SIGNALING & CALL FLOW

MZS
Definisi
 Signaling adalah bahasa dalam telekomunikasi dimana mesin dan komputer 
menggunakannya untuk saling berkomunikasi.
 Dengan kata lain proses signaling adalah, seorang user mengirimkan signal 
yang sebelumnya dikonversi ke dalam format yang di pahami 
mesin/komputer yang selanjutnya signal tersebut digunakan sebagai remote 
entity. Dimana signal tersebut bukan bagian dari informasi dalam 
komunikasi atau entitas komunikasi yang menghasilkan revenue.
 Analogi : signaling seperti pilot dan pramugari pada pesawat terbang. Pilot 
dan pramugari bukanlah penumpang yang menghasilkan keuntungan tapi 
kehadirannya dibutuhkan untuk membawa banyak penumpang sebagai
kehadirannya dibutuhkan untuk membawa banyak penumpang sebagai 
sumber keuntungan.
 Tugas utama signaling adalah untuk membangun hubungan dan memutus 
hubungan antar user atau mesin
hubungan antar user atau mesin
GSM SIGNALING

HLR AC VLR EIR

CM
CC     SS     SMS
MAP
MM TCAP
RR SCCP
LAPDm L3
BTSm
L1
LAPD
L2 MTP
x 64 Kbps ch
L1

BTS BSC MSC ISDN

MS BSSAP ISUP
BSSMAP DTAP SCCP
SCCP
OMC OMC MTP
ISUP: ISDN User Part
MTP
MAP: Mobile Application Part CM: Connection Management
TCAP: Transmission Capabilities Application Part BSSMAP: BSS Management Application Part CC: Call Control
SCCP: Signalling Connection Control Part DTAP: Direct Transfer Application Part SS: Supplementary Services
MTP: Message Transfer Part LAPDm: Link Adaptation Protocol  SMS: Short Message Service
BSSAP: BSS Application Part for the D channel, modified RR: Radio Resource management

AIR INTERFACE SIGNALING
Connection Management CM
Support of “connection types”:
Call Control CC support, e.g.
• “Setup”, “Alert”, “Connect”, “Disconnect”
p, , ,
Supplementary Services” support, e.g.
• Call Forwarding, Call back when busy,
Advice Of Charge,..
SMS support

Call Supplementary  Short Message Support of mobility 

Control CC Services SS Services SMS (Keep track of MS), e.g.:
• “IMSI attach / detach”
• “Location Update request / accept”
L3 Mobility Management MM • “Authentication request /response”
• “TMSI reallocation command / complete”
• “CM Service Request / accept”
(activates: SS, MOC, SMS, Emergency Call)

Radio Resource management
d Setup / Maintenance / Release
RR of Dedicated Channels, e.g.:
• “paging”
• “channel request”
L
Layer 2: LAPDm
2 LAPD • “immediate assignment”
• “cipher mode command / complete”
(Link Access Protokol Dedicated) • “channel release”

Logical
Layer 1 Secure transfer of
signaling data, e.g.:
Physical • Broadcast, Paging, Access
Grant, dedicated signaling
Protocol Architecture

MS BTS BSC MSC

CM (CM) (CM) (CM) DTAP

CM
I
MM (MM) (MM) (MM) (CM+MM) MM S
MAP
U
BTS (RR) (RR)
BSSMAP TCAP P
RR RR BSSMAP

RR' BTSM SCCP SCCP SCCP

BTSM
Sig. layer 2 Sig. layer 2 Sig. layer 2 Sig. layer 2
(LAPDm) (LAPDm) (LAPD) (LAPD)
MTP MTP MTP
Layer 1 (air) Layer 1 (air) Sig. layer 1 Sig. layer 1

Um Interface Abis Interface A Interface Inter-MSC

• DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part
• BSSMAP - BSS Management Application Part
• CM - Call Management
• MM - Mobile Management
• RR - Radio Resource Management
• BTSM - BTS Management
• SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part
• MAP - Mobile Application Part
• TCAP - Transaction Capability Application Part
• ISUP - ISDN User Part
• MTP - Message Transfer Part
Call Management (CM)

• Call
Call Management takes care of the 
Management takes care of the
BTS
ordinary call‐control procedure: 
– Establishment and release of calls, as 
well as access to services and facilities.
• CM is divided into:
– Call Control (CC), short messages services 
(SMS).
– Non‐call‐related supplementary services 
ll l d l i
(SS).

coMPAss Product Training 14‐
15 May, Singapore
Mobility Management (MM)

• Mobility
Mobility Management handles 
Management handles
BTS roaming and authentication 
procedure. 
procedure

coMPAss Product Training 14‐
15 May, Singapore
Radio Resource Management (RR)

• Radio
Radio Resource 
Resource
BTS
Management comprise:
– Paging.
– Radio‐channel access. 
– Ciphering.
p g
– Handover.
– Radio‐signal control
g
– Radio‐signal measurement

coMPAss Product Training 14‐
15 May, Singapore
Location Updating (Roaming)

• An MM procedure
• Reasons for roaming:
– MS has detected that it has 
VLR
entered into a new location area 
(by listening to Broadcast system  Area 1 MSC
info)
• Types of roaming:
– Inside same VLR area
• The HLR does not need to 
know BTS BTS
– Another VLR area
SONOFON

M N

• In this case the HLR is 
informed
VLR
BTS BTS MSC

Area 2
Handovers.

• Major types of handovers 
– Intra BSC MSC - A Inter MSC
– Inter BSC
– Inter MSC MSC - B

• Purpose of handover Inter BSC

– Poor quality connection
• Avoid loosing contact
A id l i t t
to the mobile station
– Fault in the MS or BTS/BSC BSC BSC
Intra BSC
– Network management BSC
SONOFON

M N

BTS

BTS SONOFON

M N

SONOFON

M N

BTS
BTS
Call Setup

• A CM procedure
A CM procedure
BTS
• Distinguish two types 
– Mobile Originating Call
M bil O i i ti C ll
• i.e. a call from a Mobile Station to 
the fixed network
the fixed network
– Mobile Terminating Call 
• i.e.
i.e. a call from the fixed network to a 
a call from the fixed network to a
Mobile Station

coMPAss Product Training 14‐
15 May, Singapore
Mobile Originating Call

• Problems and Answers
Problems and Answers
BTS
– How the mobile gets in contact with the 
network
• Switch the MS on
Switch the MS on
• Request a channel
• Tell the network what kind of service is wanted
– How does the network respond
How does the network respond
• Verifies the Mobile identity (authentication)
• Assigns a traffic channel 

• And then everything proceed as usual

coMPAss Product Training 14‐
15 May, Singapore
Outgoing Call from MS

MS BTS BSC MSC VLR ISDN

Channel Request/Required [RR]

Immediate Assign [RR]

CM Service Req (IMSI, transact) [MM] Process Access Request
CM copy [MM]
Authenticate (RAND)
Authentication Request (RAND) [MM]

Authentication Response (SRES) [MM] Authentication Response (SRES)

Set ciphering mode (key)

Ciphering Mode Command (key) [RR] Access Request Ack
Ci h i
Ciphering Mode
M d Complete
C l t [RR]
SETUP (service, called number) [CM] Send info for o/g (service, called number)
Call Proceeding [CM] Complete call

Assign Command [RR] Assign Request [RR]

Assign Complete [RR]

IAM Um/A-bis/A signalling

ACM MAP signalling

Alerting [CM]
ISUP/TUP signalling
Connect [CM] ANM

Connect Ack [CM]

Mobile Terminating Call

• Problems and answers 
Problems and answers
– Where in the world is the Mobile Station 
BTS
• Look it up in the HLR 
• (The HLR may have to ask the VLR)
(The HLR may have to ask the VLR)
– How to Make the Mobile Station Aware that a 
call is waiting
• Page it in the cell where it is located 
Page it in the cell where it is located
– What does the MS do when being paged ?
• Asks for a Radio channel
• Tells the system that it is ready
Tells the system that it is ready

• Now the usual setup flow follows

coMPAss Product Training 14‐
15 May, Singapore
Incoming Call

MS BTS BSC MSC VLR HLR GMSC ISDN

IAM (MSISDN, service)
Send Routing Info (MSISDN)

Provide Roaming Number (IMSI)

Roaming Number (MSRN)
Routing Info (MSRN)
IAM (MSRN, service)

Send Info Incoming Call (MSRN, service)

Page (IMSI, TMSI, LAI)
Paging Request (TMSI) [RR]

Channel Request [RR]

Immediate Assign [RR]
Paging Response (TMSI) [RR]
Page Result

SETUP (service) [CM] Complete Call (service)

Call Confirm [CM]
g Command [RR]
Assign [ ] Assign
g Req
q [RR]
[ ]
Assign Complete [RR]
Alerting [CM] ACM
Connect [CM]
ANM
Connect Ack [CM] Complete Call
Result Um/A-bis/A signalling
MAP signalling
ISUP/TUP signalling
Connection Management
Mobile Originating
Mobile Originating (RRC Connection Establishment)
Mobile Originating (RAB establishment)
Mobile Originating (Session Management)
Mobile Termination (Paging)
Mobile Termination (Paging)