Discovery Dog Mags N 2017 He Den Quist

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Exploration and discovery: Use models carefully, think laterally, avoid dogma
Presentation · February 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15091.53282
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Epithermal and porphyry exploration: Dogma vs Discovery GSN Reno, February 2017
White Island, New

Zealand: Quiescent
eruption, 1988
500-800oC with HCl, SO2
Exploration and discovery…

use models carefully,
avoid dogma, think laterally
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist
Ottawa, Canada
GSN: Reno, February 2017 SEG Honorary Lecturer
White Island, New Zealand: drowned fumaroles, 2004
Satsuma Iwojima, Japan
Residual
(vuggy) pH 0.2
quartz
Acid Stream,
pH ≥0.6
Jeffrey Hedenquist 1
Porphyry systems High-sulfidation Au-Ag-Cu

Lacustrine beds
Intermediate
sulfidation
Au-Ag
Base of
advanced argillic
lithocap
Porphyry
Cu-Au
Sillitoe, 2010
Economic Geology
Acid moat lake around dome,

laminated siliceous
sediments,
paleosurface...
Yanacocha, Peru
Chaquicocha
Porphyry systems Residual quartz (vuggy),

barren
pH 1-2,
H2SO4 Quartz-alunite,
barren
HCl
Base of lithocap
Sillitoe, 2010
Porphyry systems Residual quartz (vuggy)

± HS enargite, Au
Quartz-alunite
IS veins
Base of lithocap
Porphyry
Cu (Au) Intermediate: Lower T
Sillitoe, 2010 magmatic, <10 wt% NaCl
• White mica (up to
pyrophyllite) (≤350oC)
• Straight qtz veins, halo
• Metals (shallow HS ore,
marginal IS veins)
Mankayan district, Philippines

Looking NW
Mohong Hill
quartz-alunite
lithocap
dacite pyroclastics
volcaniclastic
basement
Most (~70%) ore

Lepanto high-sulfidation ores (grey) in root
zone of lithocap,
in Lepanto fault or
its splay branches
Lepanto
fault
Hedenquist et al., 1998;

Chang et al., 2011
<50 ppb Au
Dickite ±
kaolinite
Quartz-
alunite
Dickite ±
kaolinite X Silicic
structures,
1 km 1-4 g/t Au
Chang et al., 2011
Lepanto HS:> 0.9

Mt Cu & 102 t Au
Alteration and
Mineralization
Buaki
porphyry FSE porphyry: 892
Mt @ 0.5% Cu &
0.7 g/t Au
Victoria IS veins, 11
Mt @ 7.3 g/t Au +
Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn
Guinaoang
porphyry, 500
Teresa IS veins, 0.8 Mt @ 0.4% Cu
Mt @ 5.74 g/t Au & 0.4 g/t Au
Nayak veins
1 km
Mohong Hill
porphyry + HS
Chang et al., 2011
Lepanto - Far Southeast deposits
1.8-2.2 Ma
2 cm
1.45 Ma
1 g/t Au
0.7% Cu Mo
Concepcion and Cinco, 1989;

Garcia, 1991; Gaibor et al., 2013
Lepanto – Far Southeast, Philippines

4 Moz Au, 1 Mt Cu lithocap-hosted high-sulfidation
deposit on shoulder of 20+ Moz Au, 5+ Mt Cu porphyry
Long section along Lepanto fault
Lateral hydraulic gradients coupled with increased reactivity

at lower temperature (<250oC)
Hedenquist and Taran, 2013
Discovery histories:
all associated with residual qtz lithocaps
Quimsacocha (Loma Larga) HS Au, Ecuador

Aruntani district HS Au, Peru
Canahuire (San Augustine) IS Au, Peru
Halilaga porphyry Cu-Au, Turkey
Perol porphyry Au-Cu, Peru
Exploration and discovery histories: Use of models
http://www.iamgold.com/presentations2006.asp
1991
10 holes, 1869 m, av. 185 m
82 holes, 7656 m, av. 93 m (inclined)
IMG-122 (40th drill hole); av. 330 m depth
Yanacocha, Peru
residual qtz
lithocap, Au ox
Carachugo
Diatreme
breccia w/
porphyry Cu
fragments
2 km
Alteration distribution
Diatreme
breccia w/
porphyry Cu
fragments,
0.2% Cu
“Stacked” lithocaps!
Strong lithologic
control to
residual quartz
llithocap: tuffs
“Stacked” lithocaps, upper barren...!
http://www.iamgold.com/presentations2006.asp
Longitudinal section, N-S
Loma Larga, ~ 3.3 Moz Au (2.1 Moz at 6.5 g/t Au, ~4 g/t cutoff, UG):
Know the stratigraphy! Drill sufficiently deep to test system
Geometry of lithocaps
(and high sulf’dn ore)
§ Lithocap: lithology-related
residual (vuggy) quartz + Lithology-
advanced argillic alteration controlled
horizon (“ledge”) lithocap
Mineralization
§ Structure-controlled feeder (enargite + Au)
zone
§ All lithocaps have feeders – Structure-
controlled
but not all feeders have
lithocaps (cf., Summitville)
§ Where mineralized, feeders
have higher grade than
lithocaps
Sillitoe, 1995
Chang and White, 2005
Hedenquist and Taran, 2013
Year discovery (production)

Miocene volcanic mid 80s (1993)
arc, Peru:
2000 (2005)
>100 Moz gold in high-
sulfidation lithocap-
hosted deposits, 1996 (1998)
discovered in ~16 years
Alto Chicama, Peru: 14 Moz Au PR
1997, 2000
(2002, 2004)
ARUNTANI
2008: CHUCAPACA
Late Miocene high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits

of the Aruntani district, southern Peru
Recent discovery of a new ore type in

an abandoned Pb-Zn-Ag vein mining district
Aruntani: Landsat TM, alteration, and lineaments (Alvaro Crosta)
0.4 Moz Au
2 Moz Au
High sulf’dn
High sulf’dn
Morche et al., 2004
Ag-Pb-Zn interm.
sulf’dn veins
Aruntani district: regional geological setting (based on INGEMMET, 2000)
Aruntani district: wrong formation, lithology, age, erosion; small, Ag
Aruntani: Volcanostratigraphy Mapping by Wolfgang Morche

7.0 ± 0.4
4.61 ± 0.34 8.3 ± 0.6

Alunite
8.2 ± 0.3
Tucari
Santa Rosa
6.6 ± 0.2
7.1 ± 0.2
Eruptive center
Arichua And 7.16 ± 0.22
Antajarane And Alunite
Huilcane And/Dac
Tucari And/Dac
Rhyodac QFP
Rhyodac domes
Rhyodac tuffs
Ichujasi And Aruntani: radiometric ages (m.y.)
Maure basin seds
France et al. 1985, Bradford, 1999, unpublished, 2004
Tucari, looking north:

dacite intrusion host to residual qtz, Au in oxide
5240
m
NW-SE section
through dome
>0.25
g/t Au
south slope: colluvial

scree, 1.5 g/t gold
Dante Loayza Raymundo Torres Jorge Barreda
Discovery of Santa Rosa (1997/2002, 0.4 Moz

Au) led to Tucari (2000/2004, 2+ Moz)
Reawakened interest in region...
Tucari, 2002: base at 4980 m
Aruntani discovery awakened interest in the area
Lago
Titicaca
Chucapaca
Aruntani
50 km
Chucapaca: Dacite dome,

lithocap alteration, …
but low grades
Canahuire pseudogossan 2 km NW, related to

polymictic fragmental body (intermediate sulf’dn)
Discovery Sept 2008: Buenaventura

Resource, mid 2011: 7.6 Moz Au eq.
Canahuire (San Augustine) resource model & pit shell
W E
1.3 km
350 m
100E
300W
g/t Au 700W
Looking North
Intermediate sulf’dn ore related to plunging fragmental

Think laterally (figuratively and literally)
Kunk Hill, qtz-alunite Biga peninsula,

NW Turkey
HD-1, 298 m @ 0.5

g/t Au, 0.53% Cu
Halilaga Cu-Au porphyry (250 Mt at 0.30% Cu, 0.32 g Au) http://pilotgold.com/
http://pilotgold.com/ , 2012
Halilaga district soil and

rock geochem over RTP
Kunk qtz-
alunite
Cajamarca district, Peru

Yanacocha district: oxidized high-sulfidation Au (51.9 Moz Au, PR)
Minas Conga, Perol: porphyry Au-Cu (641 Mt @ 0.3% Cu, 0.69 g/t Au)
Co. Corona: porphyry Au-Cu (~300 Mt @ 0.3% Cu, 0.5 g/t Au)
Michiquillay: porphyry Cu-Au (737 Mt @ 0.65% Cu, 0.16 g/t Au)
Galeno: porphyry (445 Mt, 0.38% Cu, 0.11 g/t Au)
Gustafson et al.,
2004 Paleozoic-Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks
Co. Corona
Perol-Cocanes
Cerro
Yanacocha 16-21 Ma
Galeno
8-12 Ma
Kupfertal Michiquillay
Cretaceous- Tertiary volcanic

Tertiary intrusive rocks
rocks
40 km
Barren lithocap on the shoulder

of a porphyry deposit
Co. Cocañez barren lithocap
Co. Cocañez: Barren (<0.1 g/t Au)

quartz-alunite lithocap (16.06
±0.11 Ma); related to Perol?
Minas Conga: Perol porphyry

(15.80±0.09 Ma), 10 km east of
Yanacocha (8-12 Ma) Perol Au-Cu porphyry
641 Mt, 0.3% Cu, 0.7 g/t Au
Assess level of erosion… Eroded (barren?) lithocaps:

on shoulder of intrusion
Lithocaps indicate potential Cocañez Chucapaca
for epithermal and/or deeper ~1 km ~2 km
porphyry Cu-Au deposits Perol Barren lithocap Canahuire
Intermediate
sulf’dn veins?
Patchy (dickite)
- pyrophyllite in
valleys; white
mica transition;
Porphyry stockwork veins
Cu-Au?
Sillitoe, 2010
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See discussions, stats, and author proﬁles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Presentation · February 2017

Mineral Resources View project

Porphyry copper exploration View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded ﬁle.

White Island, New

Exploration and discovery…

White Island, New Zealand: drowned fumaroles, 2004

Satsuma Iwojima, Japan

Porphyry systems High-sulfidation Au-Ag-Cu

Acid moat lake around dome,

Porphyry systems Residual quartz (vuggy),

Porphyry systems Residual quartz (vuggy)

Mankayan district, Philippines

Most (~70%) ore

Hedenquist et al., 1998;

Lepanto HS:> 0.9

Lepanto - Far Southeast deposits

Concepcion and Cinco, 1989;

Lepanto – Far Southeast, Philippines

Long section along Lepanto fault

Lateral hydraulic gradients coupled with increased reactivity

Quimsacocha (Loma Larga) HS Au, Ecuador

Exploration and discovery histories: Use of models

82 holes, 7656 m, av. 93 m (inclined)

IMG-122 (40th drill hole); av. 330 m depth

“Stacked” lithocaps, upper barren...!

Longitudinal section, N-S

Year discovery (production)

Alto Chicama, Peru: 14 Moz Au PR

Late Miocene high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits

Recent discovery of a new ore type in

Aruntani: Landsat TM, alteration, and lineaments (Alvaro Crosta)

Morche et al., 2004

Aruntani district: regional geological setting (based on INGEMMET, 2000)

Aruntani district: wrong formation, lithology, age, erosion; small, Ag

Aruntani: Volcanostratigraphy Mapping by Wolfgang Morche

4.61 ± 0.34 8.3 ± 0.6

Tucari, looking north:

south slope: colluvial

Dante Loayza Raymundo Torres Jorge Barreda

Discovery of Santa Rosa (1997/2002, 0.4 Moz

Tucari, 2002: base at 4980 m

Aruntani discovery awakened interest in the area

Chucapaca: Dacite dome,

Canahuire pseudogossan 2 km NW, related to

Discovery Sept 2008: Buenaventura

Canahuire (San Augustine) resource model & pit shell

Intermediate sulf’dn ore related to plunging fragmental

Kunk Hill, qtz-alunite Biga peninsula,

HD-1, 298 m @ 0.5

Halilaga Cu-Au porphyry (250 Mt at 0.30% Cu, 0.32 g Au) http://pilotgold.com/

Halilaga district soil and

Cajamarca district, Peru

Cretaceous- Tertiary volcanic

Barren lithocap on the shoulder

Co. Cocañez: Barren (<0.1 g/t Au)

Minas Conga: Perol porphyry

Assess level of erosion… Eroded (barren?) lithocaps:

Society of Economic Geologists (SEG)

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