Control questions in Biochemistry for Module 1

Biochemistry of enzymes
1. Chemical nature of enzymes. Composition of simple and conjugated enzymes. Cofactors and
coenzymes. Role of coenzymes and apoenzyme in catalysis.
2. Coenzymes. Structure and properties. Examples.
3. Active site of enzymes. Inhibitors and activators of the enzymes. Competitive and non-
competitive inhibition. Medical application of inhibitors.
4. The mechanism of enzyme action. The kinetic of enzymatic catalysis.
5. The types of activation and inhibition of enzymes. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of
enzymes.
6. Allosteric regulation of enzymatic activity. Regulatory enzymes. Feedback regulation of their
activity. Covalent modification of enzymes.
7. The systematic classification and nomenclature of enzymes.
8. Specificity of enzyme action, substrate specificity.
9. Enzyme compartmentation.
10. Isozymes. Biologic role. Diagnostic importance of isozyme determination.
11. Enzyme diagnostic and enzymotherapy in medicine.
12. Enzymotherapy. Principles of diagnostic and treatment.
13. Zymogens. Activation of a zymogen. Their role in metabolism.
14. Cyclic nucleotides (c-AMP, c-GMP) as the regulators of enzyme catalysis and biological
functions of cells. Action of the regulative protein kinases.

Bioenergetics
1. General characteristics of energy metabolism. Metabolism: catabolism, anabolism and
amphibolic pathways. General and specific pathways of catabolism.
2. Reactions of biological oxidation: the types of reaction. Respiratory chain.
3. Structure of mitochondria. Compartmentation of the enzymes of the respiratory chain in the
mitochondria.
4. Acetyl coenzyme A. Formation and importance in the body.
5. The Citric Acid Cycle (CAC). Enzymes of CAC. Importance of CAC.
6. Bioenergetics of Citric Acid Cycle.
7. Chemical nature of dehydrogenases. Role of coenzymes in the functions of enzymes.
8. Flavoenzymes. Chemical nature and role.
9. Cytochromes. Cytochrome oxidase. Chemical nature. Role and mechanism of participation in
the respiratory chain.
10. Synthesis of ATP from ADP (oxidative phosphorylation) coupling with respiratory chain. Index
P/O.
11. The chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation.
12. Phosphorylation at substrate level. Biological importance.
13. Mechanism of transport of reducing equivalents through the membrane of mitochondria.
Shuttle mechanism.
14. High-energy compounds, their importance. ATP and ADP, chemical nature, their role in
metabolism.
15. Peroxide oxidation. Antioxidant systems. Biological role.
16. Microsomal oxidation. Cytochrome P 450, molecular organization of the chain. Detoxification
of xenobiotics and formation of biological active compounds.

Biochemistry of carbohydrates
1. Structure and functions of carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides).
2. Glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate). Proteoglycans,
their role in the living organisms.
3. Digestion of carbohydrates in the digestive tract.
4. Anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates. Glycolysis. Glycogenolysis.
5. Oxidative-reduction steps of anaerobic glycolysis, its importance. Shuttle mechanism for the
transfer of reducing equivalents of NADH.
6. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
7. Pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrates metabolism. Oxidative and non-oxidative phases.
Biological importance specialities of functioning in various tissues.
8. Biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen in the liver.
9. Gluconeogenesis. Mechanism in the different tissues and organs. Cori cycle and the glucose-
alanine cycle.
10. Hereditary pathology of carbohydrate metabolism: galactosemia, lactose intolerance, glycogen
storage diseases.
11. Pathways of the fructose and galactose metabolism.
12. Bioenergetics of aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of glucose and glycogen. Pasteur's effect.
13. Irreversible reactions of glycolysis. Their importance in the pathway.

Biochemistry of lipids
1. Classification of lipids. The main representatives, their role.
2. Triacylglycerols. Chemical structure. Synthesis and catabolism.
3. Cholesterol, its role, biosynthesis and regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. Atherosclerosis
and obesity.
4. Phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine etc).
Structure and biological role.
5. The chemical and biological role of membranes. Biomembrane lipids. Function of Na-K and
Ca pumps.
6. Digestion and absorption of fat in the digestive tract. Causes of disorder of lipid absorption.
Lipid transport and storage.
7. Peculiarities of digestion of the milk lipids in child organism.
8. Structure and functions of lipoproteins in the blood. Role of lipoproteins in the atherosclerosis
development .Types of hyperlipoproteinemias.
9. Bioenergetics of fatty acids oxidation.
10. Bioenergetics of glycerol oxidation in the body.
11. Metabolism of glycerol (oxidation and biosynthesis).
12. Bile acids. Their role in digestion of lipids.
13. Ketone (acetone) bodies. Biosynthesis and utilization of the ketone bodies. Importance of
diagnostic determination.
14. β-Oxidation of fatty acids. Role of carnitine in oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria.
15. Biosynthesis of phospholipids in tissues.
16. Biosynthesis of fatty acids in the body. Structure and role of the fatty acid synthase
multienzyme complex. Saturated fatty acid elongation.
17. Eicosanoids: characteristics. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, tromboxanes, leucotriens.
Biological activities of eicosanoids. Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors.
18. Functions of lipids and general pathways of lipid metabolism.