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was determined by using AOCS official method Cc-10a-25, required to measure the pH of the biodiesel layer. When the
1959. The total, free and combined glycerol of raw oils was pH of the biodiesel layer reached 7, the washing process was
determined by using AOCS, official methods Da-23-56, 1959. completed. After washing process, the biodiesel was
Nov. introduced to the sand filter and salt filter. The end product,
biodiesel was obtained as a clear amber-yellow liquid with a
viscosity similar to that of petrodiesel.
B. Determination of Physical and Chemical Properties of
Biodiesel
The cetane index of biodiesel was determined by ASTM D. Production of Biodiesel from Jatropah Oil in Pilot Plant
D.976 method. The flash point was determined by ASTM The main transesterification reaction took place in a 45 gal,
D.93 method. The pour point was determined by ASTM D.97 stainless steel reaction tank with a mixer (1100 W motor),
method. The kinematic viscosity was determined by ASTM which had a fixed speed of 700 rpm. The required amount of
D.445 method. The specific gravity was determined by ASTM jatropha oil was filtered, measured and poured into the conical
D.1298 method. The carbon residue was determined by bottomed reactor tank. Free fatty acid content of jatropha oil
ASTM D.189 method. The copper strip corrosion test was was 5.23% which was heated to the required temperature by
determined by ASTM D.130 method. The water and sediment using the 4 kW dry coil heater. While the jatropha oil is
test was determined by ASTM D.1796 method. The total, free heated, the alkoxide solution was prepared simultaneously.
and combined glycerol was determined by AOCS, official The prepared alkoxide solution was introduced into the
methods Da- 23-56, 1959. Nov. reactor and the mixture was stirred vigorously for required
reaction time. After that, the reaction was stopped and the
mixture was allowed to settle in the separation tank for 12
C. Preparation of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil in Laboratory
hours.
Scale
After settling the mixture for 12 hours, it was separated
Biodiesel was prepared with methanol and ethanol each into two layers. The lower glycerine layer was drawn off from
with different reaction conditions. the bottom of the settling tank. Then, the crude biodiesel was
With methanol, the experiment was conducted with pumped into the washing tank. The stainless steel tank having
optimum molar ratio (6:1) keeping the catalyst concentration 45 gallons capacities was used as a washing tank. It was
(1% NaOH), reaction temperature (65°C) and reaction time (1 equipped with a hand stirrer. The crude biodiesel layer was
hour). needed to purify by washing with warm water. First, the
With ethanol, the experiment was conducted with optimum catalyst residue in the biodiesel layer was neutralized by
molar ratio (8:1) keeping the catalyst concentration (1% adding phosphoric acid. After neutralization process, the
KOH), reaction temperature (70°C) and reaction time (3½ washing process of biodiesel was started. During the washing
hour). process, gentle agitation is required to avoid the emulsion.
The required amount of jatropha oil was filtered, measured After 30 minutes, the wash water layer was drained off from
with measuring cylinder and then it was poured into the three- the bottom of the washing tank. The washing process was
necked round-bottomed flask. The jatropha oil was heated to repeated two to four times. After the washing process, it was
the required temperature by using the electric mental. required to measure the pH of the biodiesel layer. When the
Alkoxide solution was prepared while the jatropha oil was pH of the biodiesel layer reached 7, the washing process was
heated. completed. After that, the biodiesel layer was sent to the sand
The prepared alkoxide solution was introduced into the filtration tank.
reaction vessel and it was mixed vigorously during the The sand filtration was done in a 15 gallons stainless steel
reaction. When the required reaction period reached, the filtration tank. The tank was open at the top and it contained
reaction was stopped, and the mixture was settled in the the 100 mesh size stainless steel screen supported by steel
separating funnel for 12 hours or overnight. frame. The sand having the size of (-20+60) mesh was put
After the mixture was settled for 12 hours, the mixture was over the 100 mesh size screen. After filtration, biodiesel was
separated into two layers. The bottom layer is crude glycerine obtained as a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity
and it can be drawn off simply from the bottom of the similar to that of petrodiesel. The results of yield percent of
separating funnel. biodiesel from jatropha oil in large scale biodiesel pilot plant
The biodiesel layer was purified by washing with warm are shown in Table 5.9. The photograph for 30 gal /day
water to remove methanol, residual catalyst and soaps. Before capacity biodiesel pilot plant was shown in figure 1.
washing process, the pH of the biodiesel layer was measured
and phosphoric acid was added to the biodiesel layer to
neutralize the catalyst residue. After neutralization process, E. Engine Performance Test
the washing process of biodiesel was started. During the An engine performance test was accomplished with the
washing process, gentle agitation is required to avoid the biodiesel prepared from jatropha oil in the laboratory scale.
emulsion. After separation of the layer for 30 minutes, the The results of engine performance tests are shown in Table
wash water layer was drained off from the bottom of the A.1.
separating funnel. The washing process was repeated until the A MS 1100 diesel engine was used as the test engine. It is a
ester layer became clear. After the washing process, it was single-cylinder, four-stroke, horizontal type unit with a
cylinder bore of 110 mm, a piston stroke 115 mm , a piston reactor. The properties measured were compared with the
displacement of 1.093 L and a compression ratio of 17. The ASTM specifications and the results are presented in Table 2
engine was equipped with a Model AK individual type pump and Table 3.
and Model ZCK154S432A injection nozzles. Time taken for The cetane index of biodiesel from jatropha oil with
test duration was 15 min for both biodiesel and petrodiesel. methanol was found to be within the ASTM specified limit.
Fuel consumption was measured by a measuring cylinder and So, the result showed that molar ratio 6:1 using biodiesel from
engine speed was taken by a AGRONIC digital tachometer. jatropha oil was suitable for engine. The higher cetane index
Engine was run on biodiesel obtained from jatropha oil and of biodiesel compared to petrodiesel was indicated that it will
petrodiesel. For the endurance test, the engine operated at be the high potential for engine performance.
2240 rpm. The results of the short-term performance tests The flash point of biodiesel from jatropha oil was 93°C.
especially fuel consumptions and exhaust gas temperatures Although it was lower than the limit of ASTM standard,
with diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel are shown in Table A.2. biodiesel was safer than petro-diesel to handle and store
According to the good results of engine performance test, because it has a little bit higher flash point than petro-diesel.
large scale production of biodiesel from jatropha oil was
carried out.
TABLE II PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESELS PREPARED
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS FROM JATROPHA OIL IN THE LABORATORY PREPARATION
TABLE III PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESELS PREPARED Table 3 describes that the properties of ethyl ester at high
FROM JATROPHA OIL WITH ETHANOL IN THE LABORATORY PREPARATION
temperature and short reaction time were compared with those
of ethyl ester at low temperature and long reaction time. The
Properties 70°C , Room ASTM D ASTM
3½hr temp, 6751 D 975
cetane index, flash point and specific gravity of ethyl ester at
(high 5hr standard standard high temperature and short reaction time were not found to be
temp, (low for for within the ASTM specified limit. The kinematic viscosity
short temp, biodiesel diesel slightly decreases from 41.51 to 18.45 due to the incomplete
reaction long fuel fuel
time) * reaction
transesterification reaction of jatropha oil with ethanol. The
time) ** kinematic viscosity of ethyl ester at low temperature and long
Cetane index 44 50 48 – 65 40 – 55 reaction time was decreased and found to be within the
Flash point, °C 56 96 100-170 60 – 80 specified limit due to the complete conversion reaction.
Pour Point, ° C +3 -1 -15 to 10 (-35) -15
Specific gravity 0.8971 0.8733 0.88 0.85 C. Physical and Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Produced
at 50 °F
Kinematic 18.75 4.009 1.9-6.0 1.3-4.1
from Jatropha Oil in the Pilot Plant Operation
viscosity at The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel from
40°C, jatropha oil were studied. The biodiesel from jatropha oil were
(mm2/sec)
Acid number 1.7 0.65 0.8 -
prepared in the large scale biodiesel pilot plant. The properties
measured were compared with the ASTM specifications
Copper strip No.1 No.1 No.3, - standard and the results are described in Table 4.
corrosion max
Water & Trace Trace 0.05%, - TABLE IV PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL PRODUCED
sediment, wt% max FROM JATROPHA OIL IN PILOT PLANT OPERATION
Distillation at 370 346 360, max -
90% recovery, Properties Biodiesel Biodiesel ASTM D ASTM
°C (B100) (B100) 6751 D 975
(Methyl (Ethyl standard standard
*At ethanol to oil, molar ratio- 8:1, KOH %- 1 %, reaction Ester) from Ester) from for for
temperature - 70ºC and reaction time 3½ hours. Jatropha Jatropha biodiesel diesel
**At ethanol to oil, molar ratio- 8:1, KOH %- 1%, reaction Oil * with Oil ** with fuel fuel
temperature – room temperature and reaction time 5 hours. Methanol Ethanol
from pilot from pilot
The pour point of biodiesel from jatropha oil was (-1°C) plant plant
due to the higher content of unsaturated fatty acid in raw (FFA 8.8%) (FFA
5.23%)
jatropha oil. The result was found to be within the specified Cetane index 49.2 49 48 – 65 40 – 55
limit and biodiesel from jatropha oil was suitable not only for Flash point, °C 91 98 100-170 60 – 80
the tropical region but also for moderate temperate region. Pour Point, ° C +3 -1 -15 to 10 (-35) -15
The decrease in kinematic viscosity from 41.51 to 5.384 mm2 / Specific gravity 0.8746 0.8766 0.88 0.85
at 50 °F
sec is the important fuel property of the transesterified Kinematic 4.78 5.36 1.9-6.0 1.3-4.1
jatropha oil. This indicates that the flow capability of raw viscosity at
jatropha oil has been increased to a significant extent by 40°C,
transesterification. This increase in the fuel’s ability to flow (mm2/sec)
Acid number 1.0 1.1 0.8 -
would induce complete burning of the fuel without any
ignition delay. The specific gravity of biodiesel was 0.8749 Copper strip No.1 No.1 No.3, max -
and it was also reduced to a significant extent when compared corrosion
with the specific gravity of raw jatropha oil (0.92). Water & Trace Trace 0.05%, -
The free fatty acid and acid value have also been reduced sediment, wt% max
Distillation at 333 352 360, max -
from 22.6 to 1 and 8.8 to 1 respectively, as shown in Table 3. 90% recovery,
Copper strip corrosion, water& sediment and distillation at °C
90% recovery of biodiesel from jatropha oil were found to Total glycerol, 1.1% 1.15% 0.02%, -
within the ASTM specified limit. Total glycerol and free wt% max
Free 0.05% Nil 0.24%, -
glycerol of methyl ester were not found to be within the glycerol,wt% max
ASTM specified limit. Free glycerin means glycerin present as Combined 1.05% 1.15% 0.22%, -
molecular glycerin in the fuel. Free glycerin results from glycerol, wt% max
incomplete separation of the ester and glycerin products after
the esterification reaction. It occurred due to the result of *At methanol to oil, molar ratio- 6:1, NaOH %- 1 %, reaction temperature
- 65ºC and reaction time 1 hour.
incomplete washing and it was accompanied by incomplete **At ethanol to oil, molar ratio- 8:1, KOH %- 1%, reaction temperature –
alcohol removal and a lowered flash point. According to Table room temperature and reaction time 5 hour.
2, it was found that the physical and chemical properties of
ethyl ester were comparable to those of the methyl ester and Table 4 describes that the physical and chemical properties
most of the properties were within the ASTM specified limit. of biodiesel from jatropha oil with methanol and biodiesel
from jatropha oil with ethanol in pilot plant operation were Raw Jatropha oil with 8.8% FFA was neutralized and
comparable with ASTM standards. The cetane index of transesterified with ethanol and it gives 73% yield of biodiesel
biodiesel from jatropha oil with methanol was found to be base on crude Jatropha oil.
within the ASTM specified limit. The cetane index of
biodiesel with methanol was 49.2 and it was found in the
F. Determination of Engine Performance Test
range of petrodiesel.
Table 4 presents the flash point of biodiesel from jatropha The results of engine performance tests are shown in Table
oil was 91°C. It was 9°C less than the limit of ASTM standard 5 and 6. Table 5 shows the results of engine performance test
and 31°C higher than the petrodiesel. Due to higher flash in which biodiesel was prepared from the laboratory scale
point biodiesel from jatropha oil has certain advantages like with methanol. Table 6 shows the results of engine
petroleum crude such as greater safety during storage, performance test on petrol diesel. The test was done by using
handling and transport. the biodiesel from the laboratory preparation with methanol.
The pour point of biodiesel from jatropha oil was +3°C due Free fatty acid content in the raw jatropha oil was 22.6%.The
to the high unsaturated fatty acid content in jatropha oil but purpose of short term test was to determine the engine
the result was found to be within the specified limit. Specific performance. The parameters of interest such as fuel
gravity, kinematic viscosity, copper strip corrosion, water& consumption and engine speed were recorded, and then the
sediment and distillation at 90% recovery of biodiesel from engine performance (fuel consumption) was determined.
jatropha oil were found to be within the ASTM specified Tables 5 and 6 presented the engine performance test data for
limit. Table 5.9 also shows that the kinematic viscosity of the fuels at 2240 rpm. These tables also showed the power
biodiesel from jatropha oil was reduced from 41.71 to 4.78 by (11.1 kW) and the actual fuel consumption.
the transesterification process. Therefore, the kinematic Table 5 and Table 6 describe the engine performance tests
viscosity is a basic design specification for the fuel injectors with biodiesel from jatropha oil and diesel fuel. The biodiesel
used in diesel engines. Viscosity is another important property from jatropha oil has similar or better fuel consumption,
of biodiesel since it affects the operation of fuel injection horsepower, and torque as conventional diesel due to low
equipment, particularly at low temperatures when the increase viscosity of biodiesel and high cetane index. In general,
in viscosity affects the fluidity of the fuel. engine performance characteristics of the biodiesel from
Jatropha oil has higher viscosity than conventional diesel jatropha oil were very similar to those of petrodiesel. The
fuel and biodiesel. High viscosity leads to poorer atomization engine test of biodiesel from jatropha oil performed smoothly
of the fuel spray and less accurate operation of the fuel and exhibited no starting problems. At the end of performance
injectors. The acid value of methyl ester and ethyl ester were test, some fumes came out from the exhaust, and no audible
slightly higher than specified limit. knock occurred, as predicted by the high cetane numbers
In the case of total glycerol percent and free glycerol reported for biodiesel.
percent, the ethyl ester had higher total glycerol content than
TABLE V ENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST FOR BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA OIL
the methyl ester, but there was no free glycerol in ethyl ester. (MS 1100 DIESEL ENGINE)
The combined glycerol of methyl ester and ethyl ester were
slightly higher than specified limit because the reaction was
not complete conversion. Revolution Load Out Exhaust Observation
(rpm) (N) put Temperat
(KW) ure (°C)
D. Yield Percent of Laboratory Preparation Biodiesel from
Jatropha Oil with Methanol and Ethanol 2240 100.1 11.1 460 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 462 Smooth Running
Two different Jatropha oil with FFA% of 22.6% and 8.8% 2240 100.1 11.1 462 Smooth Running
were neutralized and transesterified with methanol. The yields 2240 100.1 11.1 463 Smooth Running
of these two oils based on crude Jatropha oil were 45% and 2240 100.1 11.1 463 Smooth Running
76% respectively. 2240 100.1 11.1 464 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 465 Smooth Running
Raw Jatropha oil with 8.8% FFA was neutralized and 2240 100.1 11.1 466 Smooth Running
transesterified with ethanol and it gives 73% yield of biodiesel 2240 100.1 11.1 468 Smooth Running
base on crude Jatropha oil. 2240 100.1 11.1 469 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 469 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running
E. Yield Percent of Pilot Plant Biodiesel Production from 2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running
Jatropha Oil 2240 100.1 11.1 469 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 469 Smooth Running
The biodiesel was produced from jatropha curcas oil in 2240 100.1 11.1 469 A little Smoke
pilot plant. Two different Jatropha oil with FFA% of 5.23%
and 8.8% were transesterified with methanol. The yields of
these two oils based on crude Jatropha oil were 92% and 76%
respectively.
TABLE VI ENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST FOR BIODIESEL FROM DIESEL FUEL were used. Molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1, KOH 1.2%,
(MS 1100 DIESEL ENGINE)
reaction temperature 65°C and reaction time 1½hours were
given the good results in the pilot plant operation. Free fatty
Revolution Load Out Exhaust Observation
(rpm) (N) put Temperatu
acid content 8.8% of raw jatropha oil was used for biodiesel
(KW) re (°C) production with ethanol. Molar ratio of ethanol to oil 8:1,
KOH 1%, reaction temperature at room temperature and
2240 100.1 11.1 486 Smooth Running reaction time 5hours were showed the good results for
2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running transesterification reaction in the pilot plant operation.
2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 471 Smooth Running The physical properties of methyl ester and ethyl ester
2240 100.1 11.1 471 Smooth Running obtained from pilot plant operation were found to be within
2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running the ASTM specified limits. The chemical properties of methyl
2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running and ethyl ester such as total glycerol, free glycerol and
2240 100.1 11.1 472 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 472 Smooth Running combined glycerol were slightly higher than ASTM specified
2240 100.1 11.1 471 Smooth Running limits.
2240 100.1 11.1 472 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 474 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running
2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running
IV. CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the data such as acid value,
saponification value, iodine value and kinematic viscosity
obtained from literature are approximately the same as those
from chemical analysis of local jatropha oil.
Biodiesel was prepared from jatropha oil with methanol and
with ethanol in the laboratory scale. It was found that the
maximum biodiesel yield 76% was obtained from FFA 22.6%
in raw jatropha oil by using the following optimum process
parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1, NaOH 1%,
reaction temperature at 65°C and reaction time 60 min. The
maximum biodiesel yield of 73% from FFA 8.8% in raw
jatropha oil was obtained by using the optimum process
parameters such as ethanol to oil molar ratio 8:1, and KOH
1%, reaction temperature at room temperature and reaction
time 5 hours. The optimum process parameters were molar
Fig. 1. Photograph for 30 gal /day Capacity Biodiesel Pilot Plant
ratio of methanol to oil 6:1 and molar ratio of ethanol to oil
8:1. It is concluded ethanol has to put more than methanol
because methanol has more reactivity. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the laboratory scale, the physical properties of biodiesel
The author would also like to express her deep appreciation
from jatropha oil with methanol, and with ethanol were found
to her supervisor Professor Dr. Mya Mya Oo, Pro-rector and
to be within the ASTM specified limits. The chemical
Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangon
properties such as total glycerol, free glycerol and combined
Technological University, for her invaluable guidance,
glycerol were slightly higher than ASTM specified limit.
support, understanding, and unfailing kindness throughout a
The fuel consumption of biodiesel from jatropha oil in lab
long period of study and research work.
scale and petrodiesel were given the same data according to
The author is also grateful to Daw Moe Moe Kyaw,
the engine performance test. The used speed of engine was
Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangon
2240 rpm and the power output was 11.1 kW. The exhaust
Technological University, for giving helpful guidance and
temperature of engine from biodiesel and the exhaust
stimulating discussions over the course of her studies. The
temperature of engine from petrodiesel were 469°C and
author wishes to express her deep gratitude to His Excellency
473°C respectively. Biodiesel preparation on pilot plant
Minister U Thaung, Ministry of Science and Technology, for
operation were carried out by applying the optimum process
sponsor this research work.
parameters of the lab scale operation such as concentration of
alcohol, catalyst percent, reaction time and reaction REFERENCES
temperature in alkali-catalyzed transesterification of biodiesel
from jatropha oil. [1] Abigor, R.D., et al.. "Lipase –Catalysed Production of Biodiesel Fuel
In the case of biodiesel production on pilot plant operation, from some Nigerian Lauric Oils." Eastern Regional Research Center,
free fatty acid contents 5.23% and 8.8% of raw jatropha oil USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, U.S.A, 2000.