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A. Harvard Referencing Style

Pyrolysis liquid from biomass has long attracted the attention of many
researchers since the liquid was seen as a potentially promising fuel for its high
energy density and easy transportation (Savage, 2011). However, the liquid contains
high oxygenated hydrocarbons and a significant amount of water from both original
moisture in the feedstock and reaction waterduring the pyrolysis process (Bridgwater,
2012). The pyrolysis liquid is not stable as the high oxygenated compounds readily
undergo secondary reactions such as poly-recondensation and polymerization
(French, R. and Czernik,., 2010) and the reactions can continue during storage of the
liquid (Diebold, 2000). Therefore, maximising the yield of the pyrolysis gas from
biomass pyrolysis offers an alternative means to provide cheap, clean and renewable
fuel. The pyrolysis gas, mainly a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and
methane(Dufour et al., 2009), can be burned in gas engines for combined heat and
power (CHP) productions, which can be applied in remote off-grid areas.It has been
found that temperature has a crucial effect on the yield of pyrolysis liquid and gas.
During pyrolysis of pine sawdust in a fluidised bed reactor between 400 C and 600 C,
it was found that the maximum pyrolysis liquid yield was at 500 C and the gas yield
increased with temperature (Joseph et al., 2010). Shen and Zhang (Shen, L. and
Chang, W., 2005) found that the condensable gas decreased and non-condensable gas
increased with increasing temperature during pyrolysis of sewage sludge and
putrescibles garbage.Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass has a promising route of
producing renewable energy fuel. During pyrolysis of woody biomass, NiMo/Al2O3
catalyst has been reported to lower the pyrolysis temperature in producing clean
combustion gas mainly composed of H2, CO and low molecular weight hydrocarbons
(Qinglan et al., 2010). Passing pyrolysis vapours through a bed of activated carbon
and alumina at a temperature above 300 C had been reported to increase gas yield and
reduce pyrolysis liquid yield, possibly due to the cracking mechanisms. It has been
reported that when pyrolysis vapours of pinewood passed over a hot char at
temperatures between 500 and 800 C, the amount of condensable phase decreased
while the noncondensable gas increased (Gilbert et al., 2009). This paper reports a
preliminary study into the effect of activated carbon on the yields of pyrolysis
products and the composition of pyrolysis liquid and gas during pyrolysis of a
pinesaw dust at different pyrolysis temperatures in a fixed bed reactor. The results
will shed lighton the possibility to enhance the yield of the pyrolysis gas as a source
of renewable energy.
References :

Bridgwater, A.V., 2012. Biomass and Bioenergy. Principles and practice of biomass
fast pyrolysis processes for liquids”, 38( Biomass and Bioenergy), pp.68-94.

Diebold, J..A., 2000. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. A Review of the

Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-
Oils.

Dufour, A. et al., 2009. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Synthesis gas

production by biomass pyrolysis: Effect of reactor temperature on product
distribution, 34(4)(International Journal of Hydrogen Energy), pp.1726-34.

Gilbert, P., Ryu, C., Sharifi, V. & Swithenbank, J., 2009. Bioresource Technolog. Tar
reduction in hot char bed, 100(23, pp.6045-51.

Joseph, J., Mukkamala, S., W.J, D. & van Henningen, A., 2010. Energy Fuels. Fast
pyrolysis of pine sawdust in a fluidized bed reactor, 24(Energy Fuels), pp.2642-
2651.

Namioka, T., Yoshikawa, K., Hatano, H. & Suzuki, Y., 2003. Effects of Porous
Particles on Tar and Gas Yields during Sawdust Pyrolysis. High Tar Reduction With
Porous Particles for Low Temperature Biomass Gasifica-tio, 36(Journal of Chemical
Engineering of Japan), pp.1440-48.

Qinglan, H. et al., 2010. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Production of

hydrogen-rich gas from plant biomass by catalytic pyrolysis at low temperature,
35(17)(International Journal of Hydrogen Energ), pp.8884-90.

Savage, N., 2011. Fuel Option: The Ideal biofuel. Nature, 474, pp.S9-S11.

Shen, L. and Chang, W., 2005. Fuel. An experimental study of oil recovery from
sewage sludge by low-temperature pyrolysis in a fluidised-bed, 84(7–8)(Fuel),
pp.809-15.
B. Vancouver Referencing Style:

Pyrolysis liquid from biomass has long attracted the attention of many
researchers since the liquid was seen as a potentially promising fuel for its high
energy density and easy transportation (1). However, the liquid contains high
oxygenated hydrocarbons and a significant amount of water from both original
moisture in the feedstock and reaction waterduring the pyrolysis process (2). The
pyrolysis liquid is not stable as the high oxygenated compounds readily undergo
secondary reactions such as poly-recondensation and polymerization (3) and the
reactions can continue during storage of the liquid (4). Therefore, maximising the
yield of the pyrolysis gas from biomass pyrolysis offers an alternative means to
provide cheap, clean and renewable fuel. The pyrolysis gas, mainly a mixture of
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane (5), can be burned in gas engines for
combined heat and power (CHP) productions, which can be applied in remote off-
grid areas.It has been found that temperature has a crucial effect on the yield of
pyrolysis liquid and gas. During pyrolysis of pine sawdust in a fluidised bed reactor
between 400 C and 600 C, it was found that the maximum pyrolysis liquid yield was
at 500 C and the gas yield increased with temperature (6). Shen and Zhang (7) found
that the condensable gas decreased and non-condensable gas increased with
increasing temperature during pyrolysis of sewage sludge and putrescibles
garbage.Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass has a promising route of producing renewable
energy fuel. During pyrolysis of woody biomass, NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst has been
reported to lower the pyrolysis temperature in producing clean combustion gas
mainly composed of H2, CO and low molecular weight hydrocarbons (8). Passing
pyrolysis vapours through a bed of activated carbon and alumina at a temperature
above 300 C had been reported to increase gas yield and reduce pyrolysis liquid yield,
possibly due to the cracking mechanisms (9). It has been reported that when pyrolysis
vapours of pinewood passed over a hot char at temperatures between 500 and 800 C,
the amount of condensable phase decreased while the noncondensable gas increased
(10). This paper reports a preliminary study into the effect of activated carbon on the
yields of pyrolysis products and the composition of pyrolysis liquid and gas during
pyrolysis of a pinesaw dust at different pyrolysis temperatures in a fixed bed reactor.
The results will shed lighton the possibility to enhance the yield of the pyrolysis gas
as a source of renewable energy.

References :

1. Fuel Option: The Ideal biofuel. Savage, N. 2011, Nature, Vol. 474, pp. S9-S11.

2. Biomass and Bioenergy. Bridgwater, A.V. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2012, Principles and
practice of biomass fast pyrolysis processes for liquids”, Vol. 38, pp. 68-94.

3. Fuel Processing Technology. French, R. and Czernik, . 2010, Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass
for biofuels production, Vol. 91(1), pp. 25-32.

4. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Diebold, J., A. Colorado : National Renewable

Energy Laboratory, 2000, A Review of the Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage
Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils.

5. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Dufour, A, et al., et al. International Journal of

Hydrogen Energy, 2009, Synthesis gas production by biomass pyrolysis: Effect of reactor
temperature on product distribution, Vol. 34(4), pp. 1726-1734.

6. Energy Fuels. Joseph, J, et al., et al. Energy Fuels, 2010, Fast pyrolysis of pine sawdust in a
fluidized bed reactor, Vol. 24, pp. 2642- 2651.

7. Fuel. Shen, L. and Chang, W. Fuel, 2005, An experimental study of oil recovery from
sewage sludge by low-temperature pyrolysis in a fluidised-bed, Vols. 84(7–8), pp. 809-815.

8. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,. Qinglan, H, et al., et al. International Journal

of Hydrogen Energ, 2010, Production of hydrogen-rich gas from plant biomass by catalytic
pyrolysis at low temperature, Vol. 35(17), pp. 8884-8890.

9. Effects of Porous Particles on Tar and Gas Yields during Sawdust Pyrolysis. Namioka, T, et
al., et al. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 2003, High Tar Reduction With Porous
Particles for Low Temperature Biomass Gasifica-tio, Vol. 36, pp. 1440-1448.