December 2009
PIP PCCCV001
Control Valves Selection Criteria
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
October 1995 Issued
March 2003 Complete Revision
December 2009 Complete Revision
PIP PCCCV001
Control Valves Selection Criteria
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2 4.3 Globe Valves .................................... 8
1.1 Purpose ............................................ 2 4.4 Rotary Valves ................................. 10
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2 4.5 Trim ................................................ 12
4.6 Bonnet ............................................ 13
2. References .................................. 2 4.7 Valve Sizing ................................... 15
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2 4.8 Noise .............................................. 18
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........ 2 4.9 Actuators ........................................ 19
2.3 Government Regulations ................. 4 4.10 Positioner/Electro-Pneumatic
Positioners ..................................... 24
3. Definitions ................................... 4 4.11 Accessories .................................... 25
4.12 Marking, Identification,
4. Requirements.............................. 5 and Nameplate ............................... 29
4.1 General ............................................ 5
4.2 Valve Body ....................................... 5
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides requirements for the selection and sizing of control valves.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes requirements for selection and sizing of pneumatically
actuated control valves, including requirements for body, bonnet, trim, actuator,
accessories, and noise considerations.
This Practice does not cover requirements for motor-operated valves, on-off valves
intended for emergency isolation, or valves with hydraulic actuators.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall
be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract
award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
3. Definitions
Comment: The terms and their definitions in this section are derived from
ANSI/ISA 75.05.01.
ball valve: A valve with a rotary motion closure member consisting of a full ball or a
segmented ball
butterfly valve: A valve with a circular body and a rotary motion disk closure member,
pivotally supported by its stem
closure member: The movable part of the valve that is positioned in the flow path to
modulate the rate of flow through the valve. Examples include the plug for a plug valve, the
disk for a butterfly valve, and the ball for a ball valve.
control valve: The final control element in the process stream that manipulates a process fluid
to maintain a process variable
eccentric rotary disk: A spherical segment in a rotary motion valve that is not concentric with
the disk shaft and moves into the seat when closing
equal percentage characteristic: An inherent flow characteristic, which, for equal increments
of rated travel, will ideally give equal percentage changes of the existing flow coefficient
(Cv)
flangeless control valve: A valve without integral line flanges, which is installed by bolting
between companion flanges, with a set of bolts, or studs, generally extending through the
companion flanges
full ball: A closure member having a complete spherical surface with a flow passage through
it. The flow passage may be round, contoured, or otherwise modified to yield a desired flow
characteristic.
globe body: A valve body distinguished by a globular-shaped cavity around the port region,
wherein the closure member motion is linear and normal to the plane of the port
lugged body: A thin annular section body with lug protrusions on the outside diameter of the
body, having end surfaces mounted between the pipeline flanges or attached to the end of the
pipeline without any additional flange or retaining parts, using either through bolting and/or
tapped holes
plug valve: A valve with a closure member that may be cylindrical, conical, or a spherical
segment
segmented ball: A closure member that is a segment of a spherical surface, which may have
one edge contoured to yield a desired flow characteristic
travel: The movement of the closure member from the closed position to an intermediate or
the rated full open position
travel cycle: Total movement of closure member from either the open to closed or closed to
open position
wafer body: A thin annular section butterfly body having end surfaces located between the
piping flanges and clamped there by bolts extending from flange to flange
4. Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 This Practice, along with PIP PCECV001, PIP PCSCV001 and its associated
data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D (completed), and the individual control valve
data sheets (i.e., ISA 20 or equivalent), define the minimum requirements for
selection, materials, construction, and installation of control valves.
4.1.2 The owner shall fill out PIP PCSCV001-D, the control valve data sheet, to
define company and location generic requirements for control valves.
4.1.3 The owner shall be notified if portions of this Practice are not in accordance
with referenced codes, standards, and regulations.
4.2.1.4 Carbon steel shall be the minimally permitted material for control
valve bodies. Cast iron valves shall not be permitted without owner’s
approval.
4.2.1.5 Control valves in flashing water service shall have trim of a hardened
material (e.g., 5 Cr-1/2 Mo).
4.2.1.6 Welding procedures, performance of welders, and welding operators
shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3.
4.2.2 Sizing
4.2.2.1 Ratio of nominal pipe size to body size shall not be greater than 2:1.
4.2.2.2 Control valve body size shall not be greater than the line size.
4.2.2.3 Body sizes 1-1/4, 2-1/2, 3-1/2, 5, or greater odd numbers shall not be
permitted.
4.2.2.4 If valve calculations indicate a requirement for the sizes shown in
Section 4.2.2.3, reduced trim shall be provided in standard size valve
bodies (e.g., NPS 3 valve with 2-1/2-inch trim).
4.2.2.5 Face-to-face dimensions of valve bodies shall be in accordance with
ISA standards and Table 1 of this Practice.
Table 1 - Valve Body Face-to-Face Dimensions
Body Style ISA Standard
Globe-style with integral flanges ISA 75.03 or ANSI/ISA 75.16
depending on ANSI class rating
Globe-style with separable flanges ISA 75.08.07
Flangeless ISA 75.04
Buttweld-end globe ISA 75.08.04 or ANSI/ISA 75.15
depending on ANSI class rating
Globe-style angle flanges ISA 75.22
4.2.3 Connections
4.2.3.1 Valves 1 inch and greater shall not be screwed without owner
approval.
4.2.3.2 Valves with welded end connections shall be approved by the owner.
Comment: Welded valves are often used in high-pressure steam
applications and in high-temperature applications.
4.2.3.3 Flanged connections shall be provided for the following services:
a. Flammable, toxic, and lethal services
b. Service temperature greater than 400 F
c. Deep thermal cycling can occur
d. Steam pressure is greater than 50 psig
e. Fire-safe design is required
4.3.4 Globe valves shall be used for the following applications, particularly if
cavitation, flashing, or noise is design considerations:
a. High-pressure-drop
b. Low-flow
c. Clean liquid and gas service (corrosive and non-corrosive)
d. Clean liquid service
4.3.5 Unless otherwise approved by the owner, globe valves with split bodies shall
not be permitted.
4.3.6 To reduce the exit velocity of the valve and to dissipate energy, control valve
bodies in the following applications shall not be less than one size less than
line size, and the proper reduced trim size shall be specified:
a. To reduce the valve body liquid flow velocity below a maximum of
33 ft/sec
b. To reduce the valve body gas/vapor outlet velocity below a maximum of
0.3 Mach
c. If the calculated noise, not including special noise trim or other noise
reduction methods, is greater than the maximum continuous operating
noise level specified on owner’s control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D.
Comment: Velocity must be less than 0.3 Mach for effective noise
treatment.
d. Choked flow services
e. Flashing services
f. Erosive services maximum velocity shall not exceed 20 ft/sec.
4.3.7 The recommended installation for globe valves installed in a horizontal line
is with the actuator in the vertical up position.
4.4.3.3 Flangeless valves that have a body width greater than 5-1/2 inches
shall be approved by owner.
4.4.3.4 Lugged body flanges shall be through-bolted.
4.4.3.5 Threaded lugged body flanges shall be approved by owner.
4.4.4 Unless otherwise specified, valve shafts shall be oriented in the horizontal
plane.
4.4.5 Rotary valves shall be designed such that a mechanical failure cannot expel
the shaft of the stem from the valve body.
Comment: If the stem breaks and is expelled from the valve, a leak path can
develop equal to the cross section of the stem. This failure
scenario has caused considerable damage to processing facilities.
4.4.6 Because the actuator may be removed while the system is under pressure, the
preferred mechanism to retain the stem should be independent of the
actuator. If the actuator is used to retain the stem, the valve shall have a tag
that states this possibility as a warning statement.
4.4.7 The actuator end of the valve stem shall be the spline design. Shear pins shall
not be permitted. Rotary valve shafts to actuator connection shall be of a
splined design to reduce/eliminate hysteresis.
4.4.8 Shafts shall be made of one piece.
4.4.9 The shear safety factor for shafts shall be 150% minimum at the specified
shutoff-pressure-drop condition.
4.4.10 Valve stem bearings shall be designed to prevent stem guide bushings from
rotating in the valve bodies.
4.4.11 Valve stem bearing material shall be selected to prevent galling of the
bearing and valve stem.
4.4.12 Valve shaft bearings shall be designed to prevent shaft guide bushings from
rotating in the valve bodies.
4.4.13 Valve shaft bearing material shall be selected to prevent galling of the
bearing and valve shaft and to operate at the maximum and minimum process
temperatures.
4.4.14 Valve disks and shafts for lined, carbon steel, and stainless steel valves shall
be made of stainless steel. Valve shafts and trim parts shall be made of
stainless steel as a minimum or of a material in accordance with process
requirements.
4.4.15 Because disks in wafer-style valves may project beyond the valve body
during part of disk rotation, clearance shall be maintained between disks and
pipe walls, particularly if a pipe is of heavy wall construction.
4.5 Trim
4.5.1 The maximum allowable control valve seat leakage shall be in accordance
with the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.5.2 For individual control valves, the maximum allowable seat leakage
ANSI/FCI 70-2 Class shall be shown on the individual control valves’ data
sheets.
4.5.3 For control valves that shall provide a tight shutoff (TSO), the valves shall be
in accordance with ANSI/FCI 70-2 Class V minimum. The actual seat
leakage rates shall be approved by owner.
4.5.4 Section 4.5.3 does not apply to isolation valves and safety valves. Allowable
seat leakage requirements for these valves shall be defined individually by
process requirements.
4.5.5 Because of close tolerances between cages and plugs, cage trim valves shall
be used only in clean liquid, vapor, or gas service.
4.5.6 Cage-guided trim in dirty services shall be approved by owner.
4.5.7 The minimum trim material for cage-guided control valves shall be 17-4 PH.
4.5.8 For valves in services that contain erosive or solids-bearing fluids, trim shall
be hardened with a hardness of 38 Rockwell C minimum.
4.5.9 Trim material shall be in accordance with Table 3 minimum.
Table 3 - Hardened Trim Materials Applications
Flowing dP psid Gases Steam Water HC Liquids
0-100 1 2 1 1
100-200 1 2 4 2
200-400 1 2 4 4
500-600 1 3 4 4
600-800 1 3 4 4
800-up 1 3 4 4
Where:
1 = Manufacture’s standard valve trim; however, 316 or 400
series stainless minimum
2 = 400 series stainless minimum
3 = Stellite trim alloy 6 or 316/alloy 6 overlay for the seat ring
and plug
4 = Standard trim 400 series stainless or hard-faced stellite;
however, if valve is cavitating or flashing use the
following trim materials:
a. If cavitating use anti-cavitating trim or hardened trim
in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendation.
b. If flashing use hardened trim (e.g., stellite, 440C, or
Colmonoy® 6) or angle bodies.
4.5.10 Valve stem and plug shall be screwed, pinned and welded or of one-piece
design.
4.5.11 Except for seat rings, threaded trim parts shall be pinned or spot-welded to
supplement the threaded attachment.
4.6 Bonnet
4.6.1 General
4.6.1.1 Bonnets shall have a bolted design.
4.6.1.2 Extended or finned bonnets shall be used for service temperatures
less than 0 F and greater than 750 F.
Comment: Extended bonnets may be avoided in processes with
temperatures greater than 400 F and less than 750 F if
graphite-based or other high-temperature packing is
used.
4.6.1.3 Bonnet bolts shall not be used for attaching actuators or mounting
brackets.
4.6.2 Gaskets
4.6.2.1 Default bonnet gasket material shall be in accordance with the
control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.6.2.2 Bonnet gaskets shall be compatible with the process, the maximum
temperature, and maximum pressure.
4.6.2.3 Bonnet gasket material shall be in accordance with the piping
specification.
4.6.2.4 Gaskets containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
4.6.2.5 For control valves required to be fire safe, the following gasket
materials shall be considered fire safe:
a. Metal
b. Flexible graphite
4.6.3 Packing
4.6.3.1. Materials
1. Packing material shall be in accordance with piping
specification.
2. Packing shall not require lubrication.
3. The cooling effects from use of an extended bonnet shall not be
considered when selecting the packing.
4. Packing material containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
5. For applications in temperatures greater than 750 F, extended
bonnets shall be used to protect positioners and actuators from
heat.
6. Packing types for non-fugitive emissions and fugitive emissions
versus process temperatures shall be in accordance with the
control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
7. Packing shall be in accordance with packing manufacturer’s
sizing and selection criteria for the process temperature/pressure
curves.
8. For fire-safe applications, graphite-based packing shall be used.
4.6.3.2 Limiting Fugitive Emissions
1. Packing shall limit fugitive emissions of any substance
containing greater than 5% by weight of volatile hazardous air
pollutant as defined in EPA 40 CFR, Part 63, in accordance with
the applicable local regulation or to 500 parts per million
maximum, whichever is less.
2. Determination of leaks and leak monitoring requirements shall
be in accordance with EPA 40 CFR, Parts 60 and 61,
respectively.
Comment: Methods of meeting the requirements of EPA 40
CFR, Parts 60 and 61, include application of twin
packing designs, live-loaded packing, and bellows
seals. Bellows seals, while relatively expensive,
should be considered for cases where leakage across
the stem cannot be tolerated or for cases where
excessive packing friction causes unreasonably high
packing friction forces.
Comment: Concern for limiting packing leaks causes continued
development of new packing materials and methods.
Valve manufacturers offer increasingly more
effective designs, and should be consulted for
recommendations on specific fugitive emission
control applications.
4.7.1.6 If the pressure drop across the valve does not vary greater than 20%
between maximum flow and minimum flow (i.e., dP(max. flow) –
dP(min. flow)/dP(min. flow)<20%), linear trim design shall be
preferred. Use of a linear trim valve in this case typically achieves an
installed linear characteristic.
4.7.1.7 If a linear trim valve does not have sufficient rangeablilty to meet the
minimum and maximum flow conditions, an equal percentage valve
shall be preferred.
4.7.1.8 If sizing for a two-phase, liquid-vapor mixture, the valve
manufacturer shall be consulted.
4.7.1.9 Valve trim and body sizes for valves in cavitating or flashing service
applications (usually due to high pressure drops/velocities) shall be
sized in accordance with valve manufacturer's recommendations and
verified by the valve manufacturer.
4.7.1.10 Final valve sizing shall be confirmed by valve manufacturer and
approved by owner.
4.7.2 Body Outlet Velocity
4.7.2.1 Body outlet velocity (i.e., fluid velocity at the discharge flange of a
control valve) shall not be greater than the following:
a. 0.3 Mach for gas, vapor, and steam services except for vacuum
services
b. 0.4 Mach for infrequent services (i.e., services where the control
valve is closed greater than 4 hours during an 8-hour shift, e.g.,
emergency vent and emergency depressurizing services)
c. 33 ft/sec for liquid services other than water
d. 18 ft/sec for water service
e. 20 ft/sec for erosive fluid (e.g., fluid containing errosive
particles)
Comment: To be in accordance with the velocity limits
specified in Section 4.7.1.10, oversized control valve
bodies with reduced trim may be required.
4.7.2.2 If valve manufacturer’s plug guiding or construction governs
maximum allowable body outlet velocities, manufacturer’s
recommended lower velocities shall be used.
4.7.3 Pressure-Drop
4.7.3.1 For nonpumped systems, control valves shall be sized for a pressure
drop of 20% minimum of the variable system pressure drop,
excluding pressure drop across the control valves.
4.7.3.2 For pumped systems, the control valve pressure drop shall be
adequate to provide control at all process conditions including start-
up.
4.7.3.3 For pumped systems, a primary control valve shall have a minimum
pressure drop that is the greater of the following:
a. 15 psi
b. 30% of the total system pressure drop (i.e., system frictional pipe
losses) excluding the pressure drop across the control valve at
pump-rated flow
4.7.3.4 For pumped systems, secondary control valves (e.g., temperature
control valve at inlet to exchanger) shall have a minimum pressure
drop that is the greater of the following:
a. 5 psi
b. 20% of exchanger pressure drop in fouled condition at maximum
operating flow rate
Comment: A secondary control valve is the valve that
individually controls sub-systems of a major system
(e.g., streams to multiple exchangers, streams to
multiple heaters or boilers). Typically, primary and
secondary control valves are located in series with a
header or similar configuration (e.g., the main pump
discharge feeds into a header via a primary control
valve, and the flow is split into multiple streams via
secondary control valves).
4.7.4 Operating Range
4.7.4.1 Operating ranges for linear motion valve types shall be in accordance
with the following:
a. In cases where high rangeability (design minimum flow occurs at
less than 20% of valve travel), or high capacity is required, two
control valves in parallel shall be used, and owner’s approval
shall be required.
b. If high rangeability is required, the smaller valve shall be sized
using the minimum process design flow as the maximum flowrate
of the valve. The larger valve shall be sized in accordance with
this Specification. Owner’s approval shall be required.
c. For most operating conditions, the Cv of a control valve shall be
sized to operate within 20% through 80% of maximum rated Cv
for the control valve.
d. For normal design flow conditions, valve travel shall be within
40% through 65%.
4.7.4.2 Operating range for rotary valves (except butterfly valves) shall
comply with the following:
a. Operating Cv through all sizing conditions shall be sized to
operate within 15 degrees to 70 degrees of control valve stem
rotation.
4.8 Noise
4.8.1 Noise level produced by control valves shall be in accordance with the limits
specified on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.8.2 The noise level shall be based on 1 meter downstream and 1 meter from the
surface of attached piping.
4.8.3 Control valve noise calculations shall include all process conditions as stated
on PIP PCSCV001-D, the data sheet for maximum, normal, and minimum
flow.
Comment: OSHA 1910.95 defines a maximum allowable equivalent noise
dose, which is based on the noise level and the length of
exposure time to this level during an operating shift.
4.8.4 Control valve noise calculations shall be performed for all control valves.
4.8.5 The valve noise prediction calculation shall not include a built-in reduction
allowance or acoustical noise attenuation.
4.8.6 For aerodynamic noise of gases, steam, or vapor, noise calculations shall be
in accordance with IEC 60534-8-3.
4.8.7 For hydrodynamic noise, noise calculations shall be in accordance with valve
manufacturer’s method or IEC 60534-8-4.
4.8.8 For noise calculations to be valid, the maximum valve body exit velocity
shall be less than 0.3 Mach.
4.8.9 Noise emissions shall not be greater than the limits specified on the control
valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D, for the following conditions:
a. Continuous (i.e., Noise occurrence is greater than 2 hours per shift.)
b. Infrequent (i.e., Each noise occurrence is less than 30 minutes in
duration. Total cumulative effect of each occurrence is less than 2 hours
per year, e.g., emergency and relief conditions.)
c. Intermittent (i.e., Each noise occurrence is less than 2 hours per shift or
includes startups and shutdowns.)
d. Remote (i.e., areas (e.g., tank farm, flare line) in which personnel are not
normally present during periods of higher noise emission)
e. Normally Attended (i.e., fence line areas to publicly travel areas, areas
bordering residential areas, and normally traveled areas within the plant)
4.9 Actuators
4.9.1 General
4.9.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, control valve actuators shall be
pneumatic diaphragm-type or piston-type.
4.9.1.2 For rotary-type valves, vane and other type actuators may be used if
appropriate.
4.9.1.3 For special applications, particularly if pneumatic power is not
available or if very high thrust forces are required, electric motor or
electro-hydraulic actuators may be considered.
4.9.1.4 The actuator shall drive the valve to a safe position on loss of signal
or motive power.
4.9.1.16 If a control valve is in a service that causes the valve stem to stick,
the actuator shall be sized using a 1.25 design factor.
4.9.1.17 For rotary valve actuators, the control valve manufacturer shall
confirm the breakout torque requirements and the maximum
percentage opening limit for stable operation.
4.9.1.18 The actuator case shall be rated for the maximum available
pneumatic supply pressure.
4.9.1.19 The actuator material of construction shall be the valve
manufacturer’s standard material.
4.9.1.20 Unless otherwise specified on the individual control valve data
sheet, valve yokes shall be ductile iron, high-tensile-strength cast
iron, or steel.
4.9.1.21 Springs, internal parts, fasteners, and hardware shall be resistant to
the corrosive effects of the environment.
4.9.1.22 Unless otherwise specified, actuators exteriors shall be painted with
the valve manufacturer’s standard paint and color.
4.9.1.23 Sliding stem actuators shall have valve position indicators that show
position of valve stems against a full travel linear scale.
4.9.1.24 For rotary valves, a travel indicator, graduated in opening
percentages, shall be attached to the actuator end of the shaft.
4.9.1.25 An actuator and associated accessories shall be assembled, piped,
and mounted on the control valve and aligned, tested, and shipped
as a complete unit.
4.9.1.26 Installation and orientation of valve accessories shall be coordinated
with the valve manufacturer before final assembly and shipment.
4.9.1.27 Piping and tubing specifications shall be in accordance with
PIP PCSIP001.
4.9.1.28 Tubing shall be sized in accordance with the required valve stroke
response time.
4.9.1.29 Actuators shall have permanently attached stainless steel tags. Tags
shall be stamped with valve manufacturer’s standard data and the
owner’s item number.
4.9.1.30 Valve manufacturer shall provide filter or filter/regulator,
whichever is applicable in accordance with the control valve data
sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.9.1.31 Instrument air supply pressure shall be verified and regulated to
prevent exceeding torque, thrust, and actuator case pressure
specifications.
4.9.2.4 The minimum bench set range for non-critical control valve
applications such as level and temperature loops shall conform to the
following:
a. 4 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 3 psig
to 15 psig
b. 8 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 6 psig
to 30 psig
4.9.2.5 The minimum bench set range for critical control valve applications
such as flow and pressure loops shall conform to the following:
a. 6 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 3 psig
to 15 psig
b. 12 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 6 psig
to 30 psig
4.9.3 Piston and Vane Actuators
4.9.3.1 Piston and vane actuators shall be provided for the following
applications:
a. Valve stem or shaft loading is high
b. Fast valve action response is required
c. Compact physical installation is required
4.9.3.2 Actuators shall be designed in accordance with control and shutoff
requirements with the minimum available air supply.
4.9.3.3 Air exhaust connections shall be oriented and/or equipped to exclude
or minimize the entry of water, dirt, and insects.
4.9.3.4 Valves with piston operators shall be sized for minimum instrument
air pressure specified on the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D. Only a filter shall be provided.
4.9.3.5 All devices in the instrument air loop for the control valve assembly
shall be rated/designed for instrument air header pressure, including
the required air supply filter regulator, positioner, actuator housing,
actuator internals, and solenoid valves.
Comment: Typically, the I/P requires a separate filter/pressure
regulator set at a pressure compatible with the device.
4.9.3.6 If the instrument air header pressure is greater than rated/designed
pressure of any component of a control valve (e.g., solenoid valve),
pressure for instrument air shall be regulated at design pressure of
the component having the lowest design pressure.
4.9.4 Volume Tanks
4.9.4.1 Volume tank applications shall be approved by owner.
4.9.4.2 A volume tank shall be sized to fully stroke the valve through two
travel cycles.
4.11 Accessories
4.11.1 Handwheel Operators
4.11.1.1 Handwheels shall be provided if manual operation of the valve is
required by the process and HAZOP reviews. Handwheels require
company approval.
4.11.1.2 Handwheel operators shall be continuously connected and shall be
operable through an integral declutching mechanism.
Comment: Declutching mechanisms are shaft-mounted worm
gears that can be detached from the power of the
actuators.
4.11.1.3 Handwheel operators may be side mounted, lockable, and/or screw
or gear driven if accessibility is not a consideration.
4.11.1.4 For rotary valves, handwheel operators shall be mounted directly on
the shaft. The clutches shall be declutchable.
4.11.1.5 Unless otherwise approved by owner, top-mounted jacks or
handwheels shall not be permitted.
4.11.1.6 Valve-to-open direction arrows shall be permanently marked on
handwheels.
4.11.1.7 Handwheels shall not be used to eliminate block and bypass valves.
4.11.1.8 Handwheels shall not be used as limit stops.
4.11.2 Limit Switches and Solenoid Valves
4.11.2.1 General
1. Positioners, solenoid valves, limit switches and all other
electronic devices shall be approved for the electrical area
classification requirements by the appropriate governing
agencies.