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CHAPTER.1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Wireless Power Transmission

Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission,
or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source
to an electrical load, such as an electrical power grid or appliance, without the use of
conductors like wires or cables. Wireless power is a generic term that refers to a number of
different power transmission technologies that use time-varying electric, magnetic, or
electromagnetic fields.
Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories, non-radiative and radiative. In
near field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred by magnetic fields using inductive
coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal
electrodes. Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology; its applications
include electric toothbrush chargers, RFID tags, smartcards, and chargers for implantable
medical devices like artificial cardiac pacemakers, and inductive powering or charging of
electric vehicles like SCMaglev ,trains ,AGV or buses. A current focus is to develop wireless
systems to charge mobile and handheld computing devices such as cell phones , digital music
players and portable computers without being tethered to a wall plug. In far-field or radiative
techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by beams of electromagnetic
radiation, like microwaves or laser beams. These techniques can transport energy longer
distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed applications for this type are solar
power satellites, and wireless powered drone aircraft.

1.1.1 Wireless Charging

Inductive charging (also known as wireless charging) uses an electromagnetic field to transfer
energy between two objects through electromagnetic induction. This is usually done with a
charging station. Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which
can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.

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1.1.2 OLEV Technologies

The Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) is an electric vehicle that charges wirelessly while
moving using electromagnetic induction (the wireless transfer of power through magnetic
fields). It functions by using a segmented "recharging" road that induces a current in "pick-
up" modules on the vehicle.
In the "recharging" road, slim W-shaped ferrite cores (magnetic cores used in induction) are
buried 30 cm underground in a fish bone like structure. Power cables are wrapped around the
centre of the fish bone structures to make the "primary coils". This design combines the
magnetic fields of the two sides of the cables and shapes the fields in a way that maximizes
induction. Moreover, the primary coils are placed in segments across certain spans of the road
so that only about 5% to 15% of the road needs to be remodelled. To power the primary coils,
the cables are attached to the South Korean national power grid through a power inverter (a
device that converts DC electricity into AC electricity). The inverter accepts 3-phase 380 or
440 voltage from the grid to generate 20kHz of AC electricity into the cables. In turn, the
cables create a 20 kHz magnetic field that sends flux through the slim ferrite cores to the pick-
ups on the OLEV.

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CHAPTER.2

MOTIVATION & OBJECTIVE

While wireless power devices have already been created by other companies and institutions,
they are still very basic and not practical. Charging a battery wirelessly has also been done
before by small home appliance companies. The difference in this WPT technique and the
new proposed wireless power system is its ability to send power wirelessly two meters. This
gives it an edge over what is currently available on the market. WPT is convenient for the
user because it is accessible and it is not confined to a single outlet location. This system is
marketable on many levels. For the individual consumer, this technology allows powering
and charging of portable devices such as cell phones and laptops. Building designers would
integrate WPT technology into the walls or floors of new construction to allow for the
distribution of wireless power.

Currently there are very few wireless power transmitters on the market. MIT was the first to
demonstrate wireless power using resonant near field inductive coupling in the summer of
2007. In 2008, Intel also achieved wireless power though inductive coupling . These methods
consist of two coils which are configured to have the same resonant frequency, with an
oscillator that sends a sinusoidal signal transmitting the power at the resonant frequency.
These designs are currently in the laboratory phase of development and are not ready for
mainstream use. They usually consist of exposed coils and transmit high frequency signals at
levels not desirable for prolonged human interaction.

In the context of wireless power, energy harvesting, also called power harvesting or energy
scavenging, is the conversion of ambient energy from the environment to electric power,
mainly to power small autonomous wireless electronic devices.[98] The ambient energy may
come from stray electric or magnetic fields or radio waves from nearby electrical equipment,
light, thermal energy (heat), or kinetic energy such as vibration or motion of the device.

Although the efficiency of conversion is usually low and the power gathered often minuscule
(milliwatts or microwatts), it can be adequate to run or recharge small micropower wireless
devices such as remote sensors, which are proliferating in many fields. This new technology

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is being developed to eliminate the need for battery replacement or charging of such wireless
devices, allowing them to operate completely autonomously.

Tesla's work was impressive, but it didn't immediately lead to widespread, practical methods
for wireless power transmission. Since then, researchers have developed several techniques
for moving electricity over long distances without wires. Some exist only as theories or
prototypes, but others are already in use. If you have an electric toothbrush, for example, you
probably take advantage of one method every day. The wireless transmission of energy is
common in much of the world. Radio waves are energy, and people use them to send and
receive cell phone, TV, radio and WiFi signals every day. The radio waves spread in all
directions until they reach antennae that are tuned to the right frequency. A similar method for
transferring electrical power would be both inefficient and dangerous.

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CHAPTER.3

METHODOLOGY

MPT as a mechanism for WPT is the central focus of this paper. MPT is defined as the
transfer of power through space by means of microwaves. In particular, a MPT system
converts direct current (DC) power to microwaves, transmits that microwave radiation to a
target, and the target converts the microwave radiation back to DC power. Figure 1 below
depicts a block diagram of the MPT system. First the microwaves are generated by the
microwave generator. This radiation then passes through the Coax-Waveguide Adapted,
which in turn passes through the waveguide circulator, a device that reduces the radiation to
exposure from outside power. Finally the radiation passes through the tuner and directional
coupler device, which separates the signal according to signal propagation direction. The
radiation is then transmitted over the air through antennae, where it is received by the antenna
at the receiving antenna, at which the microwave radiation passes through a low pass filter,
then a matching network, then a rectifier as it is converted to DC power . The details of the
relevant steps are described in the sections to follow.

Fig 3.1

Inductive coupling uses magnetic fields that are a natural part of current's movement through
wire. Any time electrical current moves through a wire, it creates a circular magnetic field
around the wire. Bending the wire into a coil amplifies the magnetic field. The more loops the
coil makes, the bigger the field will be. If you place a second coil of wire in the magnetic

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field you've created, the field can induce a current in the wire. This is essentially how a
transformer works, and it's how an electric toothbrush recharges. It takes three basic steps:

1. Current from the wall outlet flows through a coil inside the charger, creating a
magnetic field. In a transformer, this coil is called the primary winding.
2. When you place your toothbrush in the charger, the magnetic field induces a current in
another coil, or secondary winding, which connects to the battery.
3. This current recharges the battery.

3.1 Basics of WPT Technology

WPT is the transmission of electrical power from the power source to an electrical load
without the use of physical connectors. History of WPT began with the formulation of
Maxwell’s equations in 1862. Maxwell described phenomena of radio waves in his
equations. Later, in 1884 Henry Poynting illustrated electromagnetic waves as an energy
flow and is used in his Poynting theorem. Nikola Tesla investigated the principle of WPT
at the end of the 19th century [5]. Tesla’s experiment was not exploited to a commercial
level because of its seemingly unsafe nature, low efficiency, and financial constraints.
After Tesla’s initial experiments, electromagnetic waves are used for wireless
communications and remote sensing applications. With the advent of advanced
semiconductor technologies, Tesla’s proposition has now become a reality. The wireless
nature of this transmission makes it useful in environments where implementation of
physical connectors can be inconvenient, hazardous or impossible, particularly in EVs.

3.1.1 Wireless Energy Transfer Method

Wireless power transfer methods encompass technologies such as Laser, photoelectric,

radio waves (RF), microwaves, inductive coupling and magnetic resonance coupling.
These technologies can be broadly categorized based on underlying mechanism,
transmission range, and power rating. Based on the power transfer distance wireless
energy transfer methods can be categorized into two types; near field and far field. If
transfer distance is longer than the wavelength of electromagnetic wave, it is categorized
in to far field technique. Laser, photoelectric, RF, microwave can be considered as far
field energy transfer methods. Inductive coupling and magnetic resonance coupling based

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methods are regarded as near field approaches. Even though far field techniques have
transmission range up to several kilometers, they suffer from the trade-off between
directionality and efficiency. Frequency range of far field approaches are typically very
high (GHz range) compared to near field (kHz–MHz). Inductively coupled near field
approaches can be used to transmit high power efficiently in very near range (up to
several centimeters). Efficiency of such systems deteriorates exponentially with the
distance. The non-radiative WPT system demonstrated in 2007 by MIT [6] based on
magnetic resonance coupling can be used in mid-range application with an acceptable
efficiency. This MIT experiment has gained accentuating attention from the research
community because many real world applications require longer transmission range.

3.1.2 Inductive Coupling Versus Magnetic Resonance Coupling

Traditional inductive power transfer (IPT) systems based on inductive coupling resulting
from the Faraday’s law of induction and Ampere’s circuital law. The integrated magnetic
field due to current carrying loop (transmitting coil) is defined by the Ampere’s circuital
law. According to Faraday’s law of induction, time-varying magnetic field induces
electric field in receiving coil. Initial configurations of IPT systems used inductor in series
with the coil. This is analogues to loosely coupled transformer. Later, IPT based
topologies are adopted with capacitor compensation . Conversely, magnetic resonance
technology originally used with self-resonance coils which resonates with its self-
inductance and parasitic capacitance. An external lumped capacitor is added to build the
resonance coils when parasitic capacitance of coils are inadequate to make resonance at
frequency of interest in later studies. Frequency selection for IPT based designs are
limited to several kilohertz while magnetic resonance based systems can operate in
frequencies up to a few Megahertz. Typical IPT schemes are limited to a few centimeters
whereas magnetic resonance WPT can be used with larger range.

3.2 Modelling the WPT System

Modeling the WPT system is crucial in designing WPT system for EVs. Simplicity and
the accuracy of the model are important. The modeling methodology needs to provide
guide lines in the selection of system performance indices and design parameters. The
block diagram in Fig. 2.1a shows typical two resonator WPT system powered using high
frequency (HF) power source. HF source can either be an inverter or combination of a
power amplifier (PA) and a signal generator (SG). PA and SG based setups are commonly

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used in laboratory prototyping, but PA and SG combination has to be replaced with a high
frequency inverter in real world implementation. Receiver resonator is connected to the
load through a battery charging circuity. In EV charging applications battery is connected
through a rectifier and regulator circuit. Load impedance consists of the impedance of the
charging

circuit. Battery load can be approximated to a resistive AC load . Equivalent source

resistance represents output impedance of the power source. In case of PA and SG
combination, source impedance is typically 50 Ω. But in power converter based designs
this value is much smaller than 50 Ω. Therefore, source resistance must be chosen with
careful attention in the design process based on the type of the source.

(a) (b)

HF Power
Source

Fig. 3.2 a Two resonator WPT system. b The equivalent circuit

3.2.1 Equivalent Circuit Theory

As electrical lengths (ratio of cable lengths to operating wavelength) of cables and coils
are very short, the system can be analysed in lumped parameter model. Lumped parameter
circuit model is shown in Fig. 3.1b. Two types of resonant coils have been used in WPT;
self-resonators and LC resonators. Self-resonators resonate with the self-inductance of
coil and parasitic capacitance between turns, whereas LC type has an externally added
lumped capacitor. Self-resonators have the advantage of low loss, but realization at low
frequencies is challenging because the typical parasitic capacitance is very low. LC type is
more controllable during the design process. Compensation capacitor of the LC resonator
can either be Parallel (P) or Series (S) to the coil. Series compensation inherits voltage
source characteristic while parallel compensation has current source characteristic. Based
on the transmitting and the receiving resonator capacitor compensation, four topologies;
Series–Series (SS), Series–Parallel (SP), Parallel–Series (PS), and Parallel–Parallel (PP)

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can be realized. If parallel compensation is used at either side, the capacitance value
depends on the coupling coefficient, which is a variable in a moving load application.
Therefore SS compensation is preferred for EV applications.

where Vi is the driving voltage applied on the transmitter resonator at carrier frequency ω,
and Zt and Zr are the self-impedances of transmitter and receiver resonators respectively.
These impedances are made up of Lt,r, Ct,r and Rt,r which are inductance, capacitance and
resistance of the coils respectively. Capacitance includes both distributed capacitance of the
coil and externally added lumped capacitance. The mutual inductance (M) between the
transmitter and the receiver can be expressed in terms of coupling coefficient (k) and coil
inductances. Output power at the load and Power Transfer Efficiency (PTE) can be calculated
as,

At the resonance condition, reactive impedance of the coil becomes zero. Resonance
frequencies of the transmitter and receiver coil becomes,

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Equivalent circuit method allows us to determine element parameters such as currents and
voltage across coils, compensation capacitors. Therefore it is essential to use equivalent
circuit based analysis to estimate component ratings in designing high power WPT system.

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CHAPTER 4

Physical Embodiment

4.1 OLEV Bus

Figure 4.1 shows the OLEV bus built on the KAIST campus. KAIST and collaborating
industrial firms converted a conventional bus with an IC engine to an OLEV bus. We attached
power-receiving units to the bottom of the bus, which picked up the power transmitted from
the underground coil. The distance between the underground coil and the power-receiving
unit on the bus was about 17 cm. The maximum electric power transfer efficiency was 72%,
which exceeded our design goal of 60% (See Fig. 4.2). With the reduction of the distance
between the pick-up unit
and the underground
coil, the efficiency
increases. The OLEV
bus is designed to draw
60 kW of electric power.
When it needs more
power for acceleration,
etc., it draws additional
Fig 4.1
power from the battery, which is recharged when the motor does not need the peak power.

4.2 Underground Electric Coil

FIG 4.2

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The design of the underground coils is one of the most important parts of the OLEV system.
We have designed many different versions. . The underground electric power coils do not
need to be installed everywhere because the small battery on board can supply the power
when the electric power from the underground coil is unavailable. The distance the vehicle
has to travel without getting the power from the underground coil determines the battery size.
Our current design goal is to install a battery that can give free driving ranges of 10 km for a
bus and 30 km for a car. According to our analysis, if about 30% of the roads in Seoul have
the underground electric power coil, most vehicles will be able to drive around the city
without recharging the battery off-line. In the case of OLEV buses that follow pre-determined
routes, the underground electric power line will be installed at the bus stations, intersections
with stoplights etc.

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CHAPTER.5

AREA OF APPLICATION

Several applications of wireless power transfer are apparent and obvious. Firstly, WPT could
eliminate traditional charging systems in place today. Instead of plugging in a mobile phone
or laptop via power cord to charge the battery, wireless power can be harnessed and
implemented in a home such that a laptop and phone charge continuously and wirelessly
without the need for plugging anything in. Higher level applications include charging of
electric vehicles (EVs. Applications of WPT are described in this section.

5.1 Electronic portable devices (Wireless Charging)

Cell phones, laptops, tablets, even smart watches are found all over the globe and are owned
and used by billions of people. What these devices all have in common is the need to recharge
their internal battery so that the device can be used while mobile.WPT has the potential to
disrupt and revolutionize the traditional portable device, not only by making mobile devices
more convenient by eliminating the need for a physical power supply, but also safer (power
cords carry risk of shock and can cause fires), as well as a reduced cost for consumers.
Research has even been done into multi-hop WPT systems, wherein a generator transmits
power wirelessly to targets, which can then in turn become sources for other targets, and
transfer power wirelessly to those targets. Inductive charging (also known as wireless
charging) uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects through
electromagnetic induction. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent
through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to
charge batteries or run the device.

5.2 Electric Vehicles (OLEV)

As concern over global warming and greenhouse gas emissions grows across the globe, the
prevalence of electric vehicles has also increased. One of the drawbacks of electric vehicles is
their battery. Electric vehicles currently need to be plugged in to recharge their internal
batteries, and take many hours to do so. However, many envision that in the near future, one
need only park her car in a pre-determined spot in her driveway and the car will charge
wirelessly and automatically.

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In the "recharging" road, slim W-shaped ferrite cores (magnetic cores used in induction) are
buried 30 cm underground in a fish bone like structure. Power cables are wrapped around the
center of the fish bone structures to make the "primary coils". This design combines the
magnetic fields of the two sides of the cables and shapes the fields in a way that maximizes
induction. Moreover, the primary coils are placed in segments across certain spans of the road
so that only about 5% to 15% of the road needs to be remodeled. To power the primary coils,
the cables are attached to the South Korean national power grid through a power inverter (a
device that converts DC electricity into AC electricity). The inverter accepts 3-phase 380 or
440 voltage from the grid to generate 20khz of AC electricity into the cables. In turn, the
cables create a 20khz magnetic field that sends flux through the slim ferrite cores to the pick-
ups on the OLEV.

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CHAPTER.6

ADVANTAGES

 Authenticates and Adapts to Loads



 Protocol Enables Interoperability



 Performs Power Needs Analysis



 Provides a Range of Power: milliwatts – kilowatts



 Lower Harmonics


 Higher Efficiency Adaptive Resonant System



 Lower Thermal Rise and RFI Profile



 Passes DSENSE Testing for Devices



 Safe – Human Exposure and Medical Devices



 Zero Standby Power



 Freedom of positioning


 Eliminates power cords & wires

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it is clear that resonant inductive coupling power transmission would be

extremely beneficial to society if it were implemented in homes and home electronics. From
an environmental standpoint, this technology could replace disposable batteries

and cords, reducing dangerous chemicals and potential for poisoning communities. Resonant
inductive coupling also has health benefits and with no need for cords life would simply
become easier.

To start with we should begin replacing household outlets with a wireless power transmitter
in each new house and have battery shaped coils to fit into home electronics. The companies
that currently manufacture batteries and components for wired technology could move into
manufacturing the new wireless technology. Many consumers would appreciate the ease of
use of the wireless technology and the market would surely open up allowing these
companies to continue to thrive if they can switch to the new technology. These homes would
still have traditional wired power for the consideration that there are still many devices are
currently manufactured with cords.

As wireless power begins to grow more of these devices would be manufactured with a
wireless option and the use of wireless power will become widespread in new homes. In
addition, a power source coil could be manufactured to be powered from a traditional plug in
to give old home owners the option of upgrading their homes to wireless power. Because only
new homes and new devices would contain the wireless technology there would not be a large
abundance of electronic waste caused by scrapping old wired electronics. The transition
would be somewhat slow and take many years to show up in a majority of places. However,
switching to wireless power would increase the efficiency and convenience of these
electronics, while lowering the environmental impact in the long run.

 The solar power stations on the moon would require supervision and maintenance.
In other words, the project would require sustainable, manned moon bases.

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 Only part of the earth has a direct line of sight to the moon at any given time. To
make sure the whole planet had a steady power supply, a network of satellites
would have to re-direct the microwave energy
 Many people would resist the idea of being constantly bathed in microwaves from
space, even if the risk were relatively low.
While scientists have built working prototypes of aircraft that run on wireless power, larger-
scale applications, like power stations on the moon, are still theoretical. As the Earth's
population continues to grow, however, the demand for electricity could outpace the ability to
produce it and move it around. Eventually, wireless power may become a necessity rather
than just an interesting idea.

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CHAPTER 8
FUTURE ASPECT

Wireless power is an exciting new frontier, opening up new possibilities for manufacturers
and consumers around the world. This new frontier will have a major impact on many
significant market segments and create new ways to interact with the design of appliances and
corresponding products. As this technology is adopted by consumers, it is imperative that
engineering and design teams, wireless power providers, manufacturers and governing bodies
join forces to insure that a universal solution that meets present and future consumer needs is
always the main concern. Only by working together will universal wireless energy delivery
reach its potential and make wireless truly wireless.

To make wireless transmission of energy work, a single global standard needs to be

developed through a cooperative organization of international developers, manufacturers and
distributors. This standard will be the blueprint for utilizing wireless energy transmission
worldwide. The safety and range of energy needs can be addressed collectively, bringing
wireless energy into the world of a practical real world solution.

As the Earth's population continues to grow, the demand for electricity will outpace our
ability to produce it and transmit it around the world. Eventually, wireless power will become
a necessity. In last few years, our society experienced a silent, but quite dramatic, revolution
in terms of the number of autonomous electronic devices (e.g. laptops, palm pilots, digital
cameras, household robots, etc.) that we use in our everyday lives. Currently, most of these
devices are powered by batteries, which need to be recharged very often. This fact motivated
us to think whether there exist physical principles that could enable wireless powering of
these and similar devices. Results of our research on the feasibility of using resonant objects,
strongly coupled through the tails of their non-radiative modes, for mid-range (i.e. a few
meters: e.g. within a room, or a factory pavilion) wireless power transfer applications seem to
be quite encouraging.

We live in a wireless world. Cell phones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 2G, 3G, 4G — the always on,
always connected world of digital devices is driven by the magic of wireless. But all our
devices, from smart phones to laptops, still rely on cords and plugs for charging. Everyone’s
had their cell phone become useless for the day when the battery dies and there’s nowhere to
charge it. Battery life consistently shows up as a key factor in product ads, feature lists and
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reviews. As advanced and powerful as phones, tablets and laptops are, when that bar hits 0%,
they’re as good as worthless without an outlet (the same outlet everyone else in the cafe or the
airport wants to use).Imagine if all you had to do to charge your phone was set it down in the
right place. That’s the reality wireless power aims to achieve.

Really it’s about having power everywhere you are, and not having to be limited by the
amount of power you can carry with you in a battery or some other matter,” explains Joshua
Schwannecke, an engineering manager at Fulton Innovation. Fulton is a development and
licensing company working on technologies that can improve people’s lives — like wireless
power. “The idea is that, any device that you have that requires any sort of power right now…
should be able to be powered in all of the spaces.

Power is the final cord that needs to be cut for complete wireless freedom. Not only does the
technology exist, it’s already showing up in consumer technology.

Called magnetic induction, the technology allows power to be transferred without wires. You
simply have to set your device — phone, laptop, tablet, or anything else with an embedded
receiver — on a charging station, as the technology works best over short distances (the
greater the distance the less efficient the transfer is, but there are companies experimenting
with transmitting power over further distances, and the limits could change as the technology
advances).

However, distance isn’t much of an issue because power transmitters can be embedded in
places phones and other devices are normally set down, like the tables at a cafe, desks at
work, the bedside table at a hotel room, or even the furniture in your own home.

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(which someone has already done with their nightstand). Schwannecke says they’re
working with furniture manufacturers to make this happen.

Charging stations and cases that work with current phones like the iPhone (the Duracell
Powermat, for example) are already available, and eventually the receivers will be built-in to
phones and other devices. The recently released Nexus 4 can be charged wirelessly, as well
as the Nokia Lumia 920, and there’s been speculation for years about wireless charging being
built into an upcoming iPhone. Wireless power is already becoming commonplace in Japan.
Stateside, Intel has demonstrated a laptop with a wireless charger built-in and the 2013
Dodge Dart is the first car to offer a wireless charging mat inside, and there are now other
cars offering the same capability.

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REFERENCES

[1]. Valtchev, Stanimir S.; Baikova, Elena N.; Jorge, Luis R. (December 2012).
"Electromagnetic Field as the Wireless Transporter of Energy" (PDF). Facta Universitatis
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[2]. chantz, Hans G. (June 2007). A Real-Time Location System Using Near-Field
Electromagnetic Ranging (PDF). 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
Symposium, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers..
[3]. Wong, Elvin (2013). "Seminar: A Review on Technologies for Wireless Electricity".
[4]. Gopinath, Ashwin (August 2013). "All About Transferring Power Wirelessly" (PDF).
Electronics for You E-zine. EFY Enterprises Pvt.
[5]. "Wireless energy transfer". Encyclopedia of terms. PC Magazine Ziff-Davis. 2014.
[6] Suh, N.P. (2001) Axiomatic Design: Advances and Applications. Oxford University
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[7]. International Energy Agency, OECD (2008) World Energy Outlook. International
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[8]. Jaegue Shin#1, Boyune Song#, Seokhwan Lee#, Seungyong Shin#, Yangsu Kim#, Guho
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Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea 1 jkshin@kaist.ac.kr

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