallab.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/About-Implant-Parts.pdf
http://share.pdfonline.com/1bc6817aeb5f4425a9ee77208562e074/mcq%201000%202nd.htm
DRUG INTERACTIONS

syndromeeeeeeeeeeeeee
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=lksG08hp1sgC&pg=PA679&lpg=PA679&dq=crouzon+syndrome+mnemonics&source=bl
&ots=3y3DVtzCjs&sig=xEr82oFjDhPTawhrhzN1MdusRwQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KXHXUuyFLIOZyAPay4GYBQ&redir_esc=y
#v=twopage&q=crouzon%20syndrome%20mnemonics&f=false

lets start with the Maxillary cusps.

1)Buccal cusps:-

Maxillary buccal cusps occlude only with grooves and embrassures of

class counterpart or class counterpart and tooth distal to it.

A)The cusp of the canine lies in the facial embrassure b/w the
mandi canine and pre-molar.

It is unique in that it is the only tooth which overlaps teeth in

both the anterior and posterior segment.

How ever the TIP does not articulate with any tooth.

B)Ist Pre-molar:-

It occludes with the facial embrassure b/w mandi pre-molars.

C)IInd Pre-molar:-

It occludes with facial embrassure b/w 2nd PM and 1st molar.

D)Ist Molar:-

MB Cusp:MB groove of mandi 1st molar

DB CuspB groove of mandi 1st molar

Oblique Ridgeeve. Groove b/w DB and Distal cusp of mandi 1st Molar

E)IInd Molar:

MB Cusp:MB groove of mandi 2nd molar

DB Cusp:Embrassure b/w mandi 2nd and 3rd molar.

---------------------*----------------------

Lets now go on to the Lingual cusps:

These occlude with Fossae and Marginal Ridges of class counterpart or

class counterpart and tooth distal to it.

A)Ist Pre-Molaristal triangular fossa of mandi 1st PM.

B)IInd Pre-Molaristal triangular fossa of mandi 2nd PM

C)Ist Molar:
-ML Cusp:Central Fossa of mandi 1st molar

-DL Cuspistal Marginal Ridge of 1st molar and

Mesial Marginal Ridge of 2nd molar

D)IInd Molar:

-ML Cusp:Central Fossa of mandi 2nd molar

-DL Cuspistal Marginal Ridge of 2nd molar and

Mesial Marginal Ridge of 3rd molar

Imp Notes:

The TIPS do not occlude with any tooth.

Also it is the triangular ridge of the maxillary cusps which are resting in the sucli and embrassures of the mandibular
teeth.....there are a couple of questions about this point too...

this time we will be having a closer look at the mandibular cusps.....and where they leave their mark...

A)Buccal cusps:

They occlude into central/mesial/distal fossae of their class counterpart or onto the marginal ridges of their counterpart and the
tooth mesial to it.

lets go tooth wise...

1)Ist Pre-molar: Mesial triangular fossa of maxillary 1st PM

and Distal Marginal Ridge of Canine

2)IInd Pre-molar: Mesial triangular fossa of 2nd PM

3)Ist Molar:

-MB cusp: Mesial marginal ridge of 1st molar

and Distal marginal ridge of 2nd PM

-DB cusp: Central fossa of 1st molar

-Distal cusp: Distal triangular fossa of 1st molar

4)IInd Molar:

-MB cusp: MMR of 2nd molar and DMR of 1st molar

-DB cusp: Central fossa of 2nd molar

___________________________________________

B)Lingual Cusps:

They occlude into the lingual embrassures between their class counterpart and tooth mesial to it or into the lingual grooves of
their counterparts

1)Ist Pre-molar: The lingual cusp does NOT occlude

with any opposing tooth.

2)IInd Pre-molar: Lingual embrassure btween Maxillary Pre-molars

3)Ist Molar:

-ML cusp: Lingual embrassure between 2nd PM and 1st molar

-DL cusp: Lingual groove of 1st molar

4)IInd molar:

-ML cusp: Lingual embrassur between 1st and 2nd molar

-DL cusp: Lingual groove of 2nd molar