2018-11-17, 11)40 AM

Module 4 – The Endocrine System and Reproduction

Unit 12: Reproduction
With completion of this unit, you will finish both Module 4 and the course itself. Here, you will study many
aspects of human reproduction including sex determination, gametogenesis, the male and female
reproductive systems, procreation, pregnancy, and parturition. Overlapping these studies, you will learn
how hormones control a multitude of processes involved in reproduction.

Learning objectives
Upon completion of this unit you should be able to:
· Describe and diagram the internal and external anatomy of both males and females.
· Describe the processes of sexual differentiation that occur during male and female embryonic
development.
· Contrast mitosis with meiosis, haploid with diploid, and autosomes with sex chromosomes.
· Describe and diagram the common hormonal control pathway that governs reproductive function in
both males and females. Include the feedback pathways on this diagram.
· Explain the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its significance to
reproductive physiology.
· Identify environmental factors that can influence reproductive physiology.
· Describe and diagram the process of spermatogenesis and explain the timeline on which this
occurs. Identify anatomical structures and the roles of hormones involved.
· Describe and diagram oogenesis and explain the timeline on which this occurs.
· Describe and diagram the menstrual cycle and its complex hormonal control patterns.
· Describe the erection reflex and describe the four phases of the human sexual response.
· Describe and diagram the process of fertilization and embryo implantation in the endometrium.
· Describe the role of the hormones secreted by the placenta during pregnancy.
· Describe what we currently understand about the processes of labour and parturition.
· Describe milk and colostrum production and let-down.

! Read the following subheadings in Chapter 26 of your textbook:

· 26.1 Sex Determination (Page 801)
o Sex Chromosomes Determine Genetic Sex (8021)
o Sexual Differentiation Occurs Early in Development (802)
· 26.2 Basic Patterns of Reproduction (806)
o Gametogenesis Begins in Utero (806)
o The Brain Directs Reproduction (807)
o Environmental Factors Influence Reproduction (810)
· 26.3 Male Reproduction (810)
o Testes Produce Sperm and Hormones (811)
o Spermatogenesis Requires Gonadotropins and Testosterone (814)
o Male Accessory Glands Contribute Secretions to Semen (815)
o Androgens Influence Secondary Sex Characteristics (815)
· 26.4 Female Reproduction (815)
o The Ovary Produces Eggs and Hormones (818)

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o A Menstrual Cycle Lasts about One Month (818)

o Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Is Complex (819)
o Hormones Influence Female Secondary Sex Characteristics (823)
· 26.5 Procreation (823)
o The Human Sexual Response Has Four Phases (823)
o The Male Sex Act Includes Erection and Ejaculation (824)
o Sexual Dysfunction Affects Males and Females (824)
o Contraceptives Are Designed to Prevent Pregnancy (825)
· 26.6 Pregnancy and Parturition (826)
o Fertilization Requires Capacitation (826)
o The Developing Embryo Implants in the Endometrium (827)
o The Placenta Secretes Hormones During Pregnancy (827)
o Pregnancy Ends with Labor and Delivery (830)
o The Mammary Glands Secrete Milk During Lactation (830)

" Complete the following MasteringA&P tutorial:

· Unit 12 – Reproduction

" Optional – Complete the following MasteringA&P Dynamic Study Modules:

· Overview of reproduction and male reproduction
· Female reproduction, pregnancy, and parturition

After you finished the above readings and tutorials and before you proceed to the quiz, you should
revisit the learning objectives at the start of the unit and be sure you have met them all.

? Complete the MasteringA&P quiz entitled “Quiz 12 – Reproduction”

o Check your course schedule for the due date of this quiz. There will be no make-up quizzes.
o This quiz is worth 2% of your final grade. (Your two lowest quiz marks will be disregarded.)
Unit Summary
By the end of this unit, you should know the basic physiological processes involved in human reproduction
starting from sex determination, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, menstruation, procreation, pregnancy, and
parturition. You should also understand how the endocrine and nervous systems are involved in the
control of these processes.
Module Summary
After completing Module 4, you should have a good understanding of how hormones are produced,
controlled, their mechanisms of action as they control a large number of physiological processes
throughout the body including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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