PEDIATRIC
PATHOGENESIS
Unclear
The Secondary Heterologous
Infection Hypothesis
CLINICAL
MANIFESTASION
Fever: acute, high, continuously,
2-7 days
Bleeding manifestation
Liver enlargement
Shock
LABORATORIUM
Thrombocytopenia ( 100.000/mm3 or
less)
Hem concentration ( Hct 20% or more)
CLASSIFICATION
WHO CLASSIFICATION OF DHF (1975)
Grade I
Fever, Tourniquet test (+)
Grade II
Grade I + spontaneous bleeding
Grade III
Grade II + Circulatory failure
Grade IV
Profound shock
Grade III & IV → DSS
TREATMENT DBD derajat III & IV
Makrofag
Aktivasi PMN.
Faktor Jaringan Sitokin Pelepasan PAF, produk
Arakidonat dan
Substansi toksik lain
Aktivasi Aktivasi
koagulasi kalikreinkinin
fibrinolisis
Vasodilatasi,
Kebocoran kapiler,
Kerusakan endotel Syok Septik
kerusakan endotel
kapiler
Watery stool
Frequency ≥ 3X/ 24
hours.
DEHYDRATION TYPES
Isotonic
Na concentration 130-150meq/L or
280 mosm/L
Hypertonic:
Na concentration > 150meq/L or
413 mosm/L
Hypotonic:
Na concentration <130meq/L or
200mosm/L
DEHYDRATION GRADE
Cumulative losses (pwl, cwl, nwl)
Mild : 5%
Moderate : 5-10%
Severe : >10%
Clinical manifestation ( scoring system)
Angka Penilaian
Pemeriksaan 1 2 3
Gambaran Klinik
Keadaan umum Baik Lesu/haus Gelisah/renjatan
Mata Normal Cekung Sangat cekung
Mulut Normal Kering Sangat kering
Pernapasan 20-30 per menit 30-40 per menit 40-60 per menit
Turgor Baik Kurang Jelek
Nadi Kuat / kurang 120-140 Lebih 140
120 per menit per menit per menit
Derajat dehidrasi skor 6 skor 7-12 skor 13 / lebih
diare tanpa diare dehidrasi diare dehidrasi
dehidrasi ringan/sedang berat
TREATMENT
- NWL 100 ml
- CWL 25 ml
250 ml
Kolera 1 jam pertama 7 jam berikut
PWL 100 ml/kg 30 ml/kg 70 ml/kg
PWL 100 ml/kg 1 jam pertama 5 jam berikut
Bayi kurang 30 ml/kg 70 ml/kg
12 bulan ½ jam pertama 2 ½ jam berikut
Anak sama atau lebih 12 30 ml/kg 70 ml/kg
bulan
ASTHMATIC
STATE
DEFINITION
Multifactor
Allergen
Restlessness
Emotion
Infection
Inherited
PATHOGENESIS
Hyper responsiveness &
inflammation process of bronchus
Hyper secretion
Edema
Bronchoconstriction
ification of Severity of Acute Asthma Exacerba
Mild Moderate Severe Respiratory
Parameters Arrest
Imminent
Breathlessness While While talking While at rest
walking
Talks Sentences Phrases Words
1st management
• nebulitation β -agonis 3x, 20 min interval
•3rd nebulitation + anticholinergic
hospitalized
• CXR
One Day Care (ODC) Admission room
Discharge • Oxygen therapy • Oxygen therapy
• give β -agonist • Oral steroid • Treat dehydration and
(inhaled/oral) • Nebulized / 2 hour acidosis
• routine drugs • Observe 8-12 hours, • Steroid IV / 6-8 hours
• viral infection: if stable→ discharge • Nebulized / 1-2 hours
oral steroid • Poor response in 12h, • Initial aminophylline IV,
• Outpatient clinic in → admission then maintenance
24-48 hours • Nebulized 4-6x →
good response per 4-6 h
• If stable in 24 hours →
discharge
• Poor response → ICU
Notes:
• In severe attack, directly use β -agonist + anticholinergic
• If nebulizers not available, use adrenalin SC 0.01 ml/kg/times with maximal dose 0.3 ml/times
•Oxygen therapy 2-4 l/min should be early treatment in moderate
and severe attack
Figure. Jet nebulizer
34
Figure. Ultrasonic
nebulizer
35
Drug dosage for
nebulizer
Nebulizer
Drugs Jet Ultrasound
38
TREATMENT IN PICU
Medicines at
ward is
continued
Mechanical
ventilator
ACUTE RESPIRATORY
FAILURE
DEFINITION
Increasing of co2
Ventilated disorder without lungs dysfunction
Ventilated disorder with lungs dysfunction
Ventilated disorder of death space
CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION
Symptoms of lungs disorder :
wheezing, grunting, flaring of alae nasi,
retraction, tachypnea, bradypnea, apnea,
cyanosis.
Signs of heart disorder :
bradycardia/tachycardia,
hypotention/hypertention, cardiac arrest.
Symptoms of CNS disorder :
apatic, headache, convulsion, coma.
TREATMENT
Airway (position, suction, ET)
Breathing (oxygen)
Humidification
Bronchial washing
Physiotherapy
Rehydration
Causal therapy
Specific therapy (mechanical
ventilator)
Acidosis therapy
EPILEPTIC STATUS
DEFINITION
Target sign
Cupping sign
TREATMENT
Radiology reduction
Surgery
DIAPHRAGMATIC
HERNIA
DEFINITION
Clinical manifestation
Radiology examination
TREATMENT