Abstract—In this paper the Power Oriented Graph technique
is used for modeling a grid-connected single-phase 3kW DC/AC
power converter for solar energy conversion system. A DC/DC
# #
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where Vb (t) and I2 (t) are the output bus voltage and current.
In Fig. 4, the dynamic model of the transformer is described
)
)
in section 3 - 4 by using the matrices LT e RT : L p , Ls and M
are the self and mutual inductances of the transformer, R p and
Fig. 5. Power Management Control (PMC) scheme Rs are the corresponding transformer resistances. The power
Pav transferred to the output in half switching period can be
expressed as follows:
III. DC/DC CONVERTER SECTION 2 dπ
Vc1 2 δ
Let us now consider the POG model of the single-phase Pav = 2
1 + d − 2d + 4(d 2 + d + 1)
2ω L(2 + d) π (1)
phase-shifted DC/DC converter shown in Fig. 4 between 2
δ 2
sections 2 - 5 : it is composed by an input full bridge (FB) − π 2(d + 2d + 2) ,
connected to an active half bridge (HB) through an HF
where ω is the switching frequency, L is the primary-referred
transformer. This structure provides galvanic isolation between Vb
leakage inductance, n is the transformer turn ratio, d = nV
the PV array and the utility line, protecting the system against c1
electric shock and improving its safety. The DC/DC converter and δ is the phase shift between the input and the output
is controlled using the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) PWM bridges. Relation (1) has been obtained using the a method
technique [8] and operates in a soft-switched manner [9]. The similar to the one described in [4] for the active full bridge.
operating principle of the converter is described in [4] with the
variant of using an active HB instead of active FB. The time
behaviors of the main variables of the DC/DC converter are
shown in Fig. 6. Variable Mi (t) denotes the control input of
the i-th MOS: when Mi = 1 the MOS is ON, when Mi = 0 the
MOS is OFF. The DC/DC converter is controlled by regulating
the phase-shift δ between signal M5 (t) = M 6 (t) of the active
bridge (dashed red line) and signal M1 (t) = M2 (t) of the input
bridge (blue line). Note that the signals M3 (t) = M4 (t) are
not represented in Fig. 6 because they are equal to signal
M 1 except during dead time when all MOS of input bridge
are OFF. The basic structure of the control algorithm of the
Magnitude (dB)
section. The DC/AC converter is modeled in Fig. 4 by the −50
connection block situated between sections 6 and 7 . The
DC/AC converter is controlled by single-phase unipolar PWM −100
Phase (deg)
present. This essentially doubles the switching frequency, thus −90
Connection block
V
1 Grid
Cb.s FILTER
I
Current from
DC/DC converter Connection block 2
Ib
Ig
I2 s3
Ib Ix
Re Modulation
Iq_ref Voltage
Vb_ref REGULATOR Im Igd+jIgq
Re(u) Vd
Rq(s)
Error Vx Vmod
Reference Vx_dq (Ig) Vxd+jVxq
bus Voltage REVERSE
Vgd+jVgq
Im(u) Vq
PARK
Vy Vy
theta
Qrif REGULATOR
Rd(s) Id_ref theta
Error Vgd PLL theta
Reference
Reactive Power
Vx
Vgd
Vgd
Re
Im
DIRECT Vy
PARK
90°
Vgq
Vgd theta
Vgd
P P
Vgq
POWER Vgq
Active Power PARK
EVALUATION Igd Igd
Q Ix
Reactive Power Igq
Igq Ix
Id
Igd
DIRECT Iy
[Vb] Iy
PARK
PWM GENERATION s3 Iq 90°
Igq
[Vmod] Control signal theta
Fig. 8. Simulink scheme of DC/AC section implemented for the model validation.
bus voltage Vb (t) equal to the desired value Vbre f . Notch filters −200
−400
are inserted in cascate to the PI regulators in order to filter the 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
high frequency ripple due to PWM modulation. Note that the Grid current Ig
50
inner double PI structure used in [4] to generate the modulation
Ig [A]
0
where Vgdq (t) is the grid voltage expressed in the dq frame.
−200
The DC/AC control voltage Vmod (t) is finally obtained from
V̄xdq (t) using the inverse Park transformation. 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
Time[s]
V. VALIDATION OF THE MODEL AND SIMULATION RESULTS Fig. 10. Step responses of grid voltage V g and grid current Ig for I2 = 7 A.
Due to the complexity of the overall system, in this paper
we present only the simulation results of the DC/AC section,
see the Simulink scheme in Fig. 8. The simulation results have in Fig. 10 clearly shows the good synchronization between
been obtained using the following parameters: PWM carrier signals Vg and Ig . The Park transformed signal V̄gdq is exactly
frequency ωc = 17 kHz; grid frequency ωg = 50 Hz; filter equal to the expected value: V̄gdq = − jVg0 . The bus voltage
parameters: C = 5 µ F, L1 = 1.8 mH, L2 = 0.9 mH, R1 = 0.1 Ω, Vb and the control signals Idre f and Iqre f generated in the
R2 = 0.05 Ω; Vbre f = 450 V; the PI controller Rq (s) of variable rotating frame by regulators Rq (s) and Rd (s) are shown in
Iqre f : Rq (s) = 1.8 + 25
s ; the PI controller Rd (s) of variable Fig. 11. The powers P5 , P6 and P8 flowing through different
Idre f : Rd (s) = 0.001 + 0.01
s ; the PI controller RL (s) in the PLL sections of the system in steady-state condition are shown in
algorithm: RL (s) = 1 + 30 s . Fig. 12. In particular the blue line represents the input power
The waveform of the main system signals when a step P5 = Vb I2 flowing through section 5 , while the black and red
input current I2 = 7 A is applied are shown in Fig. 10-12. lines represent the powers flowing through sections 6 and 8
In particular, Fig. 10 shows the dynamical behavior of grid of the POG scheme of Fig. 4. The ripple present on the power
voltage Vg = Vg0 sin(ωgt) and grid current Ig . The zoom signals is mainly due to the current ripple and it depends on
the LCL filter design [4]. The magenta and green lines shown VI. C ONCLUSION
Fig. 12 represent the active power P and the reactive power Q In this paper a recent and innovative inverter for PV system
flowing towards the grid. In particular one can notice that the grid-connected is modeled using the POG technique. The
mean value of Q is equal to zero and the mean value of P is main advantages of the proposed approach are the direct
nearly equal to power P5 . The system currents I2 , Igd , Igq , Idre f correspondence between POG sections and real power sections
and Iqre f obtained with a I2 sawtooth reference are shown in of the modeled system and the easy implementation of the
Fig. 13, see [4]. POG graphs in Matlab-Simulink environment [7]. A simplified
and robust control structure has been proposed. The presented
470
Bus voltage Vb simulation results confirm the validity of the model and
seems to be useful to reduce the Levelized Energy Cost for
460
photovoltaic systems.
Vb [V ]
450
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
440
The authors would like to thank S. Culzoni, C. Tebaldi and
430
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
M. Candeli.
5000
P8
4000
P ulation”, IMACS Symp. on Modelling and Control, Lille, France, May
3000
Q 1991.
2000
1000
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0
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