EVOLUTION OF THE CURRENT AS A FUNCTION

OF TIME IN A SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

CONSISTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT SOURCE
AND A RESISTOR

By
Manal M. Al-Ali

Advisor: Dr. Abdalla Obeidat

Co-Advisor: Dr. Maen Gharaibeh

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of

Master of Science in Physics

At
Faculty of Graduate Studies
Jordan University of Science and Technology
August, 2009
EVOLUTION OF THE CURRENT AS A FUNCTION OF TIME IN A
SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT CONSISTS OF AN ELECTRIC
CURRENT SOURCE AND A RESISTOR

by
Manal M. Al-Ali

Signature of Author …………………..

Committee Member Signature and Date

Dr. Abdalla Obeidat(Chairman) ……………………
Dr . Maen Gharaibeh (Co-Advisor) …………………...
Prof. Akram Rousan (Member) …..………………..
Prof. Nabil Ayoub (External Examiner) …………………...

August, 2009
 DEDICATIONS
To Mum, Dad, Sister Amani, Little Sweety Malak, and
My fiancé Fawaz Hrahsheh

i
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am very grateful and indebted to my research advisor Dr. Abdalla Obeidat

for his guidance, motivation, toleration , encouragement and support.

I am thankful to my research co-advisor Dr. Maen Gharaibeh for his

guidance.

A big thanks to Dr . Akram Rousan for his helpful discussions and guidance.
I would also like to thank the member of my master degree committee Prof.
Nabil Ayoub for his help and encouragement.

I would like to heartily thank my friend Yara Al-Moghrabi for here extreme
motivation and support.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONS……………………………….. i
AKCNOLODGEMENTS…………………..….. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………… iii
LIST OF FIGURES……………….…………… iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………… v

CHAPTER:
i INTRODUCTION…………………………... 1
1.1 History………...……………………………………. 1
1.2 Previous Work……………………………………... 9
1.3 This Work………………………………………….. 14
ii THEORY……………………………………… 17
2.1 Riemann – Liouville Definition ………………….. 17
2.2 Mittag-Leffler Function…………………………... 18
2.3 Laplace Transform………………...……………… 20
iii ANALYTICAL SOLUTION………………… 22
3.1 Analytical Solution of Fractional RL Circuit …. 22
iv NUMERICAL SOLUTION…………………. 26
4.1 Numerical Solution of RL Circuit Fractional
Differential Equation…………………..…………….. 26
4.2 Results of Constant Voltage……………………… 27
4.3 Results of Alternating Current Source………….. 32
4.5 Conclusion……………………………………........ 34
REFERENCES…………………………………… 36
APPENDICES ……………………………………….. 41
A. Fractional RL Circuit ……………………………. 41
B. Fortran Program …………………………………... 43
Arabic Abstract ……………………………… 51

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Description Page

4.1 Current versus time for several values of α at R = 1 , h = 10 −9 , 29

L = 10 −2 , m = 100 , and ε 0 = 3 .

4.2 (a) The initial current versus α . (b) The maximum current versus α . 31
4.3 3 (a, b, and c) Current versus time for large, intermediate, and 33
small values of α , respectively. R = 1 , h = 0.1 , L = 10 −5 , and
m = 100 .
4.4 The initial current versus α for the alternating current case. 34

iv
 ABSTRAC

EVOLUTION OF THE CURRENT AS A FUNCTION OF

TIME IN A SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT CONSISTS OF
AN ELECTRIC CURRENT SOURCE AND A RESISTOR

By
Manal M . Al-Ali
Chairman: Dr. Abdalla Obeidat
Co-Advisor: Dr . Maen Gharaibeh

We suggested a fractional differential equation to study the evolution of a current in

a simple electric circuit consists of resistor and power supplier. An analytical solution is
obtained for the suggested fractional differential equation in terms of the Mittag-Liffler
function.

A numerical technique was applied on the fractional differential equation to study

the current evolution and to track the duplex behavior of the resistor, resistance and
inductance, within a small period of time after closing the electric circuit and before the
current reaches its saturation (maximum) value.

The phase transition between the inductance and the resistance behavior of the
resistor was solved using the numerical scheme. Our results met our expectations of
developing the current gradually before it reaches the saturation value. The change in the
current signal with changing the value of α and its amplitude dependence on α
supported our conclusion about the current evolution.

v
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. History
The original question that led to create a new mathematics named
dny
fractional calculus was "what if n is 1/2?" in the notation by
dx n
L'Hôpital in 1695 , "This is an apparent paradox for which ,one day ,useful
consequences will be drawn" Leibniz replied , together with " d1/2x will be
proportional to x " [1]. By these few words, a new branch in
mathematics, namely, fractional calculus was born.

Later the question become: can n be fractional, irrational, or complex?

After this question the name fractional calculus has become unsuitable any
more, might better be integration and differentiation of arbitrary order [2].

Derivatives of "general order" were mentioned in Leibniz's

correspondents with John Wallis in 1697. In these correspondences Wallis's
π 1/2
infinite product for 2
was discussed, Leibniz used the notation d y to
denote the derivative of order ½ [3].

dnp
In 1730 L. Euler [4] wrote "When n is a positive integer, the ratio ,
dx n
p a function of x , can be expressed algebraically. Now the question is what

kind of ratio can be made if n be a fraction? If n is a positive integer, d n p can

be found by continued differentiation. Such a way, however, is not evident if n
is a fraction. But the matter may be expedited with the help of the
interpolation of series as explained earlier in this dissertation.".

1
 Lagrange [5] has his place in the history of fractional calculus, he
contributed indirectly by his low of exponents (indices) for differential
operator of integer order. In 1772, he wrote

dn dm d n+m
n
. m y = n+m y (1.1)
dx dx dx

Letter, when the theory of fractional calculus was developed, it became

important to know whether this law held true for n and m arbitrary.
The first mention of a derivative of arbitrary order appeared in 1819 in
two pages of 700-page text by Lacroix [6].

Thus for y = x , m is a positive integer, Lacroix show that

m

dn Γ( m + 1)
y= x m−n (1.2)
dx n
Γ (m − n + 1)

For special case y = x , he replaced n by the fraction 1/2, and used the

fact that Γ(1/ 2) = π , then he obtained

d 1/ 2 2 x
y= (1.3)
dx 1/ 2
π

This result agrees with the present day Riemann-Liouville definition in

section 2.1.

In 1822, Fourier [7] derived his integral representation of f(x),

2
 1 ∞ ∞
f ( x) =
2π ∫
−∞
f (α )dα ∫ cos p ( x − α )dp
−∞ (1.4)

dn πn
Now cos p( x − α ) = p n
cos[p( x − α ) + ] , for n an integer.
dxn 2
Formally, replacing n with υ (υ arbitrary), he obtained the derivative version

dυ 1 ∞ ∞ υπ
dxυ
f ( x) =
2π ∫
−∞
f (α )dα ∫ pυ cos[p( x − α ) +
−∞ 2
]dp (1.5)

Fourier stated: "the number that appears in the above can be any quantity
whatever, positive or negative"

Hôpital, Leibniz, Euler, Lacroix, Fourier have talk about the idea of
derivative of arbitrary order, but the first application of fractional operator was
made by Niels Henric Abel in 1823 [8], he used the derivative of arbitrary
order to solve the tautochrone problem (i.e., the problem of determining the
shape of the curve such that the time of descent of a frictionless point mass
sliding down the curve under the action of gravity is independent of the
starting point). He worked with the integral
x

∫ (x − t)
−1 / 2
f (t ) dt (1.6)
0

d −1 / 2
Abel wrote the integral as π [ −1 / 2 ] f ( x ) , which is precisely of the form
dx
that Riemann used to define fractional operator.

Later in 1922 Abel's integral equation would be used by W.C.Brenke [9]

to solve the problem of to determine the shape of a weir notch when the
quantity of water through the weir in a given time is a function of the height of
the notch.

3
 Fourier's integral formula and Abel's solution had attracted Liouville's
attention, who perhaps has the first serious woke to give a logical definition of
a fractional operator, he published nine papers on the subject between 1832
and 1837.
dn
In 1832 Liouville [10] applied the differential operator D n
=
dx n

to the function f ( x) = e , where n ∈ N + , and used the well known result

ax

Dneax = a neax , then made a generalization

Dυ eax = aυ eax , where υ Є R+ (1.7)

Assuming that a function f(x) may be expanded in a series of the form

∞
f ( x) = ∑
n=0
cn e an x , Re a n 〉 0 (1.8)

Now the arbitrary derivative of f(x) has the form

∞
υ
D f ( x) = ∑
n=0
c n a υn e a n x (1.9)

A good definition, but applied only to function of the form (1.8).

Equation (1.9) is known as Liouville's first formula for fractional
derivative.
Liouville's second formula for fractional derivative is:

Γ(a +υ) −a−υ

Dυ x−a = (−1) x a〉0
Γ(a) , (1.10)

To obtain this formula, he started with the integration

4
 ∞
I = ∫ u a −1e − xu du , (for Re a 〉 0 , x 〉 0 ) (1.11)
0

the change of variable x = t leads to

u

∞
∫ t α −1e−t dt = x− aΓ(a)
−a
I=x , ( Re a〉0 ) (1.12)
0

Or

1
x −a = I
Γ (a ) (1.13)

Operating Dυ on the equation (1.13) above, he obtained equation (1.10)

Formula (1.10) was used in Liouville's investigation of potential theory [11].

Liouville [12] was the first to suggest a solution for differential equation
involving fractional operator. In 1834, he wrote "The ordinary differential
dn
equation y = 0 has the complementary (general) solution
dx n
n −1 dυ
yc = c0 + c1 x + c2 x + ...... + cn−1 x
2
, thus υ y = 0 , (υ arbitrary) should
dx
have a corresponding complementary solution".

Any one versed in calculus never be surprised when he face operators like
d −1 d −2 d −n
y , y or y , it's nothing but indefinite integrals in disguise. But
dx −1 dx − 2 dx − n
what if n is fraction???
Riemann [13] maybe thought as the founder of what is called fractional
integral, in 1847, Riemann states the following definition:

d −r 1 x
∫
− r −1
−r
u ( x ) = ( x − k ) u ( k )dk (1.14)
dx Γ(r ) c

5
 Nowadays, this formula is used as a definition of fractional integral with
zero lower limits.

Later, in 1867, A.K.Grünwald [14] wrote:" If Θ is a known function of x,

x
f(x) in the integral Θ = ∫
0
( x − t ) p f ( t ) dt , can be found by suitable

d −( p+1)
fractional operator". This operator was .
dx−( p+1)

A serious problem was born in 1848, when W.Center [15] tried to find
0
the fractional derivative of constants. Using x to denote a constant, unity, he
0
observed that the fractional derivative of x according to Lacroix formula
(1.2) was not equal to zero. The Semiderivative of x0 using Lacroix is 1 .
πx

But it is zero according to Liouville's second definition (1.10), (since

Γ(0) = ∞ ).

dυ x0
Center stated: "The whole question is plainly reduced to what is ,
dxυ
for when this is determined we shall determine at the same time which is the
correct system ".

Peacock [16] supported Lacroix's version and claimed that Liouville's

formula is erroneous in many points. In another hand P.Kelland [17] who
published many works in topic of fractional derivative in 1839-1846 supported
−n
Liouville's formula, which is useful for functions of type x , (a > 0).

6
In this controversy, Augustus De Morgan stood aside in his judgment, he
stated that: ”Both these systems may very possibly be parts of a more general
system” [2].

In 1859, H . R . Greer [18] developed formulas for semiderivative of sine and

cosine functions, he started with Liouville's formula

D 1 / 2 e mx = m 1 / 2 e mx , ( Re m 〉 0 ), and obtain
1
D 1 / 2 sin x = (cos x + sin x ) (1.15)
2
1
D 1 / 2 cos x = (cos x − sin x ) . (1.16)
2

Although, many have presented different definitions for the non-integer

derivative and integral, still the most famous definitions are the Riemann-
Liouville [11,13] and Grunwald-Letnikov [14,19] definitions.
In the period 1900 – 1970, a modest amount of published woke appeared
on the subject of fractional calculus, some of noted contributors were M. Al-
Bassam [20] ( he showed the equivalence between definite integrals of
arbitrary order given by Holmgren and Riesz, and thus established one
combined definition ), H. T. Davis [21] ( who gave applications of fractional
calculus in his text "The Theory of Linear Operators "), A. Erdelyi, G. H.
Hardy, H. Kober, J. E. Littlewood, E. R. Love, T. Osier [2] ( who examined
Certain generalizations of the Leibniz rule for the derivative of the product of
two functions and used it to generate several infinite series expansions relating
special functions. And he derived a generalized chain rule, and examined a
few special cases of this rule). This subject has been developed and still
growing up to nowadays.

7
 Oldham and Spanier [22], after joining a collaboration that began in
1968, published the first book in fractional calculus in 1974. Since that time
and on; list of texts and proceedings have been devoted to fractional calculus
[1,2,23-34].
The first international conference on fractional calculus was organized by
Bertran Ross in 1974, at the University of New Haven, Connecticut, and was
sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
It had an exceptional turnout of 94 mathematicians, included a group of
distinguished luminaries like T. Osier, R. Askey, M. Mikolas, S.Samko and
many mentioned above.
The covered topics included papers on the fractional calculus and generalized
functions, inequalities obtained by use of the fractional calculus, and
applications of the fractional calculus to probability theory.

In 1984, Katsuyuki Nishimoto organized the second international

conference; it was sponsored by the university of Strathclyde, Glasgow,
Scotland. P. Heywood, S. Kalla, W.Lamb, J. S. Lowndes, K. Nishimoto, P. G.
Rooney, and H.M.Srivastava attened as well as some of the mathematicians
who took part in New Haven conference.
Still-opened questions were bringing up, for example "Is it possible to find a
geometric interpretation for a fractional derivative of non-integer order?"

The third conference was held at Nihon University in Tokyo in 1989,

some of the many contributors were M. Al-Bassam, R. Bagley, Y. A.
Brychkov, L. M. B. C. Campos, R. Gorenflo, J. M. C.Joshi, S. Kalla, E. R.
Love, M. Mikolas, K. Nishimoto, S. Owa, A. P. Prudnikov, B. Ross, S.
Samko, H. M. Srivastava.

8
 Recently, a considerable interest in fractional calculus has been motivated
by the application of this kind of calculus in numerical analysis, physics and
engineering, for more details, see [,2,22].
In spite of the problem of understanding the definitions of the fractional
calculus, and grasping the physical meaning of the non-integer order of
derivative/integral, but some relatively easy functions to grasp make some insight
into fractional calculus, such as, Gamma function, Beta function, Mettag-Leffler
function, and Laplace transform.

1.2. Previous Work

Fractional calculus was used by many researchers to various purposes, in
different fields of science and engineering, and one can say that it is hardly a
field of science and engineering has remained untouched by this topic.

The power of applying fractional calculus to physical problems is that,

when dealing with integer order of derivative, which depends on the local
behavior of the function, the fractional derivative produces the whole story of
this function. For this reason studying the behavior of the function fractionally
is sometimes called memory effect. This memory effect leads to many
applications of the ordinary and partial differential equations of fractional
order.
In physics for example, and since that the stress is proportional to the
zeroth derivative and the first derivative of the strain for solids, fluids,
respectively, G.W. Scott Blair [35] suggested an intermediate material that
have stress proportional to a fractional (non-integer ) order derivative of the
strain.
In the same line A. N. Gerasimov [36] suggested a generalization of the
law of deformation using Caputo definition of fractional derivative, who
reformulate the Riemann-Liouville definition to use integer order initial

9
conditions to solve his fractional order equations. Also he improved a
fractional equation to describe the movement of a viscose fluid between two
moving surfaces.
After that, more general formulations of the law of deformation were
improved to study the viscoelastic behavior of real materials [37-40].
Koh and Kelly [41] used a numerical method in applying semi-derivative
in the formulation of stress – strain relationship of elastomers. One can say
that viscoelasticity is the field of the most extensive applications of fractional
calculus operators, see [42-44].
Liouville used his second approach in his investigations of potential
theory [11]. Many scientists have paid attention to this field in physics, since
not all forces in nature are conservative. And none of them can confirm that
these dissipative forces are an integer derivative of some physical quantity.
For this reason, many modeled have been proposed to understand the nature of
the potentials that reside behind such forces fractionally [45-47].

N. Engheta [48] Started by the well known canonical cases of an

electrical point monopoles and electrical point dipoles and asked the equation
that are there any intermediate situations between these canonical cases? And
if yes, what is the charge distribution form that gives these fractional
intermediate cases? He suggested a definition for fractional-order multipoles
of electric charge densities, and after solving Poisson’s Equation he obtained
the electrical potential and electrical field of such a fractional multipoles.
It is shown that this field obeys Gauss’s law.
In another paper [49], Engheta showed such fractional multipoles can be
used to describe potential distribution in front of perfectly conducting circular
cones (for the three-dimensional case of fractional multipoles ) and in front of
perfectly conducting two-dimensional wedges (for the two-dimensional case
of fractional multipoles).

10
 Understanding the simple harmonic oscillator is crucial in many branches
in physics, such as; classical mechanics (motion of pendulum), quantum
mechanics (second quantization), solid state (vibration of atoms and
molecules), Ferromagnetism (domain wall motion), etc,. For this reason,
solving the equation of motion that governs the simple harmonic oscillator is
demandable. This equation of motion has been investigated from many
researchers [50-58] to understand the myth behind such important equation.
The equation of motion that covers the simple harmonic oscillator is
usually given by the following equation

d 2 x (t ) dx
m + b + kx = 0
dt 2 dt (1.16)
The second term which represents the contribution of friction, or viscosity,
shows a linear dependence on the first derivative of the displacement, but it may
not be.
A. Rousan, etal [58] suggested a modified equation to cover the problem of
simple harmonic oscillator, using fractionalized second term as follows

d 2 x (t ) dx α
m + b α α + kx = 0
dt 2 dt (1.17)
Now the damping term is proportional to a fractional order derivative of the
displacement (fractional velocity).
The value of α varies from 0 to 1, and α = 0 corresponds to an undamped
simple harmonic oscillator, and α = 1 corresponds to a damped simple harmonic
oscillator.
They suggested that the system goes through an evolution process as the
fractional order goes from zero to one letting it pass through intermediate stages,
where the system can have a damping characteristic.

11
 For the same problem, a numerical scheme was improved by Lixia Yuan and
P. Agrawal [59], using that scheme, the fractional differential equation was
transformed into a set of differential equations with no fractional derivative
terms, they have used Laguerre integral formula to convert this set to a set of first
order ordinary differential equations, and integrated them using a appropriate
numerical scheme.
They have found that the solution converges as the numbers of Laguerre node
points are increased, they obtained a numerical solution agrees with the solution
obtained using analytical scheme.

A.Rousan, et al [60] suggested a fractional differential equation that combines

the simple harmonic oscillation of LC circuit with discharging of RC circuit.
The suggested fractional differential equation is

d 1+α Q
1+α
+ ω (α ) 1 + α Q = 0 (1.18)
dt
where 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 , and ω(α) = ω1αω21-α .
one can immediately see that when α = 0, equation (1.18) converts to the
equation of RC circuit

dQ ( t )
+ ω 2 Q (t ) = 0 where ω2 = 1/RC (1.19)
dt

Whereas, when α = 1, equation (1.18) becomes LC circuit equation

d 2 Q (t )
2
+ ω 12 Q ( t ) = 0 where ω1 = 1/LC (1.20)
dt
Between these canonical cases (i.e. 0 < α < 1), they got a general solution,
which shows how the oscillatory behavior of the LC – circuit goes over to a
decay behavior of the RC circuit as the memory parameter (α) decreases from 1

12
 to 0. In other words, it shows how the inductor in LC – circuit looses some of its
character as an inductor, and accepts a resistive behavior.
The concept of the intermediate stages ( 0 < α <1) has been introduced by many
authors [give some].
A fractional differential equation was suggested by S.Westerlund [ref]
in1991, to describe propagation of plan electromagnetic wave in an isotropic
and homogeneous, lossy dielectric. This equation was:

∂2E (υ ) ∂2E
μ 0ε 0 2 + μ 0ε 0 χ 0 E + 2 = 0 , (1 〈 υ 〈 2 ) (1.21)
∂t ∂t

In 1994, he [ref] suggested replacing the relationships D = εΕ and B =μH in

the Maxwell's equations with their fractional order generalization D = εΕ(υ-1)
, B = μH(υ-1) , where (0< υ <1), in which we see fractional – order integral
(since υ -1 < 0).

The differentiation and integration of instrumental signals is frequently used

to improved data analysis and perform data manipulation. And according to J.
Mocak [ref], a better signal resolution is observed using differentiation and
integration with fractional order, manly in the form of the semi-integral or semi-
derivative of the original measured signals. A new effective GS numerical
algorithm of differintegration is presented in that paper.

We end this section by naming the most applications that the fractional
calculus intrigues; diffusion processes [22,64-66], anomalous diffusion [67-73],
viscoelastic materials [74-76 and more], signal processing [77], vescoplastic
materials [78], relaxation in filled polymer networks [79,80], heat propagation
[81], splines and wavelets [82,83], control theory [84]. For more information the
reader can refer to Mainadri [85,86] and Podlubny [ref].

13
 1.3. This Work

Consider a simple circuit consisting of a resistor, a switch, and a current

source as shown in figure 1, when the switch is closed, the current in the circuit
does not jump immediately to its final value ε / R rather it goes through hidden
steps according to Faraday’s law. To understand this peculiar behavior, lets
assume that the switch is closed at t=0, as the current starts to increase with time,
the magnetic flux through the circuit increases with time, but according to
Faraday’s law, any change in magnetic flux will produce an induced
electromotive force, and according to Lenz’ law, the direction of this
electromotive force will create a magnetic field that will oppose the change in the
source magnetic field. So, the direction of the induced electromotive force is
opposite to the source electromotive force as in figure 2. In result, the current will
start to grow in the circuit gradually from zero to it is maximum value at
equilibrium. This is known as self-induction since the changing magnetic flux in
the circuit and the corresponding induced electromotive force rise from the
circuit itself, and since the self-induction is the basis for the inductor, we will
replace the induced electromotive force by an inductor as in figure 3.

We will study the evolution of the current using a fractional differential

equation. The normal differential equation of simple LR circuit which can be
found using Kirchoff law is
dI
L + RI = ε ( t ) (1.22)
dt
This equation can be modified fractionally as follow

Let L* be the effective inductance, R* be the effective resistance, then our

proposed equation is

14
 d 1−α dQ * d
α −1
dQ
*
L 1−α + R α −1 = ε (t )
dt dt dt dt
(1.23)
Where L* = (1 − α ) L1−α R α and R* = αR2−α Lα −1 , L* and R* are chosen in this way
to take care of dimensions for all values of α (the memory parameter ) between
zero and one . One can choose different expressions for L* and R*, and the
proposed expressions are just an example.
One can see from the definition of L* and R* that when α equals zero L* is
maximum, and R* is minimum and equals zero, that is if we have a circuit
consists only of an inductor and a power supply. For small values of α the
inductor is the dominant, conversely, when α closer to one the resistor is the
dominant, until it becomes one the circuit consists of a resistor and a power
supply only.

Some helpful relations and definitions are mentioned in chapter two, these
relations will help when we try to give an analytical solution of our equation
using Mettag-Liffler function for two cases, constant voltage and alternating
current source as we will do in chapter three.

The main part of this work will be shown in chapter four. The computational
results of the current evolution with time will be explained for the same two cases
at several values of α . Also the effect of the power source frequency on the
current amplitude will be studied for small and large values of α .

15
 HAPTER II
THEORY

2. 1. Riemann – Liouville Definition

There are several definitions given by mathematicians for the fractional
derivatives and fractional integrals, among these definitions, one that has been
often used in the literature on fractional calculus known as the Riemann –
Liouville fractional integral.
Riemann and Liouville employed Cauchy's repeated integration formula, and
obtained generalization of it by replacing the integer ' n ' by ' υ ', υ can take non-
integer real or complex values [ref, what].

Cauchy's repeated integration formula is given by

x u1 un −1 x
1
∫a 1 ∫a 2 ∫a n n (n − 1)! ∫a ( x − u) f (u)du
n −1
a In
xf ( x ) = du du ..... f (u ) du =
(2.1)
Where − ∞ < a ≤ x < ∞ , and n ∈ N .
Now write (n −1)!= Γ(n) , and replace n by υ, where υ > 0, then
x
1
∫
υ
a I x f ( x) = ( x − u )υ −1 f (u )du (2.2)
Γ(υ ) a
When a = −∞, eq. (2.2) is equivalent to Riemann's definition, and when a = 0,
we have Liouville's definition.

The Riemann – Liouville fractional integral [ref] eq.(2.2) is for υ > 0,

however for fractional derivative where υ < 0, the above definition can still be
applied if it is used in conjunction with the following additional step

−υ υ d n n−υ
I
a x f ( x)= D
a x f ( x) = ( ) a Ix f (x) Reυ > 0, n −1 ≤ υ ≤ n (2.3)
dx

16
 x
d 1
∫
−υ υ
I f ( x)= a Dx f ( x) = ( ) m ( x − u ) n−υ −1 f (u )du (2.4)
dx Γ(n − υ ) a
a x

One can unify the definitions of integrals and derivatives of arbitrary order υ,
(Re υ ≠ 0) by:

⎧ d m n −υ
⎪ ( dx ) a I x f ( x )....... Re υ 〉 0 .... n − 1 ≤ Re υ ≤ n
υ ⎪ (2.5)
a D x f ( x) = ⎨ x
⎪ 1
∫
⎪⎩ Γ ( −υ ) a
( x − u ) −υ −1 f ( u ) du ..... Re υ 〈 0

2.2 Mittag-Leffler Function

Mittag-Leffler function of one parameter is denoted by

∞
zk
Eα ( z) = ∑ Γ (α k + 1 )
k =0 (2.6)
as introduced by G. M. Mittag-Leffler, this function can be counted as
generalization of the exponential function, which plays a very important role in
the theory of integer-order differential equations.
Mittag-Leffler function of two parameters plays that role in fractional calculus
theory. In fact it is introduced by Agarwal, and could have been called the
Agarwal function. But he generously left the same notation as for the one-
parameter Mittag-Leffler function, and that is the reason that now the two-
parameter function is called the Mittag-Leffler function [ref].
A two- parameter Mittag-Leffler function is defined by the series expansion
∞
zk
E α ,β ( z ) = ∑ Γ (α k + β )
k =0 , (α > 0, β > 0) (2.7)
Now, let us take some examples to touch the relations between the two-
parameter Mittag-Leffler function and other important functions

17
 Example (1): Take α =1, β = 1, then we get
∞
zk
E1,1 ( z) = ∑ = ez
k =0 Γ(k + 1)
(2.8)

Example (2): Take α =1, β = 2, then we get

∞
zk ∞
zk 1 ∞ z k +1 e z −1
E1, 2 ( z ) = ∑ =∑ = ∑ = (2.9)
k = 0 Γ ( k + 2) k = 0 ( k + 1)! z k =0 ( k + 1)! z

Example (3): Take α =1, β = 3, then we get

∞
zk ∞
zk 1 ∞
z k +2 ez −1− z
E1,3 ( z ) = ∑ =∑ = 2 ∑ = (2.9)
k = 0 Γ ( k + 3) k =0 ( k + 2 )! z k =0 ( k + 2 )! z2

In general

1 ⎧ z m−2
zk ⎫
E 1,m ( z ) =
z m −1
⎨e − ∑ ⎬
Γ ( k + 1) ⎭
(2.10)
⎩ k =0

Sine, cosine, hyperbolic sine and cosine functions are also particular cases of
Mittag-Leffler function, see the following examples
Example (4): Take α =2, β = 1, and z = −z 2 then we get
(−1)k z 2k
∞ ∞
(−1)k z 2k
E2,1 (−z ) = ∑
2
=∑ = cos(z)
k =0 Γ(2k + 1 ) k =0 (2k )! (2.11)
Example (5): Take α =2, β = 2, and z = −z 2 then we get
∞
( − 1k ) z 2 k 1 ∞ ( − 1) k z 2 k +1 sin( z )
E 2,2 (− z ) = ∑
2
= ∑ = (2.12)
k =0 Γ ( 2 k + 2 ) z k = 0 ( 2 k + 1)! z

The fractional sine and cosine can also be written in terms of this function as
follows

18
 (−1)k z2k+1
∞
sinλ,μ (z) = ∑ = zE2μ,2μ−λ+1(−z2 ) (2.12)
k=0 Γ(2μk + 2μ − λ +1)

(−1) k z 2k
∞
cosλ ,μ ( z) = ∑ = E2 μ , 2 μ −λ +1 (− z 2 ) (2.13)
k =0 Γ(2μk + μ − λ + 1)

For μ = 1 and λ = 1 , sin 1,1 ( z ) = sin( z )

And for μ = 1 and λ = 2 , cos 1, 2 ( z ) = cos( z )

2.3 Laplace Transform

The importance of Laplace transforms appears when we try to find a solution
of differential equation with integer or fraction order.
The Laplace transform of fractional differential operator is given in [ref 2,
n−1

22-23] as: ℑ{0 Dt f (t ); s} = s F ( s) −

p p
∑s [ D
k =0
k
0 t
p −k −1
f (t )]t =0 , n −1 < p < n

(2.14)
Laplace transform of Mittag-Leffler function will help to write the solutions
of fractional differential equations in terms of this function. The transform is
given by the following equation:
∞ k! p α − β
∫
− pt αk + β −1 α
e (t (k )
E
α ,β (± at ))dt = α , (Re(p) > a‫׀‬1/α) (2.15)
0 ( p ∓ a ) k +1
dk
where E
(k )
ε ,β ( z ) = k Eα ,β ( z ) .
dz
A particular case of (2.15),which is useful for solving the semidiffrential
1
equation (i.e α = β = ) is .
2
k −1
∞ k!
∫
− pt
e (t 2
E1(/k2),1/ 2 (±a t ))dt = k +1 , (Re (p) > ‫׀‬a‫׀‬2) (2.16)
0
( p ∓ a)

19
 CHAPTER III
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
3.1 Analytical Solution of Fractional RL Circuit

The equation of RL Circuit which can be obtained using Kirchhoff’s law is

given by
dI
L + RI = ε (t ) (3.1)
dt
Using the definition of the current, this equation can be written fractionally as
(Appendix A.1)

d 2−α Q α
* d Q
L *
+R = ε (t ) (3.2)
dt 2−α dt α
Where L* = (1 − α ) L1−α R α and R* = αR2−α Lα −1

Case 1: Constant Voltage

d 2−α Q α
* d Q
L *
+R = ε0 (3.3)
dt 2−α dt α
Apply Laplace transform to eq. (3.3), and use eq. (2.14)
ε0
L*{s 2−α Q(s) − A − sB} +R*{sα Q(s) − c} = (3.4)
s
d 1−α Q(t ) d −α Q(t ) d α −1Q(t )
Where A = , B = and C= .
dt 1−α t =0
dt −α t =0
dt α −1 t =0

Rearranging eq.(3.4)

ε01 A+ω2C sB
Q(s) = * 2−α 2 α + 2−α 2 α + 2−α 2 α (3.5)
L s(s +ω s ) (s +ω s ) (s +ω s )
R*
where ω 2
=
L*

20
 Using Taylor Expansion, Eq.(3.5) can be written as

s −1−α ε0
Q(s) = 2−2α { + ( A + ω 2C)S + BS 2 }
(s +ω ) L
2 *

(3.6)
Comparing the last equation with the Laplace transform of Mittag-Leffler
function eq. (2.15), we get
ε0
Q(t ) = t −α { *
t 2 Eα ′,β1 ( z ) + ( A + ω 2 C )tEα ′,β 2 ( z ) + BEα ′,β3 ( z )} (3.7)
L
Where β1 = 3 − α , β 2 = 2 − α , β 3 = 1 − α , α ′ = 2 − 2α , and z = − ω 2 t 2 − 2 α .
γ αk + β −1 k
Appling the definition 0 Dt (t Eα ,β (λt α )) = t αk + β −γ −1 Eαk , β −γ (λt α ) to eq.(3.7)

, γ =1, one get:

ε0
I (t ) = t −α { *
tEα ′,β1′ ( z ) + ( A + ω 2C ) Eα ′,β2′ ( z ) + Bt −1Eα ′,β3′ ( z )} (3.8)
L
where β1′ = β1 − 1 , β 2′ = β 2 − 1 , β 3′ = β 3 − 1
One can see that β 3′ is negative for all n and α, and for Mittag-Leffler
function the parameters must be larger than zero, so we can choose B to be zero.
Thus, Eq.(3.8) becomes
ε0
I (t ) = *
t1−α E2−2α ,2−α (Z ) + ( A + ω 2C)t −α E2−2α ,1−α (Z ) (3.9)
L
d
When α=0, eq (3.3) becomes L I (t ) = ε 0 , and the solution of it is
dt

ε0
I (t ) = I 0 + t (3.10)
L
Going back to eq(3.9),using the same special case, the current is given by
ε0
I (t ) = t1E2,2 (−ω 2t 2 ) + AE2,1 (−ω 2t 2 ) (3.11)
L
Or

21
 ε0
I (t ) = sin(ωt ) + Acos(ωt ) (3.12)
Lω
Comparing eq(3.10) to eq(3.12), one can conclude that (ωt ) << 1 , sin(ωt ) → ωt ,
and cos(ωt ) → 1 . Then
ε0
I (t ) = t+A (3.13)
L
Where, A α =0
= I0 .

Case 2 : ε (t ) = ε 0 cos ω 0t
d 2−α Q * d
α
Q
L* 2−α
+ R = ε 0 cos ω 0 t (3.14)
dt dt α
Apply Laplace transform to eq. (3.14), and use eq. (2.14)
s
L*{s2−α Q(s) − A − sB}+R*{sα Q(s) − c} = ε 0 (3.15)
(s2 + ω02 )
Rearranging eq.(3.15)
ε0 s A + ω 2C sB
Q(s) = + + 2−α (3.16)
L (s + ω0 )(s + ω s ) (s + ω s ) (s + ω2 sα )
* 2 2 2−α 2 α 2−α 2 α

Using Taylor Expansion, Eq.(3.16) can be written as

ε0 ω 02 k ω 2 ( k + q ) ( k + q )! sβ′
Q (t ) =
L*
∑ (−1) k +q
k ,q k!q! ( s 2 + ω 02 ) k + q +1
(3.17)
s −1−α
+ 2 − 2α {( A + ω 2 C ) S + BS 2 }
(s +ω )2

Where β ′ = −1 − 2k + α + 2αk + 2αq

Comparing the last equation by the Laplace transform of Mittag-Leffler
function eq. (2.15), we get

22
 ε0 ω 02 k ω 2 ( k + q )
Q (t ) =
L * ∑ (−1)
k ,q
k +q

k! q!
t 2 ( k + q )+ β −1 E 2( k,β+ q ) ( −ω 02 t 2 )
(3.18)
+ t −α {( A + ω 2 C )tEα ′,β 2 ( z ) + BEα ′,β 3 ( z )}

Where β = 3 + n + 2k − αn − αm − α − 2αk − m − 2αq , α ′ = 2 − 2α , Z = − ω 2 t 2 − 2 α

Appling the definition

0 Dtγ (t αk + β −1 Eαk ,β (λt α )) = t αk + β −γ −1 Eαk , β −γ (λt α )

to eq.(3.19) , γ =1,one get

ε0 ω02kω 2( k +q )
I (t ) =
L*∑ (−1)
k ,q
k +q

k!q!
t 2( k +q )+β −2 E2( ,nβ+−k1+m+q ) (−ω02t 2 )

+ ( A + ω 2C )t −α E2−2α ,1−α (−ω 2t 2−2α ) (3.19)

where B =0 for the same reason in case one.

d
When α=0, eq(3.14) becomes L I (t ) = ε 0 cos ω 0 t , and the solution of it is
dt

ε0
I (t ) = I 0 + sin ω0t (3.20)
Lω 0
And in eq.(3.19), put α=0 and take the first term only
ε0
I (t ) = tE 2, 2 (−ω 02 t 2 ) + AE 2,1 (−ω 2 t 2 ) (3.21)
L
ε0
Or I (t ) = sin ω 0 t + A cos ωt (3.22)
Lω 0

And because ωt very small, one can write the current as

ε0
I (t ) = sin ω 0 t + A (3.23)
Lω 0

Comparing eq(3.20) to eq(3.23), again A α =0

= I0

To take care of dimensions, for any α we suggest

I0
A = α − n + nα and C=0
( )
ω 1− α

(3.24)

23
 CHAPTER IV
NUMERICAL SOLUTION

4.1. Numerical Solution of RL Circuit Fractional Differential Equation

As many as analytical solutions were proposed to solve fractional integro-

differential equations, as there for numerical solutions. In many cases, the initial
conditions, boundary conditions and the external force are the only reason to
resort to numerical methods in both integer and non-integer differential
equations. These numerical methods differ in the way that in which the normal
and fractional derivative are discretized. The ordinary time derivative is usually
discretized using backward Euler formula, or forward Euler formula [90], and the
fractional time derivative by use of convolution formulae [91].
The fractional explicit method is interesting because of its simplicity that
makes it suited to theoretical approaches. Moreover, a good reason why explicit
method is important that the ease of extending the method to n-dimensional
problem. The only problem in using numerical methods is that, the time step
must be very small even for not too small values, and the algorithm should be
tested carefully for stableness. Yuste [92] developed a fractional weighted
average methods, and checked there accuracy and stability. Also, different
algorithms for fractional calculus have been discussed thoroughly by Diethelm et
al [93].

24
 In this chapter we will use the weighted average method that described in
[ref], the algorithm was checked in studying the motion of domain walls with
series method [94].
The numerical Expression of fractional derivative is defined as
m
α
Dt I = h −α
∑ωα I
j =0
j m− j (4.1)

Where the weight function ω αj is defined as

α!
ω αj = (−1) j .
j!(α − j )!

d −1 I
Using the definition of Q = , Eq(3.3) can be written as
dt −1
d 1−α I * d
α −1
I
L* 1−α
+ R α −1
+ Rex I = ε (t ) (4.2)
dt dt
Where I is the current, L is the inductivity, R is the resistance, and ε (t ) is the
power source, t is the time.
Applying the expression in eq(4.1) to eq(4.2) gives the following numerically
solvable equation
m m
L* h −(1−α ) ∑ ω 1j−α I m − j + R * h −(α −1) ∑ ω αj −1 I m − j + Rex I m = ε (t ) (4.3)
j =0 j =0

Rearranging eq(4.3) leads to the following explicit relation of the current

⎛ m m ⎞
ε (t ) − ⎜⎜ L* h −(1−α ) ∑ ω 1j−α I m − j + R * h −(α −1) ∑ ω αj −1 I m − j ⎟⎟
I m (t ) = ⎝ j =1 j =1 ⎠ (4.4)
− (1−α ) − (α −1)
*
Lh +R h
*
+ Rex

Where t = jh , m is the index of the current at the last limit of the time interval,
t
and h = is the time increment.
m
4.2. Results of Constant Voltage
In this section, the fractional differential equation for RL circuit will be solved
in case of constant voltage. Our concern in this part is to study the behavior of
the current with changing the value of α (The geometry of the inductor), so we

25
will scale the current values for all α s to compare between them in one graph.
Scaling process was simply considering the primitive current equals the same
constant value for all values of α .
From equ (4.3), when α equals one, the solution of the current is given as
ε0
I (t ) = (4.5)
( R + Rex )

Whereas, when α is very small, we will obtain the following expression of

the current
εt
I (t ) = I 0 − (4.6)
L
And in between the previous two cases, Figure (4.1) shows the behavior of the
current with time for several values of α . For scaling, the primitive current was
ε0
taking as I = . In addition to decreasing the sharpness of the curved decay of
Rex

the current as α goes to one, the linearity of the lines increases. That means the
expression of the current getting more closer to equ (4.5). This behavior of the
current with changing α means that the inductor is converting step by step to a
resistor.

26
 Figure 4.1. Current vs time for several values of α at R = 1 , Rex = 2 ,
h = 0.001 , L = 10 −5 , m = 100 , and ε 0 = 3 .

4.3 Results of Alternative Current Source

In this part we will study the case that we have just a resistor connected with
alternative current source and we expect that the resistor at the beginning ( α =0)
acts as an inductor then starts to loose its inductivity and accept a resistor
behavior as α goes to one.
The equation that covers this case just equ (4.2) but with Rex equals zero and
2π L
ε (t ) = 3 cos(ω 0 t ) . Where ω 0 = , and τ = . Then our suggested equation is
τ R

d 1−α I * d
α −1
I
L *
1−α
+R α −1
= 3 cos(ω 0 t ) (4.7)
dt dt
When α =0 , the solution of equ (4.7) is
3
I (t ) = I 0 − sin(ω 0 t ) (sine signal) (4.8)
Lω 0

And for α =1 , the solution of equ (4.7) is

3
I (t ) = cos(ω 0 t ) (cosine signal) (4.9)
R
All the following results in this chapter was calculated at the following
parameter, R = 1 , Rex = 0 , h = 0.1 , L = 10 −5 , and m = 100 .

One can notes immediately that the figures (4.2, 4.3, and 4.4) show how the
sine signal (solution of equ (4.7) at α equals zero) converts to cosine signal
(solution of equ (4.7) at α equals one) passing through intermediate cases
( 0 < α < 1). This result supports our expectation about converting the temporary
induction property of the resistor into stable resistance.

27
 Figure(4.2) shows the development of the current at small values of α . The
amplitude of the current is decreasing to smaller values as α increases.

Figure 4.2. Current vs. Time at small values of α .

Figure(4.3) shows the current at intermediate values of α . At very small time,

the primitive current is going closer to zero which means the behavior of the
current is slowly converting to cosine signal comparing with figure 4.2. Also the
amplitude of the current will change its last mood by starting to grow up to
higher amplitudes with increasing α .

28
 Figure 4.3. Current vs Time at intermediate values of α .
Figure(4.4) shows the behavior of the current at high values of α . There is a
clear increasing in the amplitude of the current with increasing α . The signal of
the current at high values of α is similar to the signal of the power source which
means that the solution of the current is function of cosine as in equ (4.9).

29
 Figure 4.4. Current vs Time at large values of α .
The figures 4.2 and 4.4 draw our attention to a critical point of α at which the
current amplitude reverses it behavior from decreasing to increasing when α
departs from zero to one.
Figure(4.5) shows the approximate value of that critical point at α ≈ 0.0755 .

Figure 4.5. The critical point of α .

4.4. The Effect of the Frequency on the Amplitude of the Current in the case
of alternative source
The formula of the current at α very close to zero, equ (4.8) shows that the
negative part of the current decreases with increasing the frequency which means
that the current amplitude increases with increasing the frequency whereas the
current formula at α very close to one, equ (4.9), shows that there is no
dependence between the current amplitude and electric source frequency.

Figure (4.6) shows how the amplitude of the current grows up with increasing
the frequency at very small α .

30
 Figure 4.6. The effect of the frequency on the current amplitude.
The same behavior appears in figure (4.7) for α = 0.5 but with smaller change
in the amplitude. This decreasing in the frequency effect on the current amplitude
happens because of increasing the resistant behavior of the resistor as α going
closer to one.

Figure 4.7. The effect of the frequency on the current amplitude at

intermediate α .

31
 Figure (4.8) shows that there is no change on the current amplitude for several
values of the frequency when α = 0.9999 , because the amplitude does not depend
on the frequency of the source at large α , see equ (4.9) .

Figure 4.8. The behavior of the current for several values of ω at high α .
All the values of the frequencies in figure (4.8) were taken for integers and
half integers of ω 0 . The constructive interference happens at time equals 8
because cos(ωt ) in equ (4.9) always equals positive one. Figure (4.9) shows that at
the same value of α but for quarters of ω 0 destructive interference at the same
time occurs because cos(ωt ) in equ (4.9) always equals negative one.

32
 Figure 4.9. Destructive interference at quarters of ω 0 .

4.5 Conclusion
In view of the results above for a circuit contains a resistor, an inductor, and a
constant voltage resource, we notice that the indictor, as α departs from 0, starts
to develop a resistive behavior a pseudo-RL circuit starts to develop until α
becomes one the circuit will be a very simple circuit includes a resistor and
power supplier. This converting of the inductor can be explained as stretching the
inductor to form a simple wire with normal resistant.

The results of the alternative current source and zero external resistance
circuit show that the resistance starts with inductor behavior before ending with
its regular property as a stable resistor.
The results of the alternative current source showed that there is a critical
point of α to get the minimum current amplitude.

33
 The frequency of the power supply contributes in the amplitude of the current
when α very small and it starts loosing this action when α become close to one.

Reference:
1. R.Hilfer, application of fractional calculus in physics, WORLD
SCIENTIFIC, 2000.
2. B.Roos, an introduction to the fractional calculus and fractional
differential equations, JOHN WILEY AND SONS, INC, 1993.
3. K.Oldham, and J.Spanier, The factional calculus, ADADEMIC PRESS
, New York, 1974.

34
4. Baleanu, Dumitru (2009) Fractional Electromagnetic Equations
Using Fractional Forms. International Journal of Theoretical
Physics
5. Baleanu, Dumitru (2009) Fractional Newtonian mechanics.
Central European Journal of Physics

6. Baleanu, Dumitru (2009) The Dual Action of Fractional Multi

Time Hamilton Equations. International Journal of Theoretical
Physics

7. Herzallah, Mohamed A. E. (2009) Fractional-order Euler–

Lagrange equations and formulation of Hamiltonian equations.
Nonlinear Dynamics

8. Jumarie, Guy (2009) Analysis of the equilibrium positions of

nonlinear dynamical systems in the presence of coarse-graining
disturbance in space. Journal of Applied Mathematics and
Computing

9. Baleanu, Dumitru (2008) Fractional Constrained Systems and

Caputo Derivatives. Journal of Computational and Nonlinear
Dynamics 3(2)

10. Rabei, Eqab M (2008) Hamilton–Jacobi formulation of systems

within Caputo's fractional derivative. Physica Scripta 77(1)
Frederico, Gastão S. F. (2007) Fractional conservation laws in
optimal control theory. Nonlinear Dynamics

11. Muslih, Sami I. (2007) Fractional Hamilton?s equations of motion

in fractional time. Central European Journal of Physics

12. Agrawal, O P (2007) Fractional variational calculus in terms of

Riesz fractional derivatives. Journal of Physics A Mathematical
and Theoretical 40(24)
13. D.H.Werner and R.Mittra, Frontiers in Electromagnetic, IEEE Press,
chapter 12.
14. A.Rousan, N.Ayoub and K.Khasawenah, Fractional Simple Harmonic
OSCILLATOR, International Journal of Theoretical Physics.
15. A.Rousan and N.Ayoub, A Fractional LC-RC Circuit, An International
Journal for Theory and Applications.
16. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations, Volume 198, ACADEMIC
PRESS, 1999.

35
17. R. L. Bagley and P.J. Trovic, Fractional Calculus – A different
approach to the analysis viscoelastically damped structure. AIAA
Journal 21, No. 5 (1983), 741-748.
18. R. L. Bagley and P.J. Trovic, Fractional Calculus in the transient
analysis of viscoelastically damped structure. AIAA Journal 23, No. 6
(1983), 918-925.
19. N. Engheta, On fractional Calculus and Fractional Multipoles in
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554-566.
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1477.

36
 Appendix A

A.1. fractional R-L Circuit:

The equation that cover R-L circuitis :
dI
−L + Rex I = ε (t ) (A.1)
dt
The suggested modified equation is given by

d 1−α I * dI
α −1
L 1−α + R
*
Rex I = ε (t ) (A.2)
dt dt α −1
As it is known the current is defined as the first derivative of the charge with
dQ
respect to time ( I =
dt )
Thus eq. (A.2) can be written as:

d 1−α dQ * d
α −1
dQ dQ
*
L 1−α + R α −1 + Rex = ε (t ) (A.3)
dt dt dt dt dt
Eq. (A.3) is more suitable, that is to avoid the negative derivative that appears
in the second term in equation (A.2).

A.2. Taylor Expansion and Mittag-Leffler Function

Laplace transform of the charge in eq.(3.3) is
ε0 1 A + ω2C sB
Q(s) = * 2−α + + (A.4)
L s(s + ω2 sα + ωex2 s) (s2−α +ω2 sα + ωex2 s) (s2−α +ω2sα +ωex2 s)
One can rewrite it as

Q (t ) = Q1 (t ) + Q 2 (t ) + Q 3 (t ) (A.5)
where
ε0 1
Q1(s) = (A.6.1)
L* s(s2−α + ω2sα + ωex2 s)

37
 sB
Q2 ( s ) = (A.6.2)
( s 2 −α + ω 2 s α + ωex2 s)
And

A + ω2C
Q3 (s) = 2−α (A.6.3)
(s + ω2 sα + ωex2 s)
Now, for Q1

ε0 1 ε0 s −2
Q1 ( s ) = = (A.7)
L* s ( s 2 − α + ω 2 s α + ω ex2 s ) L* ( s1− α + ω 2 s α −1 + ω ex2 )

ε0 s −2
Q1 ( s ) =
L* 1−α 2 α −1 ω ex2 (A.8)
{s +ω s }{1 + }
( s 1−α + ω 2 s α −1 )
∞
1
Using
(1 + x )
= ∑ ( −1)
k =0
k
xn

ε0 s n−1−αn−α
∞ n

Q1 (s) = * ∑ (−1) ω 2n
(A.9)
(s 2−2α + ω 2 )n+1
ex
L n=0
Comparing the last equation with eq (2.15) , one can note that k= 0 , α = 2-
2α, a = ω2 and α-β = n-1-αn-α , thus Q(t) can be written in terms of Mittag-
Leffler Function as follows

ε0 (−1) n ωex2n n+ 2−αn−α ( n)

∞
Q1 (t ) = * ∑ t E2−2α ,αn+3−n−α (−ω 2t 2−2α ) (A.10)
L n =0 n!
Doing the same for Q2 and Q3,

s n−αn−α
∞ n

Q2 (s) = ( A + ω C)∑ (−1) ω

2 2n
(A.11)
(s 2−2α + ω 2 )n+1
ex
n=0

38
 (−1)n ωex2n n+1−αn−α (n)
∞
Q2 (t) = ( A + ω C)∑2
t E2−2α ,αn+2−n−α (−ω2t 2−2α ) (A.12)
n=0 n!
And

s n+1−αn−α
∞ n

Q3 (s) = B∑ (−1) ω 2n
(A.13)
(s 2−2α + ω 2 )n+1
ex
n=0

(−1)n ωex2n n−αn−α (n)

∞
Q3 (t ) = B∑ t E2−2α ,αn+1−n−α (−ω 2t 2−2α ) (A.14)
n=0 n!

Now Q (t ) = Q1 (t ) + Q 2 (t ) + Q 3 (t ) (A.15)
∞
(−1)n ωex2n n−αn−α ε 0 2 (n)
Q(t) = ∑ t { * t Eα′,β1 (z) + ( A + ω2C)tEα(n′,)β2 (z) + BEα(n′,)β3 (Z )}
n=0 n! L
(A.16)
Where β1 = αn + 3 − n − α , β 2 = αn + 2 − n − α , β 3 = αn + 1 − n − α , α ′ = 2 − 2α , and
Z = − ω 2 t 2 − 2α .

39
 APPENDIX B
FORTRAN PROGRAMS

B.1.Numerical solution
program current
implicit none
real(8)::alpha,sum
integer::j,k,ii,jj,kk,gstat
character(70)::filename
real(8)::Ls,Rs,R,L,eps,I0,Re,dom,h,del,I,beta
real(8)::s1,s2,s,t,omega

OPEN(12,File="const_current.txt",STATUS="REPLACE",ACTION="WRITE")!
k=0
jj=9

open(12,file="cosine.txt",status="replace",action="write",position="rewind",
iostat=gstat)

do kk=1,1!
ii=int(kk/1)
jj=(kk-ii*10)
alpha=dfloat(kk)/100.0d0

'filename='Current'//achar(ii+48)//'_'//achar(jj+48)//'.txt
!
open(12,file=filename,status="replace",action="write",position="rewind",iost
at=gstat)
'if(gstat==0) print*,trim(filename),' opened!
if(jj==0) jj=9

jj=jj-1
alpha=0.3d0

del=1.0d0-alpha
h=1.0d-1
Re=0.0d0
L=1.0d-5
R=1.0d0
omega=2.0d0*22.0d0/7.0d0*R/L*4.0d0/4.0d0
Ls=(-del)*L**(del)*R**alpha/h**(del)

Rs=alpha*R**(1.0d0+del)*L**(-del)/h**(-del)
beta=Ls+Rs
dom=(beta+Re)

do j=1,100,1
t=dfloat(j)*h

eps=3.0d0*dcos(omega*t)
I0=eps/dom

I0=0!
print*,i0,3.0d0/L/omega!
pause!

40
if(j==1) I=I0

s1=Ls*weight(del,j)
s2=Rs*weight(-del,j)

s=s1+s2
sum=sum+s*I
I=(eps-sum)/dom!
I=eps/dom-sum/dom

print*,eps,(i),alpha!

write(12,*) j*h,i,alpha
write(*,*) j*h,i,alpha
write(*,*) alpha,sum!
if(i<=1.0d-3) exit!
end do
k=k+1
if(k==3) k=0

(close(12

==============================!

contains

real(8) Function Gamma(p)

real(8),intent(in)::p

real(8), dimension(5)::w,x,y,v

integer::i,j,k
real(8)::sum,product,q
real(8)::a,b
real(8)::m,max

x(1)=0.906179845938664d0
x(2)=-0.906179845938664d0
x(3)=0.538469310105683d0
x(4)=-0.538469310105683d0
x(5)=0.0d0

w(1)=0.236926885056189d0
w(2)=0.236926885056189d0
w(3)=0.478628670499367d0
w(4)=0.478628670499367d0
w(5)=0.568888888888889d0

max=100
m=1000
k=0
product=1
do while(p+k<1)
product=product*(p+k)
k=k+1
end do

q=p+k
sum=0

41
do j=1,m
a=(max/m)*(j-1)
b=(max/m)*j

do i=1,5
integration over [a,b]*****!
y(i)=(b+a)/2.+(b-a)*x(i)/2
v(i)=(b-a)*w(i)/2
sum=sum+v(i)*F(y(i),q)
end do
end do

Gamma=sum/product

end Function Gamma

(real(8) function F(x,p

real(8), intent(in)::x,p

F=x**(p-1)*exp(-x)

end function F
*********************************************************!
(real(8) function weight(alpha,j
real(8), intent(in)::alpha
integer, intent(in)::j
weight=(-1.0d0)**(j)*gamma(alpha+1.0d0)/gamma(dfloat(j)+1.0d0)&
&/gamma(alpha-dfloat(j)+1.0d0)
end function weight
***********************************************************!

end program current

B.2.Analytical solution :
program current
implicit none

double precision::alpha,t
integer(4)::j

OPEN(12,File="const_current.txt",STATUS="REPLACE",ACTION="WRITE")
alpha=-0.5d0
do j=1,100
print*,weight(alpha,j)
end do

pause
do alpha=0.00d0,1.d0,.1d0
if (alpha==0.d0 .or. alpha==1.d0) cycle
print*,alpha
do t=0.0d0,1.d-3,1.d-4
if (t==0) cycle
write(*,*) alpha,t,current_const(alpha,t)
write(12,*) alpha,t,current_const(alpha,t)
write(*,*) !
current_const(alpha,t),current_const_mettag(alpha,t)
end do
end do

42
CLOSE(12)

!alpha=0.7d0
!t=.2d0
!omega=alpha/(1.d0-alpha)
!call mettaq(2.d0-2.d0*alpha,2.d0-alpha,-omega*t**(2.d0-2.d0*alpha),E)
!print*,E

contains

double precision Function Gamma(p)

double precision,intent(in)::p

double precision, dimension(5)::w,x,y,v

integer::i,j,k
double precision::sum,product,q
double precision::a,b
double precision::m,max

x(1)=0.906179845938664d0
x(2)=-0.906179845938664d0
x(3)=0.538469310105683d0
x(4)=-0.538469310105683d0
x(5)=0.0d0

w(1)=0.236926885056189d0
w(2)=0.236926885056189d0
w(3)=0.478628670499367d0
w(4)=0.478628670499367d0
w(5)=0.568888888888889d0

max=100
m=100000
k=0
product=1
do while(p+k<1)
product=product*(p+k)
k=k+1
end do

q=p+k
sum=0

do j=1,m
a=(max/m)*(j-1)
b=(max/m)*j

do i=1,5
!*****integration over [a,b]
y(i)=(b+a)/2.+(b-a)*x(i)/2
v(i)=(b-a)*w(i)/2
sum=sum+v(i)*F(y(i),q)
end do
end do

Gamma=sum/product

end Function Gamma

43
double precision function F(x,p)
double precision, intent(in)::x,p

F=x**(p-1)*exp(-x)

end function F

subroutine Mettaq(alpha,beta,x,E)
double precision,intent(in)::alpha,beta,x
double precision,intent(out)::E
double precision::sum
integer::k

sum=0
do k=0,10
sum=sum+x**k/Gamma(alpha*k+beta)
end do

E=sum

end subroutine Mettaq

subroutine Mettaqp(alpha,beta,n,p,a,x,E)
double precision,intent(in)::alpha,beta,x,n,a
double precision,intent(out)::E
integer,intent(in)::p
double precision::sum
integer::k

sum=0
do k=0,20
if (int(n*k)<p) cycle
sum=sum+gamma(n*k+1.d0)*a**k*x**(n*k-p)/(gamma(n*k-
p+1.d0)*Gamma(alpha*k+beta))
end do

E=sum

end subroutine Mettaqp

subroutine Mettaqpold(alpha,beta,p,x,E)
double precision,intent(in)::alpha,beta,x
double precision,intent(out)::E
integer,intent(in)::p
double precision::sum
integer::k

sum=0
do k=0,20

sum=sum+gamma(p+k+1.d0)*x**k/(Gamma(k+1.d0)*Gamma(alpha*(k+p)+beta))
end do

E=sum

end subroutine Mettaqpold

double precision function Weight(alpha,j)

double precision,intent(in)::alpha,j

44
weight=((-1)**j)*gamma(alpha+1.d0)/(gamma(j+1)*gamma(alpha-j+1.d0))

end function Weight

DOUBLE PRECISION FUNCTION FUN(omega,t)

DOUBLE PRECISION,INTENT(IN)::omega,t

FUN=1.D0

END FUNCTION FUN

double precision function current_const_mettag(alpha,t)

double precision,intent(in)::alpha,t
double precision::f0,a,L,Ls,R,Rs,omega
double precision::E1,E2
double precision::I1,I2
double precision::alphaa,betaa,x

f0=Fun(omega,t)
L=1.d-3
R=1.d0
Rs=alpha*R**alpha
Ls=(alpha-1.d0)*L**(1.d0-alpha)
omega=Rs/Ls
x=omega**2*t**(2.d0-2.d0*alpha)
alphaa=2.d0-2.d0*alpha
betaa=2.d0-alpha
a=0.d0

call mettaq(alphaa,betaa,-x,E1)
call mettaq(alphaa,betaa-1.d0,-x,E2)

I1=f0*t**(1.d0-alpha)*E1/Ls
I2=omega**2*a*E2/t**alpha

current_const_mettag=I1+I2

end function current_const_mettag

double precision function current_const(alpha,t)

double precision,intent(in)::alpha,t
double precision::f0,a,L,Ls,R,Rs,omega
double precision::I1,I2
double precision::sum1,sum2
integer::p

f0=Fun(omega,t)
L=1.d-3
R=1.d0
Rs=alpha*R**alpha

45
 Ls=(alpha-1.d0)*L**(1.d0-alpha)
omega=Rs/Ls
a=0.d0

sum1=0.d0
sum2=0.d0

do p=0,10
sum1=sum1+(-1)**p*omega**(2*p)*t**(1.d0-alpha+2*p-
2*p*alpha)/gamma(2.d0-alpha+2*p-2*p*alpha)
end do

do p=0,10
sum2=sum2+(-1)**p*omega**(2*p)*t**(-alpha+2*p-
2*p*alpha)/gamma(1.d0-alpha+2*p-2*p*alpha)
end do

I1=f0*sum1/Ls
I2=omega**2*a*sum2

current_const=I1+I2

end function current_const

end program current

‫ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ داﺋﺮة ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺗﻴﺎر وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬

‫ ﻣﻨﺎل ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬:‫إﻋﺪاد‬

‫ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﻋﺒﻴﺪات‬.‫ د‬: ‫إﺷﺮاف‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻦ ﻏﺮاﻳﺒﺔ‬.‫ د‬: ‫ﻣﺸﺮف ﻣﺸﺎرك‬

46
 ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ اﻗﺘﺮاح ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ آﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ دارة آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ . Mittag-Liffler function‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ,‬وآﺘﺒﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮﻳﺔ ‪ α‬ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ دارة ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺚ ﻓﻘﻂ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮاﺣﺪ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ دارة ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻋﺘﺒﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻜﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ واﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻳﻤﺜﻞ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺮف‬
‫اﻟﺪارة آﻤﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ وﻓﻘﺪاﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺤﺜﺎث ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪ ,‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﺪر ﺗﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﺪر ﺗﻴﺎر ﺛﺎﺑﺖ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﺚ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺪﻩ اﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻚ‪ .‬ودﻋﻤﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت ﺑﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺪدي‪.‬‬

‫‪47‬‬