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Abstract—This paper introduces a fuel cell (FC) emulator based gasoline and other fossil fuels. FCs run on hydrogen, the
on experimentally validated dynamic solid oxide FC (SOFC) and simplest element and the most plentiful gas in the universe.
proton exchange membrane FC (PEMFC) models for power elec- It has the highest energy content per unit weight of all the
tronics converter design and test, and fault diagnosis and mitiga-
tion. The FC emulation developed includes both the steady-state fuels (52 000 Btu/lb or three times the energy of a pound of
and transient responses of an FC. A Matlab/Simulink environment gasoline). Fuels, like natural gas, methanol, or even gasoline
is used to implement the FC model, convert and compile it into can be reformed to produce the hydrogen required for the FCs.
a C-program and build into real-time control, which is finally Most studies have been focusing on modeling, simulation,
programmed into a dSPACE and/or DSP controller for prototype and optimization of an FC. The FC models are complex and
testing and design and field testing. The output of the controller
is sent to a linear power amplifier (power converter) that drives computationally slow, which makes it impossible for real-time
a power converter or a load. Experimental test was carried out emulation [1]–[3]. The use of an actual FC in a prototype design
to observe the steady-state and transient responses of the FC and testing of power electronic converters for interconnecting
emulator. Both implementation methods show very good results an FC to a load is expensive, and any failure will damage
when compared with the experimental data. the FC. Hence, a simple FC model, which is experimentally
Index Terms—Converter, DSP, emulation, fuel cell (FC), verified, is used to design an FC emulator. The FC emulator will
simulation. replace the actual FC for design and testing. The FC emulator is
cheaper than real FCs, safer for testing products, has a compact
I. I NTRODUCTION design that allows mobility, and with scalable output voltage
and power levels.
T HE WORLD is facing major challenges in energy demand
for a variety of stationary applications including indus-
tries, schools, hospitals, houses, etc., as well as in transportation
Some research studies have been done on simulators and
emulators for different applications. Solar photovoltaic (PV)
applications, while striving to minimize adverse environmental and battery emulators can be mentioned as the well-studied
impacts. Currently, fossil fuels are the most dominant sources emulators [4]–[6]. The V –I curve of a solar PV panel is
of energy in most applications. They have low efficiencies, are reproduced by a solar PV emulator [4]. The emulator is used
unfriendly to the environment, and their source is depleting in power electronics design and testing and reduces the overall
with time, not to mention foreign-country dependence. More- cost, particularly for high-power solar PV panel. A battery-
over, the trend of increasing energy demand will require the emulator study was done in [5] and [6]. The emulator replaces
construction of new gasoline engines and fossil-fuel-engine the real battery to reduce cost and pollution. Rechargeable
power stations. Alternative energy sources can contribute to batteries were tried but failed to reproduce the same characteris-
the increasing energy demands for stationary applications and tics repeatedly and consistently due to aging. Nonrechargeable
transportation applications. Fuel cells (FCs) are an important batteries were expensive, not to mention that they introduce
energy technology for the hydrogen economy and have the pollution to the environment.
potential to revolutionize the way power is generated. They The demand of FCs for small-scale stationary and trans-
offer cleaner more efficient alternatives to the combustion of portation applications is greatly increasing, which makes FC
emulators important for design, testing, and fault diagnosis.
Paper ICPSD-09-42, presented at the 2008 Industry Applications Society
Existing FC simulators and emulators are based on curve
Annual Meeting, Edmonton, AB, Canada, October 5–9, and approved for fitting, cell equivalent-impedance model, and a real single FC
publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by as a reference model [7]–[11]. An FC simulator based on
the Energy Systems Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society.
Manuscript submitted for review November 15, 2008 and released for publi-
a computer-controlled power rectifier of a proton exchange
cation June 3, 2009. Current version published January 20, 2010. membrane (PEM) FC (PEMFC) is proposed in [7]. The slow
A. Gebregergis is with the Innovation Center, Delphi Steering Saginaw, dynamic response of the power rectifier and lack of available
Saginaw, MI 48601 USA (e-mail: abraham.g.gebregergis@delphi.com).
P. Pillay is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, FC model parameters are some of the drawbacks. A cubic
Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4G 2M1, Canada (e-mail: pillay@encs. polynomial function was used to curve fit the steady-state V –I
concordia.ca). polarization curve of experimentally obtained data from a real
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. FC test [8]. The model is applicable for steady-state response
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2009.2036676 only; it lacks transient response. A related study on a simulator
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286 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010
II. FC E MULATOR I MPLEMENTATION U SING where V is the volume of the electrode, N in is the input mole
A dSPACE C ONTROLLER flow rate, Px is the partial pressure at the exit, Kx is the molar
valve constant, C = V /RT is the capacitance, Rx = 1/Kx is
SOFC and PEMFC models are implemented in a Matlab/ the resistance, Kr = N r /4F is a constant, I in and Vx are the
Simulink as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 shows the building voltage current and voltage equivalent to N in and Px , and x is the
blocks of the terminal voltage of the FC model. The termi- individual species.
nal voltage is given as the summation of four voltage-block
models: the Nernst reversible voltage, the activation drop, the
concentration drop, and the ohmic drop. This was programmed B. Activation Voltage Drop
into the rs1104 R&D dSPACE real-time controller of Fig. 3 The activation voltage drop is expressed by the Butler–
for prototype design and testing. The output voltage from Volmer formula (5) for all cell current values [2]. The
the dSPACE controller is used as a reference control to the Butler–Volmer formula is reduced to (6) if α1 = α2 for imple-
linear power amplifier connected to the dc-dc converter (under mentation reasons. This voltage drop is dominant at low cell-
test) or directly to a load. The dSPACE controller has a 12-b current values only. The Matlab/Simulink implementation of
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for reading the measurement the activation voltage drop Vact is shown in Fig. 6
inputs from the sensors, an embedded DSP controller where
the FC model and pulsewidth modulation (PWM) controller Ifc = I0 e(α1 F/RT )Vact − e(−α2 F/RT )Vact (5)
are loaded, a 12-b digital-to-analog converter to interface the
reference cell voltage of the FC model to the power amplifier, RT
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GEBREGERGIS AND PILLAY: IMPLEMENTATION OF FUEL CELL EMULATION ON DSP AND dSPACE CONTROLLERS 287
density of the cell for a given flow rate. The output Vcon in the
Simulink model of Fig. 7 represents the concentration drop
RT Ifc
Vcon = − ln 1 − (7)
nF IL
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288 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010
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GEBREGERGIS AND PILLAY: IMPLEMENTATION OF FUEL CELL EMULATION ON DSP AND dSPACE CONTROLLERS 289
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290 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010
Fig. 13. V –I polarization curves at 800 ◦ C operating temperature and four Fig. 14. V –I polarization curves at 850 ◦ C operating temperature and four
flow rates. (a) V –I curves at 31 mL/min. (b) V –I curves at 36 mL/min. flow rates. (a) V –I curves at 31 mL/min. (b) V –I curves at 36 mL/min.
(c) V –I curves at 41 mL/min. (d) V –I curves at 51 mL/min. (c) V –I curves at 41 mL/min. (d) V –I curves at 51 mL/min.
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GEBREGERGIS AND PILLAY: IMPLEMENTATION OF FUEL CELL EMULATION ON DSP AND dSPACE CONTROLLERS 291
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292 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010
Fig. 16. Cell current response for a decrease in the flow rate at constant cell Fig. 17. Dynamic response of the cell current for a step change in the
voltage of 0.65 V and 850 ◦ C operating temperature. (a) Response for a flow cell voltage at constant flow rate of 45 mL/min and temperature of 800 ◦ C.
change from 35 to 40 mL/min. (b) Response for a flow change from 40 to (a) Response for voltage change from 0.6 to 0.5 V. (b) Response for voltage
45 mL/min. (c) Response for a flow change from 45 to 50 mL/min. (d) Response change from 0.7 to 0.6 V. (c) Response for voltage change from 0.8 to 0.7 V.
for a flow change from 40 to 35 mL/min. (e) Response for a flow change from (d) Response for voltage change from 0.9 to 0.8 V. (e) Response for voltage
45 to 40 mL/min. (f) Response for a flow change from 50 to 45 mL/min. change from 0.6 to 0.7 V. (f) Response for voltage change from 0.7 to 0.9 V.
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GEBREGERGIS AND PILLAY: IMPLEMENTATION OF FUEL CELL EMULATION ON DSP AND dSPACE CONTROLLERS 293
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