Ka:14 wkigi

FIRST DRAFT

TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS
ON
SEWAGE MANAGEMENT VIES

Page 1 of 64
SN TOPIC Page

1 Introduction 2-3

2 Planning of Central Sewage Schemes 4-8

3 Gravity and Pressure Sewers 9-15

4 Design of Gravity Sewer Network 16-23

5 Maintenance of Gravity Sewers 24-26

6 Pumping Stations 27-31

7 Sewage Treatment 32-42

8 Decentralized Treatment 43-45

9 Reuse of Sewage 46-54

10 Handling Sewage in Cold Climate 55-63

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1. Introduction.

1.1 Sewerage and Sewage Disposal as described in Scales of Accommodation

(SoA) is reproduced below.

"2.15 Sewerage and Sewage Disposal

2.15.1 Provision of water borne sanitation and all connected sewage

disposal works are authorised. Water borne sanitation may also be provided
in operational areas in stations earmarked for provision of built up
accommodation to meet the long term requirements.
2.15.2Where corporation or municipality schemes and facilities for sewerage
and sewage disposal are already existing and are available, arrangement
shall be made for linking with the same. In stations where such facilities are
not avai'able, independent and adequate arrangements with technically
complete systems for sewerage and sewage disposal may be provided. Soil
and other technical investigations necessary for this purpose are also
authorised."

1.2 The objective of a sewage collection, treatment and disposal system is to

ensure that sewage discharged from communities is properly collected, transported
and treated to the required degree in short, medium and long-term planning and
disposed-off/reused without causing any health or environmental problems.

1.3 When untreated sewage accumulates and is allowed to become septic, the
decomposition of its organic matter leads to nuisance conditions including the
production of malodorous gases. In addition, untreated sewage contains numerous
pathogens that dwell in the human intestine tract. Sewage also contains nutrients,
which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and may contain toxic compounds
or compounds that are potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic. For these reasons, the
immediate and nuisance-free removal of sewage from its sources of generation
followed by treatment, reuse or dispersal into the environment in an eco-friendly
manner is necessary to protect public health and environment.

1.4 Sewage when collected from communities can be perceived as a "water

conveyor belt". Its treatment can be perceived as "unloading the conveyor belt" to
make the belt useable again. The crucial issue is water in the conveyor belt. Hence,
the treated sewage must ultimately return to the receiving water body or to the land
or it could be reused for specific applications after appropriate treatment.

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-first Draft of TI I &Do 2015

1.5 The reuse of treated effluent and disposal of sludge are vexing problems for
engineers and require careful considerations. Certain challenges peculiar to MES
are; design of initial stretches of gravity sewers, maintenance of deep but small size
sewers and near absence of bacterial activity in High Altitude Area.

1.6 Sewage Management can be described in six stages as depicted in table 1 below.
The first stage provides information about quality and quantity of sewage generated which is
vital for design of sewer network and STPs. The second stage, i.e. collection is considered
part of plumbing hence beyond the scope of traditional sewage management. However, for
High Altitude Areas (HAA) certain essential special provisions are required in traps, WCs
and the building sewers to make sewerage system functional. These issues are discussed
separately being exclusive to HAA.

1.7 For normal conditions sewage management starts at first manhole of building sewer,
i.e. third stage onwards. Gravity sewers including appurtenances, lift stations and pressure
sewers form part of this stage. The treatment stage includes STPs right from screens, septic
tank, package type plants, ponds, disinfection, adsorption, filtration and labs. Disposal
includes conveyance to water body or land, outfall, connection to municipal sewer, soaks-
wells and biological filters. The word 'reuse', although do not find direct mention in scales of
accommodation is technically a method of final disposal and also it is in accordance with
National Water Policy. Water bodies or Eco lakes, for storage of treated wastewater form
part of this 'Resue' stage. These water bodies can also be designed for final disposal
through evaporation or by percolation or together by both processes.

Table 1 : Stages of Sewage Management

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di TI

2. Planning of Central Sewage Schemes

2.1 Estimation of Design Flows

2.1.1 Design Period. Design period for various components of sewerage

system is given in table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1 : Design Period of Sewerage Components

1 Conventional UG Gravity Sewers 30 years

2 All non-conventional sewers including 15 years

shallow sewers, pressure sewers and
vacuum sewers.

3 Pumping Mains 30 years

4 Pumping Stations — Civil Works 30 years

5 Pumping Machinery 15 years

6 Sewage Treatment Plant 15 years

7 Effluent Disposal 30 years

8 Effluent Utilization 15 years or as the

case may be.

2.1.2 Population to be served. Details of both present and ultimate population

to be served are required to be obtained from station authorities. Transit population,
if any, will also be taken into account. For ultimate population the load as per
approved zonal plan must be considered.

2.1.3 Quantity of Water from residential Areas. State of water supply is

essential to work out quantity of sewage from each building. Therefore use and
occupancy of building should be known. Scales of Accommodation (SoA) has given
detailed water authorisation for various types of users and usages. Water
consumption in residential units as per SoA has been worked out and listed in table
2.2. In case present supply of water is less than ultimate authorized water
requirement, then sewers will be designed for present conditions and checked for
ultimate scenario.

Page 5 of 64
 ';usf Draft of TI 1 Set) 2015

Table 2.2 :Water Consumption in residential Units

Type of Resident Water per

dwelling unit
(lid)
1 Md Officers (Mil/Civ) Intl servant family (Non Hilly 2250
Area)
2 Md Officer (Mil/Civincl servant family) (Hilly Area) 1600

3 Un-Md Officers (MiVCiv) Intl one servant (Non 450

Hilly Area)
4 Un-Md Officer (Mil/Civ) Intl one servant (Hilly 320
Area)
5 JCO/NCO/OR/Civ Sub and equivalent (Non Hilly 1025
Area)
6 Md JCO/NCO/OR/Civ Sub and equivalent (Hilly 725
Area)
7 Un-Md JCO/NCO/OR/Civ Sub and equivalent (Non 205
Hill Area)

8 Un-Md JCO/NCO/OR/Civ Sub and equivalent Hill 145

Area)

2.1.4 SoA has also given quantity of water from Hospitals/Institutes/Public

Places. The same are summarised in table 2.3 and 2.4 respectively. However,
important institutes which do not find mention in SoA but are available in
CPHEEO manual (2013) are also listed in table 2.5.

Table 2.3:Scale of normal water supply at Hospitals.

Arrangement is to be made to supply following quantities of

water per bed per day in hospital building apart from the
requirement of water for fire fighting purpose & horticulture and
landscaping which shall be calculated separately in
accordance with prevailing norms: -

bed strength up to 199 bed 350 litres per bed per day

bed strength of 200-399 beds 400 litres per bed per day

bed strength of 400-599 beds 450 litres per bed per day

bed strength of 600 beds and over 500 litres per bed per
including Command Hospitals and day.
Army Hospital

Page 6 of 64
 =' ,1;t Craft of TI 1 Sep 2015

Table 2.4 : Water Supply in Institutes/ Work Places

_
SN Type of Water Remarks
Institution supply l/d

1 Unit Shops and 70 (45 for Scale per head working in ships
Shopping Centre Hills) authorized scale of water supply to be
worked out at 42 persons per 1000
troops (WE)

2 Cafeterias and 1135

Canteens (910 for
Hills)

3 Bazar Population 160 (115 Authorized scale of water supply for

for Hills) bazaar population to be worked out at
180 persons per 1000 troops (WE)

4 Animals 70 70 Itr per animal. Animals strength to be

worked out as per PE/WE of the unit.

5 Vehicles and 45 45 IV
Aircrafts

6 Dhobi Ghat 1365 litres per day per stone. Consider

one stone per 75 men

7 Labour 45 (15 for Authorised scale of water supply to be

Employed in Hills) worked out at 94 persons per 1000
Depots and troops strength of unit (WE)
Installations

Table 2.5 Water supply at institutes as per CPHEEO

Institute Water supply (litres)

Hostels or Boarding Schools 135 Ipcd

Restaurants 70 per seat

Airport and Seaport duty staff 70 Ipcd

Airport and Seaport passenger 15 Ipcd

Day Schools / Factories, duty staff 45 Ipcd

Page 7 of 64
 F ;rs1 Draft of T1 I Sop 2015

2.1.4 Quantity of water contributing to sewage flow. The entire spent water of
a community should normally contribute to the total flow in a sanitary sewer.
However, the observed dry weather flow quantities usually are slightly less than the
per capita water consumption. since some water is lost in evaporation, seepage into
ground, leakage etc. In arid regions, mean sewage flows may be as little as 40% of
water consumption and jn well developed areas; flows may be as high as 90%.
However, the conventional sewers shall be designed for a minimum sewage flow of
100 litres per capita per day or higher as the case may be.

2.1.5 Daily variation of sewage flow. The flow in sewers varies from hour
to hour and seasonally. However, for the purpose of hydraulic design
estimated peak flows are adopted. The peak factor or the ratio of maximum to
average flows depends upon contributory population as given in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 : Peak and Lean Factors for contributory population

SN Contributory Population Peak Factor Lean Factor

1 < 5000 * 4.0 0.25

2 5000 — 20,000 3.0 0.3

3 20,000 — 50,000 2.50 0.4

4 50,000 — 7,50,000 2.25 0.45

* Facto for population < 5000, adopted from Wastewater Engineering by Metcalf and Eddy.

2.1.6 Ground Water Infiltration. Estimate of flow in sanitary sewers

may include certain flows due to infiltration of groundwater through joints.
Since sewers are designed for peak discharges, allowances for groundwater
infiltration for the worst condition in the area should be made as in Table 2.7.
Once the flow is estimated as per this tabulation, the design infiltration value
shall be limited to a maximum of 10% of the design value of sewage flow.

Table 2.7 : Ground Water Infiltration

Minimum Maximum

1 Litres/ha/day 5000 50000

2 Litres/Km/day 500 5000

3 Litres/day/Manhole 250 500

Note: Maximum increase in design flow to be restricted to 10%.

Page 8 of 64
 First Draft or TI 1 Sep 2015

2.1.7 Non municipal (Sewage) Effluent to be discouraged. Mixing of

industrial/ hospital /butchery effluents through discharge into sewers is
undesirable due to the possible detrimental effects of such effluent on the
operation of biological sewage treatment process. These effluents are to be
treated separately.

2.1.8 Storm Runoff The sanitary sewers are not expected to receive
storm water. Strict inspection, vigilance, and proper design and construction of
sewers and manholes should eliminate this flow or bring it down to a very
insignificant quantity.

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3. Gravity and Pressure Sewers

Normally as a layman, the word 'Sewer' is used for 'gravity sewers'. Majority
of sewer network is made up of gravity sewers where flow takes place under gravity.
In addition pressure sewers are also used in MES where flow is under pressure and
slope of ground does not have any role. Vacuum sewers, a new concept, are not yet
used in MES.

3.1 Minimum Diameter of Gravity Sewers. Minimum diameter of gravity sewers

will be 150 mm.

3.2 Material of gravity sewers. Sewer pipes are made of various materials
i.e. concrete, CI, DI, DWPE, HDPE, Steel etc. It will be useful 'to keep in mind that
sewers pass through a whole length of roads in a habitation. Varying soil conditions,
bedding conditions, locations, etc., will also be encountered at various places.
Hence, a particular pipe material may be suitable in a particular location but may
require some other material at some other locations. SWG pipes which were
commonly used hitherto, are now discontinued in MES and in other
government departments due to their inherent limitation of short length, poor
strength, slow laying and requirement of skilled labour for jointing.

3.2.1 DWCPE sewers. Double Wall Corrugated Polyethylene (DWCPE)

pipes are produced globally and in India. IS code, BIS 16098 (Part 2): 2013
(Structures Wall Plastics Piping Systems for Non Pressure Drainage and
Sewerage — Specification), has recently been published about specification of
these pipes in India. It has a corrugated profiled outer surface wall and
smooth inner wall. The advantages of these pipes offering smooth interior
surfaces and relatively offering highest resistance to corrosion are recognized
and they are light in weight. An additional criterion is the ability of these pipes
to withstand the mechanical jet rodding machines to clear the obstructions in
sewers. In India, DWCPE pipes are produced from the sizes 75 mm ID to
1,000 mm ID with a standard length of 6 (six) meters for easy transportation
and handling and to reduce the number of joints required. Certain precautions
are to be taken in laying of these pipes which are listed below.

3.2.1.a Precautions for DWPCE Pipes:-

Not to be used in location subjected to vehicular load but has

insufficient cover

(ii) Not to be used in areas subjected to third party interference.

e.g. excavations within 2m of pipeline by other parties.

(ill) Not to be used in ground offering low side support strength to

the pipe.

(iv) Not to be used in ground which allows migration of pipe

embedment material.

Page 10 of 64
 (v) Not to be used in ground contaminated with deleterious
chemicals

(vi) Not to be used for above ground installation.

(vii) Not suitable as reticulations systems except for special

applications.

(viii) In areas of high water table. safeguards against uplift by

providing venteak piles must be taken.

3.2 2 Concrete pipes. Non-pressure (NP-2 and NP-3) pipes for gravity
flow sewers should be confirming to the IS 458. The advantages of concrete
pipes are the relative ease with which the required strength may be provided,
feasibility of adopting a wide range of pipe sizes and the rapidity with which
the trench may be backfilled. However, these pipes are subject to crown
corrosion by sulphide gas, mid depth water line corrosion by sulphate and
outside deterioration by sulphate from soil water. These shall be
manufactured with sulphate resistant cement and with high alumina coating
on the inside at the manufacturers works itself. Protective measures as
outlined in corrosion protection in sewers shall be provided where excessive
corrosion is likely to occur.

3.2.2.a Precautions for Concrete pipes:-

(i)Concrete pipes are not suitable for high sulphate

levels in sewage / soil water, unless good lining such
as HDPE/GRP/PVC/PE/CM with sulphate resistant
cement lining is provided or pipe manufactured with
sulphate resistant cement or Alumina cement. The
quality of the lining shall be ensured by the competent
authority .

(ii) These are not suitable in aggressive

soils/groundwater or tidal zone unless sulphate
resistant cement or high alumina cement is used in
manufacture.

3.2.3 Cast Iron. Cast iron pipes with a variety of jointing methods are
used for pressure sewers, sewers above ground surface, submerged outfalls,
piping in sewage treatment plants and occasionally on gravity sewers where
absolutely water-tight joints are essential or where special considerations
require their use. IS 1536 and IS 1537 give the specifications for spun, and
%,..irtically cast pipes respectively. These pipes are av ailable in diameters from
80 mm to 1050 mm and are covered with protective coatings. Pipes are
supplied in 3.66 m and 5.5 m lengths and a variety of joints are available
including socket, spigot, and flanged joints. These pipes have been classified
as LA, A and B according to their thickness. Class LA pipes have been taken

Page 11 of 64
 as the basis for evolving the series of pipes. Class A pipes allow 10 °A>
increase in thickness over class LA. Class B pipes allows 20 % increase in
thickness over class LA. The advantage of cast iron pipes are long laying
lengths with tight joints, ability when properly designed to withstand relatively
high internal pressure and external loads and corrosion resistance in most
natural soils. They are however subject to corrosion by acids or highly septic
sewage and acidic soils. Whenever it is necessary to deflect pipes from a
straight line either in the horizontal or in the vertical plane, the amount of
deflection allowed should not normally exceed 2.5 degrees for lead caulked
joints. In mechanical joints, the deflection shall be limited to 5 degrees for 80
to 300 mm diameter and 4 degrees for 350 to 400 mm diameter pipes. Inside
coating shall be by Cement mortar and outer coating shall be coal tar both
carried out at the manufacturer's works and conforming to the relevant BIS
standards/codes of practice.

3.2.3.a Precautions for Cast Iron Pipes:-

(I) These pipes should never to be used near buried electricity

transmission high tension cables.

(ii) Wherever used above ground, supports at each pipe length shall
be ensured without any subsidence.

(iii) Pipes with external synthetic coatings not to be used in marine

coastal environments to prevent leaching of constituent chemicals
into the environment.

3.2.4 Ductile Iron Pipes. The ductile iron pipes have excellent properties of
machainability, impact resistance, high wear and tear resistance, high tensile
strength and ductility and corrosion resistance. DI pipes, having same
composition of CI pipe, will have same expected life as that of CI pipes. They
are strong, both inner and outer surfaces are smooth, free from lumps, cracks,
blisters and scars. The ductile iron pipes stand up to hydraulic pressure tests
as required by service regulations. These pipes are approximately 30 %
lighter than conventional cast iron pipes. The ductile iron pipes are lined with
cement mortar in the factory by centrifugal process and unlined ductile iron
pipes are also available. The Indian standard IS 8329 provides specification
for the centrifugally cast ductile iron pipes (similar to ISO 2531 and EN 1994).
These pipes are available in the range of 80 mm to 1000 mm diameter, in
lengths of 5.5 to 6 m. These pipes are manufactured in the country with ISO
9002 accreditation. The ductile iron fittings are manufactured conforming to IS
9523. The joints for ductile iron pipes are suitable for use of rubber gaskets
conforming to IS 5383. The ductile iron pipes are usually provided with
cement mortar lining at the factory by centrifugal process to ensure a uniform
thickness throughout its length.

3 2.4.a Precautions for DI pipes.

Same as those for Cl pipes as mentioned ante at 3.2.3.a.

3.3 Pressurized Sewers

Page 12 of 64
 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 201 `

3.3.1 Pressurized sewers. CI or DI as described above, are for collecting sewage

from multiple sources to deliver to an existing collection sewer, and/or to the STP
and are not dependent on gravity and thus topography is not a challenge. Typically,
sewage from establishments in the vicinity is collected in a well fitted with
submersible pump to lift and inject the sewage to a sewer on the shoulder of the
roadway. The principle advantages of pressurized sewers are the ability to sewer
areas with undulating terrain, rocky soil conditions and high groundwater tables as
pressurized sewers can be laid close to the ground and anchored well. Besides there
cannot be infiltration, and exfiltration is quickly detected. Pressure pipes essentially
are smaller diameter pipes and, above all, do not require manholes. Road crossings,
cutting of trenches and disruptions of traffic can also be avoided using trenchless
technology.

3.4. Hydraulics of gravity sewers.

3.4.1 Design Velocities in Gravity Sewers. In the design of sanitary sewers, an

attempt shall be made to obtain adequate scouring velocities at the average or at
least at the maximum flow at the beginning of the design period. The flow velocity in
the sewers shall be such that the suspended materials in sewage are not silted up;
i.e., the velocity shall be such as to cause automatic self-cleansing effect. The
generation of such a minimum self-cleansing velocity in the sewer, at least once a
day is important, because if depositions are takes place and is not removed, it will
obstruct free flow, causing further deposition and finally leading to the complete
blocking of the sewer. The smooth interior surface of a sewer pipe gets eroded due
to continuous abrasion caused by the suspended solids present in sewage. It is,
therefore, necessary to limit the maximum velocity in the sewer pipe. This limiting or
non-scouring velocity will mainly depend upon the material of the sewer. Gravity
sewers shall be designed for the velocities as in Table 3.4.1 below.

Table 3.4.1 : Design velocities to be ensured in Gravity Sewers

SN Criteria Value

1 Minimum velocity at initial peak flow 0.6 m/s

Minimum velocity at ultimate peak flow 0.8 m/s

3 Maximum velocity 3.0 m/s

Note: In hilly areas, if such velocities exceed 3.0 m/sec, provision of structures like
drop manholes will be made to dissipate the energy. Alternately, use of C! and Dl pipes
shall be made with socket and spigot joints and 0 rings and the sockets facinqphill

Page 13 of 64
 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

3.4.2 Manning's Formula for Gravity Flow.

V = {1/n} x {Wax S72},

For circular conduits,

V = {1/n} x {3.968 x 103} x D2/3x 572 ,

Q= {1/n} x {3.118x 10.6} x D267x S"2

V Velocity in m/s,

n Manning's coefficient of roughness as given in table 4.2 below,

R Hydraulic radius in m,

S Slope of hydraulic gradient,

D = Internal diameter of sewer in mm,

Q = Discharge in 1/s

Table 3.4.2 : Manning's formula and roughness coefficients

Type of Material with surface condition Manning's coefficient 'n'

Cement Concrete pipes with collar joints (FAIR SURFACE) 0.015

Cement Concrete pipes with collar joints (GOOD SURFACE) 0.013

CI / DI (Unlined) 0.013

CI / DI (With spun cement mortar lining) 0.011

DWCPE 0.010

3.4.3 Hydraulic elements for circular sewers. By using manning's equation velocity
and discharge for partially full circular sewer can be obtained. A traditional chart to
avoid lengthy calculations is shown below in fig 4.1. However, using this chart itself
is very cumbersome anJ not very accurate. A computer programme in MS Excel
spread s:ieet can be developed for accurate results.

Page 14 of 64
 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

Figure 3.4.1: Hydraulic — Element graph for circular sewers

VALUES OF erri

Lo

n, variable
f depth with \
09
— — — n, f constant /
— - — independent of n, f Il
0.1
/ I r
. / 1
/
0.7 / .#
. ..... /

0.6
/
/ '

,
/.
/

HYD
•
.c

•
03

0.4
ri - Ani

Jr
▪ 03
i
A1011
ce

0.2

0.1

0
'
0.1 0.2 03 0.4 03. 0.6 0.7 QS Q9 1.0 11 1.2 13

Hydraulic elements *, -g-, SAND

3.4.4 Design Depth of Flow Sewers shall not run full as otherwise the pressure
will rise above or fall below the atmospheric pressure and condition of open channel
flow will cease to exist. Moreover, from consideration of ventilation, sewers should
not be designed to run full. Small sewers, upto 300 mm, should be designed for half
flow full at ultimate load. Higher diameter sewers will be designed for 0.8 flow full at
ultimate load.

3.4.5 Slope of Gravity Sewers Slope of sewer shall never be milder than shown in
table 4.3 below. In MES, it becomes difficult to have self-cleansing velocity at initial
stretches of sewers in plain areas. Theoretical calculations will show requirement of
very steep slope but slopes steeper than 1 in 75 should be avoided. In exceptional
cases if site conditions demand, slope up-to 1 in 50 may be provided fur small
stretch& only. Automatic flushing tank may be provided to a:oid steep slopes t cope
up with such situations in accordance with IS 4111 part II. Requirement of water for
various slopes is listed in table 4.3. In hilly terrain, normally, maximum velocity
becomes guiding factor rather than self-cleansing velocity.

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 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

Table 4.3 : Min slopes of gravity sewer and water requirement for automatic
flushing tanks
Sewer Min Slope Water requirement for automatic flushing tanks at
Diameter 1 in . various slopes
(mm) Slope 1 in 50 Slope 1 in 100 Slope 1 in 200

150 170 400 1100

200 250 500 1300 2300
250 360 1800 2500
300 450 3000
375 670
450 830
>525 1000

3.4.6 Sewers Flowing Under Pressure. The hydraulic analysis of pumping

mains is approached based on turbulent flow conditions to ensure that the
suspended matter does not settle during pumping. Hazen-Williams formula as given
below, is used for calculating velocity in circular sewers under pressure.

V = 4.567 x 10 3x C xD°•°3x S°•54

Where,
D: Internal diameter of pipe in mm
V : Velocity in m/s
S: Slope of hydraulic gradient and
C : Hazen — Williams coefficient as in Table 4.4
Table 4.4 : Hazen- Williams coefficients for design
Conduit Material Coefficient

Cl/ DI 100
Mild Steel 100
Lined with cement mortal or epoxy CI / Dl 140 '

Page 16 of 64
 Design of Gravity Sewer Network

4.1 BASIC ENGINEERING DATA REQUIRED. Before the sewer network can
be designed, accurate information regarding the site conditions is essential. This
information may vary with the individual scheme but, shall in general, cover by the
following:

4.1.1 Site plan A layout plan of the site to scale (preferably

1:2500) with contours, road formation levels, level of the outfall, location of
wells, underground sumps and other drinking water sources. Existing
sewerage system with diameter, slope, load and invert level of sewers. Layout
plan must show all accommodations with intended use, population and
quantity of water being supplied/ authorized. This data is essential to ensure
merger of existing system in the proposed system. Proposed layout with
wastewater likely to be generated at every node must be worked out.
Problems of maintenance of existing sewers with reasons for its discard
should also be recorded.

4.1.2 Zonal Plan with population density showing existing and ultimate
population.

4.1.3 The requirements of local bye-laws for discharge of treated

effluent and its reuse.

4.1.4 Subsoil conditions Subsoil conditions govern the choice of

design of the sewer and the method of excavation. Depth of groundwater
table and its seasonal fluctuation affecting construction, sewer infiltration &
structural design (uplift considerations). In the absence of any records,
preliminary data should be collected by carrying out at least 3 trial bores or 3
trial pits per hectare.

4.1.5 Climate of Site Average temperature of warmest and

coldest three months, Yearly highest and coldest temp, snow fall (for High
Altitude Areas), yearly average rainfall with highest monthly rain, days of
cloud cover in a year, prominent direction of wind. Climatic data become more
important when site is in extreme cold climate.

4.1.6 Location of other services. It includes position, depth and size of

all other pipes, mains, cables, gas pipes, telephone cables, drains, existing
sewers, under-ground structures or other services in the vicinity of the
proposed work.

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 4.1.7 Tentative sites available for STP, sewage pumping station
(SPS) and disposal works, considering flooding conditions.

4.1.8 Available hydraulic head in the system up to high flood level in

case of disposal to a nearby river or high tide level in case cf coastal
discharge or the level of the irrigation area to be commanded in case of land
disposal.

4.1.9 Soil bearing capacity and type of strata expected to be met with
in ccnstruction and Seismic zone of site. These data are required for
structural design of structures particularly at location of STP and Wet wells.
For the network of sewers general assessment of soil characteristics based
on the similar parameters for foundations of nearby structures can be safely
adopted. In case significant variation of soil strata from nearby structures is
expected, detailed point specific survey may be done.

4.1.10. Water Supply. Water reliability, augmentation steps,

seasonal variations in water supply during drought conditions or troop
movement must be recorded.

4.1.11. On-site Disposal and Reuse. On-site disposal facilities,

including the possibilities of reuse or recycle. Reuse in agriculture,
arboriculture, farm forestry, non-potable urban usages and industries. If
nearby municipal sewer is available for discharge of sewage then confirmation
from municipal authorities for the same be obtained. Information about quality,
quantity, location and depth of invert of municipal sewer must also be
ascertained.

4.1.12. Landscaping The STP structures need not be ugly and

unsightly. At no real extra cost, some architectural concepts can be used and
the buildings designed to suit the main climates. Apart from the usual
development of a small garden near the plants office or laboratory, some
considerations need to be given to sites for disposal of screenings and grit in
a harmless manner, general sanitation in the plant area and provision of a
green belt around the STP. The green belt around the STP shall be preferably
of plants with shallow roots in order to avoid deep and spread roots from trees
accessing the water retaining structures and damaging their construction by
ingress to the moist zones.

4.2. Layout of System

4.2.1 The sewer system layout involves the following steps:

Page 18 of 64
 (a) Selection of an outlet or disposal point
(b) Prescribing limits to the drainage valley or Zonal Boundaries
(c) Layout, diameter and slope of trunk, main and sub main sewers.
(d) Location of Pumping Stations if found necessary

4.2.2 A tentative layout is prepared by marking sewer lines along the streets
or utilities / easements. The direction of flow is shown using arrows, which is
generally the direction in which the ground slopes. Manholes are provided at
all sewer intersections, changes in horizontal direction, major change in
slopes, change in size and at regular intervals not exceeding 30m.

4.2.3 The depth of cut is dictated by the need to ensure a minimum cover
and the desirability of mandatory cushion depending upon the pipe size and
expected loads. It is the standard design practice to provide a minimum cover
of 1 m a, the starting point in the case of sanitary sewer network.

4.2.4 If the sewer changes in direction in a manhole without change of size,

a drop of usually 30 mm is provided in the manhole. If the sewer changes in
size, the crowns of inlet and outlet sewers are set at the same Elevation. The
vertical drop may be provided when the difference between the elevations is
more than 60cm. For differences less than 60 cm, slope of sewer can be
adjusted to avoid the drop. All drops cause release of gases and maintenance
problems, and hence shall be avoided to the extent where possible.

4.2.5 Transition from larger to smaller diameters shall never be made. The
crowns of sewers are always kept continuous. In no case hydraulic flow line in
the sewers shall be higher than the incoming one.

5.2.6 Sewers as a design practice are not located in proximity to water

supplies. When such situations are unavoidable, the sewers should be
encased in sleeve pipes or encased in concrete .

4.3 Profile of Sewer System

4.3.1 The vertical profile is drawn for each sewer line. All longitudinal
sections are indicated with reference to the same datum line. The vertical
scale of the longitudinal sections are usually magnified ten to twenty times the
horizontal scale. The profile shows ground surface, tentative manhole
locations, grade, size and material of pipe, ground and invert levels and extent
of concrete protection, etc. At each manhole the surface elevation, the
elevation of sewer invert entering and leaving the manhole are generally
listed.

4.3.2 Plans and Nomenclature The following procedure is

recommended for the nomenclature of sewers:

(a) First distinct number such as 1, 2, 3, etc., is allotted to the.

manholes of the trunk sewers commencing from the lower end (outfall
end) of the line and finishing at the top end.

Page 19 of 64
(b) Manholes on the mains or sub mains are again designated
numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., prefixing the number of the manhole on trunk/main
sewei where they join.

(c) Similar procedure is adopted for the branches to branch main.

When all the sewer lines connected to the main line have thus been
covered by giving distinctive numbers to the manholes, the manholes on
the further branches to the branch mains are similarly given distinctive
numbers, again commencing with the lower end.

(d) If two branches, one on each side meeting the main sewer or
the branch sewer, letter 'L' (to represent left) or letter 'R' (to represent
right) is prefixed to the numbering system, depending on the direction of
flow.

(e) If there is more than one sewer either from the left or right they
are suitably designated as L1, L2, L3, or R1, R2, R3, the subscript refer to
the line rear to the sewer taking away the discharge from the manhole.

Thus, L2R4.2.3 (Fig 4.1) will pinpoint a particular manhole on

the sub main from which the flow reaches manhole number 4 on the trunk
sewer through a sub main and a main. The first numeral (from the left) is
the number of the manhole on the trunk sewer. The numerals on the right
of this numeral, in order, represent the manhole numbers in the main, sub
main, etc., respectively.

(g) The first letter immediately preceding the numeral denotes the
main and that it is to the right of the trunk sewer. Letters to the left in their
order represent sub main, branch respectively. The same nomenclature is
used for representing the sections, e.g. Section L2R4.2.3 identifies the
section between the manhole L2R4.2.3 and the adjoining downstream
manhole.

Page 20 of 64
 F;rst I Sep 201!)

1.1 R4.2.1 1.2 R4.2.3

L2 R4.2.2

R 4.3

5.3.3 Longitudinal Sections

(a) All longitudinal sections should be indicated with reference to the same
datum line, The vertical scale of the longitudinal sections should be magnified
10-20 times the horizontal scale. The trunk sewer should be selected first and
drawn and other sewers should be considered as branches. The trunk sewer
should be the one with the largest diameter that would extend farthest from
the Dutfall works. Whenever two sewers meet at a point, the main sewer is the
larger of the incoming sewers. (e.g., 3.2 represent the second manhole on the
main sewer from the manhole no. 3 on the trunk sewer).

Page 21 of 64
 F :r st

(b) Once the rough sections have been prepared, the designer should
review the work for improving the spacing of manholes, the sizes and
gradients of the sewers and so forth, economizing on materials and
excavation to the extent possible. At the same time the designer must ensure
that the sewer will serve all users and that they can be actually laid according
to the alignments shown in the drawing and have sufficient gradients.

(c) The sewers should be shown as thick lines and the manholes as small
circles in the plan. In the section, the sewer may be indicated by a line or two
lines depending upon the diameters and scales adopted. Grade, size and
material of pipe, ground and invert levels and extent of concrete protection
should be indicated as shown in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.2 Typical sewer section

110AV 11VAN

11400 1140)
litl 4 KA
M
IMO
pow
II 1111111L . IIILISta■
...„ Ina
note tillillricenIII M
airiniIN rargr..
Pr
Kelm i 103330
. 1 11000
7 min GONG MIME
Cl)NC : • .11.1.11 4 41 A'
moo ■ aw_~ Imo

I
0,0, aim
10/
. ki 033
I
AO
10600
11:C
10480 104.00
I TN M150
• CRETE BEDDING
10200 MOO

INICA MO CO

MOO 6403 14003 18080 23080 26140 30303 34040

30 0 20 40 60 2 0 2 4 6
NMI 11=1
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

4.4 Manholes. A manhole is an opening through which a man may enter a

sewer for inspection, cleaning and other maintenance and is fitted with a removable
cover to withstand traffic loads in sewers. The manholes are constructed first and
then the sewers are laid interconnecting these. The shape aria size at stated depths
of sewers are given in Table 6. 1 below

Page 22 of 64
 “;rst Dn.' • :op 20b

Table 4.1 : Shape and Size of Manholes

SN Range of Shape and size of Manhole Size of

Depth Opening

1 Up to Square(0.90 x 0.9m) Min

0.90m 0.60m

2 0.90m to Rectangle (1.20m x 0.90m) Min

1.65m Or Circular (Dia 0.90m) 0.60m

3 1.65m to Rectangle (1.20m x 0.90m) Min

2.30m Or Circular (Dia 1.20m) 0.60m

4 2.30m to Circular (Dia 1.50m) Min

6.00m* 0.75m

in case aepth exceeds 6.0m, lift well will be provided.

4.5 Types of Bedding for Sewers.

4.5.1 For Concrete Sewers. The type of bedding for concrete sewers (granular or
concrete cradle) would depend on the soil strata and depth at which sewer is laid. The load
due to backfill, superimposed load (live load) and the three-edge-bearing strength of pipe
(IS: 458) are the governing criteria for selection of appropriate bedding factors (BF) which
are calculated by using formula shown below. The type of bedding to be used depends on
the bedding factor as tabulated below at table 4.2. Gravel for bedding should be well-graded
gravel with the maximum size not exceeding 25 mm.

BF = DL x FoS/BSTE

Where - BF is bedding factor

DL is design load including superimposed load and live load.
FoS is Factor of Safety, 1.5
BSTE is Three Edge Bearing Strength of concrete sewer as per IS 458.

4.5.2 For DCWPE sewers. Only compacted gravel bedding with lightly
compacted backfill will be provided for DWCPE sewers. As per IS 16098 (Part 2) :
2013 any form of cement concrete structural bedding would not be necessary under
normal conditions, even for maximum combined loading (wheel load + backfill).
However designer may check requirement for special cases.

Page 23 of 64
 “ls1 D' Sap 2015

Table 4.2 : Various beddings for concrete sewers

15cm
LIGHTLY
COMPACTED
BACK ALL
OMPACTED
GRANULAR
MATERIAL
GRANULAR BEDDING

Lightly Compacted Granular Bedding with lightly compacted backfill

For Beddin factor BF < 1.5

CAREFULLY man COMPACTED

COMPACTED GRANULAR
BACK ALL MATERIAL

0.25 Be MIN

COMPACTED GRANULAR BEDDING

Compacted Granular Bedding with carefully compacted backfill

( For BF between 1.5 to 1.9)

Bc + 20cm MIN

30cm
CAREFULLY
TAMPED
BACK FILL
0.25 Be
5 D 10cm MIN

CONCRETE CRADLE

Plain Concrete Cradle with carefully Compacted Backfill

(For BF between 1.9 to 2.8)
Bc + 20cm MIN

r 1.25 Bc 1

COMPACTED 0.25 Be 110 CM MIN

GRANULAR
MATERIAL
REINFORCED
0.25 Bc MIN CONCRETE

CONCRETE ARCH

Reinforced Concrete Cradle with carefully Compacted Backfill

(For BF between 2.8 to 3.4, reinforcement is 0.4% and 1% for BF > 3.40 )

Page 24 of 64


h.rst 2015

5. Maintenance of Gravity Sewers.

5.1 Sewer maintenance functions are most often neglected and given attention
only as emergency arises. Considering the health hazards that the public at large
has to face, it is appropriate to provide adequate priority and funds to take care of
men, material, equipment and machinery required for efficient maintenance. It must
also be noted that insanitary latrines and employment of manual scavengers are
prohibited under 'The Prohibition of Employment As Manual Scavengers And Their
Rehabilitation Act, 2013".

5.2 Sewers require regular inspection, examination and maintenance. Hitherto, in

MES, only maintenance is done as fire fighting. It is, therefore, recommended that a
preliminary inspection be implemented to acquire with comparative ease documents
and data that can be used to decide the facilities to be examined/inspected and their
priority, and then decide the facilities to be finally examined and inspected for
effective acquisition of data.

5.3 Preliminary Inspection. During the preliminary inspection of the sewerage

system, subsidence, collapse, and overflows on the roads on which sewers are laid,
should be confirmed. Condition of manholes and covers should also be checked.
This should be done for the entire system once in a year.

5.4 Detailed Inspection / Examination. Based on the feedback of preliminary

inspection, photographic record using digital camera of the extent of damage be
maintained. Various 'Sewer Inspection Technologies' are available as listed below at
table 5.1. Exact extent of blockages and damages can be quantified using these
technologies and preparation of estimates for maintenance action/repairs.

Table 5.1 : Sewer Inspection Technologies

SN 1 Technology Applicability
Sewer Size Sewer Material Sewer
Condition
1 Light & Mirror Up to 300 mm Any Empty
2 Closed Circuit Camera Any Size Any Empty
3 Sonar System Any Size Any Fully Flowing

5.4.1 The light and mirror is the oldest of known technologies is shown in Figure
5.1. Two successive manholes are opened and vented sufficiently for about an hour.
Thereafter, a long hand-held mirror secured at 45 degrees to the handle is lowered
into the bottom of the manhole and a torch light is focussed on the mirror from the
above so that the light beam is deflected by 90 degrees to travel horizontally through
the sewer ppe and the light is seen in the opposite manhole. This is easier at dusk.
This can tell whether the bore of the pipe is choked or clear or laid straight.

Page 25 of 64
 11:r'. r r: 201E)
1st :

Fig 5.1 Light and Mirror Method for inspection of gravity sewers.

• 11* ffff ff I
f fffff

5.4.2 A classical problem encountered in gravity sewers laid through light forest or
heavy garden areas is the roots of trees piercing through the joints and growing
inside the sewers. These become like a plug and choke the sewer. This is shown in
Figure 5.2 (a&b). On the right is the photo of the bunch of roots inside the sewer
taken by a CCTV camera.

Fig 5.2 : Roots of trees plugging gravity sewer.

Page 26 of 64


5.5 Sewer Cleaning. To operate and maintain a sewer collection system to

function as intended, the maintenance engineer should try to strive towards the
following objectives:

• Minimize the number of blockages per unit length of sewer, and

• Minimize the number of odour complaints.

For this purpose, sewer-cleaning using hydraulic or mechanical cleaning methods

needs to be done on a scheduled basis to remove accumulated debris in the pipe
such as sand, silt, grease, roots and rocks. If debris is allowed to accumulate, it
reduces the capacity of the pipe and blockage can eventually occur resulting in
overflows from the system onto streets, yards and into surface waters. Roots and
corrosion also can cause physical damage to sewers.

5.6 Renewal, Repair and Replacement of Sewers. Deterioration of sewers

proceeds over the surface as a whole, and repair takes considerable time, therefore,
it is necessary to implement renewal and repair according to a plan on the basis of
the results of inspection and examinations. The two terms renewal and repair are
clearly segregated as follows.

(a) Renewal of sewers is replacement of those which have outlived their

designed life. Capacity enhancement can be there in renewal. This should be
done out of Capital Works.

(b) Repair is repair of those sections of sewers which are damaged and no
capacity enhancement is there. It is part of maintenance.

Page 27 of 64


pH",

6. PUMPING STATIONS. Pumping stations handle sewage either as in-line for

pumping the sewage from a deeper sewer to a shallow sewer or for conveying to the STP or
outfall. They are required where sewage from low lying development areas is unable tc be
drained by gravity to existing sewerage infrastructure, and / or where development areas are
too remote from available sewerage infrastructure to be linked by gravity means.

6.1 Location and Configuration The proper location of the pumping station requires a
comprehensive study of the area to be served, to ensure that the entire area can be
adequately drained. Special consideration has to be given to undeveloped or developing
areas and to probable future growth. The site should be aesthetically satisfactory. The
pumping station has to be so located and constructed such that it will not get flooded at any
time. The station should be easily accessible under all weather conditions. Pumping stations
are typically located near the lowest point in a development.

Inundation of pumping stations must be avoided. For this the plinth of pumping
station should be 0.45m above 1 in 100 year flood level. Open storm water drain shall be
mandatorily provided all around. If it is not possible to drain rain-water by gravity to the
nearby natural drain drain pump sets shall be installed with 100% standby to pump out rain
water and connected to the standby power. Rain-water harvesting shall not be provided
in sewage pumping stations to avoid ground water pollution by raw sewage due to
accidental spillage.

Minimum number of wet wells shall be two, irrespective of the volume of sewage to
be pumped out and the structures shall be as far possible circular in plan to facilitate simpler
and economical construction, besides the possibility of removing accumulated grit from one
of the wells at a time without interrupting the pumping out.

6.2 Measures for Safety and Environment Protection

6.2.1 Railing shall be provided around all manholes and openings where covers may be
left open during operation and at other places, where there are differences in levels or where
there is danger for people falling.

6.2.2. Guards shall be provided around all mechanical equipment, where the operator may
come in contact with the belt-drives, gears, rotating shafts or other moving parts of the
equipment.

6.2.3. Staircases shall be provided in preference to ladders, particularly for dry well access.
Straight staircases shall be provided as against spiral or circular staircases or steps. The
steps to be provided in the staircase shall be of the non-slippery type.

6.2.4. Telephone is an essential feature in a pump-house, as it will enable the operator to

maintain contact with the main office. In case of injury, fire or equipment-difficulty, the
telephone will provide facility to obtain proper assistance as rapidly as possible.

6.2.5. Fire extinguishers, first-aid boxes and other safety devices shall be provided at all
SPS.

6.2.6. A system of colours for pipes shall minimize the possibility of cross-connections.

Page 28 of 64


6.2.7. To prevent leakages of explosive gases, the wet well should not be directly connected
by any opening to the dry well superstructure.

6.2.8. All electrical equipment and wiring should be properly insulated and grounded and
switches and controls should be of non-sparking type. All wiring and devices in hazardous
areas should be explosion-proof.

6.2.9. All pumping stations should have potable water supply, washroom and toilet facilities
and precautions taken to prevent cross connections.

6.2.10. Hoisting equipment shall be provided for handling of equipment and materials, which
cannot be readily lifted or removed by manual labour. Hence, in large pumping stations,
gantries of adequate capacities shall be provided to lift the pumps, motors and large piping.

6.2.11. Fencing shall be provided around the pumping station to prevent trespassing.

6.2.12. The station should be landscaped to make it blend with the surroundings and to add
to the aesthetic effect, particularly when residential areas are in the near vicinity of the
station.

6.2.13. Adequate lighting is essential at the plinth and all locations of the pumping station
and glares and shadows shall be avoided in the vicinity of machinery and floor openings.

6.3 Suction and discharge Levels

6.3.1 The suction elevation should be 0.5 m below the invert of the incoming to safeguard
against problems of choking of sediments in sewers due to stagnations of the incoming
sewer and to facilitate air passage through the sewer.

6.3.2 The hydraulic grade line should not cut the longitudinal section of the ground level
along the pumping main. This is achieved by raising the discharge elevation; at least 1m
above the highest ground level or the top most crown of the pumping main; by means of a
raised delivery line ending up in a goose-neck before dropping the flow into the receiving
tank and thus it becomes free of the ground level.

6.4 Screens and Grit Chamber

6.4.1 It is necessary to insert a penstock gate at the entry of the sewer into the wet well.
The gate shall close by lowering the gate by either hand driven or motorized gear wheel.

6.4.2 Screens are needed to trap the floating matters like sachets, plastic milk packets,
grocery_ bags, etc.. which otherwise can lump in the impeller. For this purpose, it is
necessary to restrict the width of flow to a rectangular profile in plan with the upstream length
as at least three times the width and downstream length as at least two times the width. The
design is invariably governed by equipment manufacturers who use the DWF and peak flows
as the basis. The removed plastics will be disposed into the municipal/cantonment solid
wastes.

6.4.3 Grit chambers can be avoided due to the fact that MES lift wells are small and
moderate grit content can be pumped out directly to the STP. However, the pumping

Page 29 of 64
 ),aft

velocities should be kept between lm/s & 3 m/s and the material for pressure sewer
should be HDPE.

6.5 Pumps

6.5.1 Types of Pumps Historically, the sewage pumps are of two types, namely,
horizontal axis driven with impeller rotating in the vertical plane or vertical axis driven with
impeller rotating in the horizontal plane. Both these are centrifugal pumps. The vertical axis
driven pump has the advantage that the pump can be at a lower elevation and the motor can
be at a higher elevation and connected by a vertical shaft, which permits the pump at the
floor of the wet well and the motor on top of it above the MFL. If horizontal axis driven pump
is used, the motor and pump are close coupled and can be installed in dry well at the same
depth of wet well. The suction pipe driven through the wall or erected above the MFL and the
vacuum pump set is used to create the vacuum in the pumping arrangement called negative
suction with priming. In general, this negative suction and its vacuum priming are to be
avoided altogether in sewage.

6.5.2 The later entrant of submersible pump sets are with integral motor and pump in the
same casing and the assembly is water tight to the motor compartment and functions on
vertical axis. Unlike the individual motor coupled pump sets, where the heat of the motor is
dissipated by the air circulation brought about by the fan driven by impeller shaft blowing the
air over the motor surface, the submersible pump sets require to be kept submerged in
sewage at all times and the cooling of the motor is achieved through the surrounding
sewage.

6.5.3 The recent entrant of immersible pump sets is with a seal of oil around the motor and
which takes care of its cooling. Thus, theoretically, it is possible to pump out the wet well
contents to almost the mid height of the pump and this saves considerable construction
costs. These are otherwise similar to the submersible pump sets. On line lift stations in MES
normally cater for very less discharges hence wet wells with submersible/immersible pumps
may be most economic choice.

6.5.4 In all cases. the free passage between the impeller and casing is called the ball
passing size and is to be preferred as minimum of 80 mm.

6.5.6 Automatic Operation of Pumps Automatic operation of pumps is

possible by pre-programmed logic controllers which start the specified pump set once the
sewage level reaches a specified height and progressively brings in more pumps into
operation and the same in reverse order with dropping of sewage levels. These controllers
are referred to as programmable logic controllers (PLCs). These are custom designed and
need to be validated to take care of monsoon, drought and normal seasons.

6.5.7 Number of Pumps. The capacity of a pump is usually stated in terms of Dry
Weather Flow (DWF), estimated for the pumping station. The general practice is to provide 3
pumps for a small capacity pumping station comprising (a) 1 pump of 1 DWF. (b) 1 of 2 DWF
and (c) 1 of 3 DWF capacity. For large capacity pumping station, 5 pumps are usually
provided, comprising (d) 2 of 112 DWF, (e) 2 of 1 DWF and (f) 1 of 3 DWF capacity, including
standby.

Page 30 of 64
 Draft of

6.5.8 Alternatively, the number of pumps can also be chosen to be in multiples of DWF
flow and provide a 100% standby capacity for peak flow. This will permit easier inventories,
cannibalization and uniformity in electrical control systems and switchgear except that the
civil structure may need a larger footprint.

6.6 Wet Well

6.6.1 Wet well pumping stations usually contain larger pumping units than those required
for submersible type pumping stations. The pumping units are installed in the dry well whilst
the sewage is stored in the adjacent wet well. To ensure that the centrifugal pumps are
always primed, the pumps are located below the level of sewage in the wet well. In respect
of submersible pump sets, the top of the pump set shall be such that the pump set's fully
submerged at minimum level of sewage flow and the required wet volume is satisfied by the
volume of wet well below the invert level of the incoming sewer and an additional allowance
of 50 cm below it. Conventional stations are often equipped with multi-stage pumps.

PUMPING STATION WITH PUMPING STATION WITH PUMPING STATION WITH PUMPING STATION WITH
HORIZONTAL PUMPS IN VERTICAL PUMPS IN VERTICAL PUMPS IN SUBMERSIBLE SEWAGE
DRY • PIT DRY - PIT WET-PIT PUMPS IN WET-PIT

F'gure 6.1 Typical dry-well and wet-well installations.

6.6.2 Wet wells shall be designed and constructed to be as hazard free as possible, and
corrosion resistant materials shall be used throughout. No junction boxes shall be installed in
the wet well. Float cables and bubbler tubes shall be placed in a covered case that shall
extend from the control panel to the wet well. These shall be in 2 parallel wells, each
catering to 50% of the volume or in case of large flows. a single well with two compartments
which can be hydraulically connected by a penstock in the partition wall.

6.6.3 Structure of Wet Wells. Sewage pumping-station wet wells shall be constructed
of brickwork duly plastered or reinforced coocrete and shall be circular. Wet wells that are
installed below the groundwater table shall be adequately designed to prevent uplift pressure
without the use of hydrostatic pressure relief valves. Wet well size and depth shall be as
required to accommodate the influent sewer, provide for adequate pump suction pipe or
pump submergence as recommended by the pump manufacturer and to provide adequate

Page 31 of 64
 ?raft ct

volume to prevent the frequent start and stop of pumps. Partitioning the wet well to help
accommodate future growth requirements may be practiced.

6.6.4 Interior Linings and Waterproofing Wet well interior walls shall be lined with
a material that is suitable for prolonged immersion in sewage. The lining shall be completely
resistant to hydrogen sulphide and sulphuric acid. The liner shall be easily cleanable and
sufficiently durable so that it can be washed with a high-pressure water hose and shall be
light in colour. Wet wells that are anticipated to be below the groundwater table shall also
have a waterproofing system installed on the exterior of the wet well. Regardless of the
elevation of the water table, all joints in the concrete and all penetrations through the
concrete shall be grouted with non-shrink grout on both sides of the joint or penetration.

6.6.5 Floor Slopes In the case of wet well and dry well type with horizontal food
mounted centrifugal pumps in the dry well, the floor should have benching like a hopper with
a minimum slope of 1 vertical to 1 horizontal to enable suspended solids to drain into the
hopper and pumped out without depositing on the entire flow. In the case of submers:ble
pump / immersible pump, the floor shall be horizontal to permit easy installation of present
and future pumps.

6.6.6 Ventilation Pump stations shall be provided with adequate ventilating system and
shall be sized to provide a minimum of 10 air changes per hour. Ventilation systems shall be
capable of matching inside air temperature to outside air. Ventilation shall be accomplished
by the introduction of fresh air into the pump station under positive pressure. The air may be
filtered to remove particulates inside the pumping station.

6.6.7 Safety Measures. Railing shall be provided around all man holes and openings
where covers may be left open during operation and at other places where there is danger
for people fallig. Guards shall be provided on and around all mechanical equipments where
operator may come in contact with belt drives, gears, rotating shafts or other moving parts.
Straight staircase with non-skid steps should be preferred over ladders or circular staircase
particularly for dry wells access.

6.6.8 Wet Well Design Size of the wet well should be based on the following:

a. Flow from proposed development and any associated future development

b. The detention time in the wet well such that deposition of solids is avoided
and sewage do not turn septic. It is normally kept less than 20min

The volume of wet well is given by

V = T x 0/4
where,
V Effective volume of wet well (in cubic meters)
T : Time for one pump cycle (in minutes)
Q : Pumping rate (cubic meters per minute)

The value of T is related to the number of starts per hour which is 10 to 15 min. For
smaller pumps it is kept as 10.

Page 32 of 64
 of

7. SEWEAGE TREATMENT

7.1 Constituents of Sewage. Sewage is 99 % water carrying domestic

wastes originating in kitchen, bathing, laundry, urine and night soil. A portion of these goes
into solution. The remaining goes into colloidal or suspended stages. It also contains salts
used in cooking, sweat, bathing, laundry and urine. It also contains waterborne pathogenic
organisms from the night soil of already infected persons. The concentrations are mentioned
in Table 7.1

Table 7.1 Contribution of human wastes in grams per capita per day

1 Bio Oxygen Demand 45 — 54 / grn/capita/day

2 Chemical Oxygen Demand. COD 1.6 — 1.9 of BOD / gm/capita/day

3 Total Solids, TS 170 — 220 / gm/capita/day

4 Suspended Solids, SS 70 — 145 / gm/capita/day

5 Grease 10 — 30 / gm/capita/day

6 Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 20 — 30 / gm/capita/day

7 Chloride 6 — 8 / gm/capita/day

8 Total Nitrogen 6 —12 / gm/capita/day

9 Nitrate — 0.5 N / gm/capita/day

10 Total Phophorus 0.6 —4.5 / gm/capita/day

11 Potassium (as K20) 2.0 — 6.0 / gm/capita/day

12 Coliforms 103 - 1010 / 100 ml

13 Faecal Streptococci 106- 106 / 100 ml

14 Helminthic eggs Up to 103 / 100m1

15 Virus(plaque forming units) 102 — 104 / 100m1

Note:
1. The difference between total solids and suspended solids is the dissolved solids.
2. The raw sewage pH generally ranges between 6.8 to 8.0.
3. The major nitrogen compound in domestic waste is urea CO(NH2)2, which is
readily hydrolysed to ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by the enzyme
present in sewage. Hence, NH3 constitutes the major fraction of total nitrogen in
domestic sewage.

Page 33 of 64
 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

7.2 Objective The objective of sewage treatment is to reduce the polluting

substances to (a) the standards laid down by the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF) of the Government of India (G01) and these cannot be relaxed by the State Pollution
Control Boards (PCB), but they can prescribe more stringent standards specific to the
discharge environment and (b) the specified limits of faecal coliforms laid down by the
National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD). However, these standards are under
revision and the CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development has reccmmended strigent
standards which are to be followed in MES. These standards are compiled and presented in
Table 7.2.

Table 7.2: The recommended guidelines for treated sewage discharge into
surface water which after some travel may be used as a source of drinking.

Parameter MOEF Standard CPHEEO Standard (to be

followed in MES)
BOD, mg/L 30 < 10

SS, mg/L 100 < 10

Total Nitrogen, mg/L 100 < 10

Dissolved P, mg/L 5 <2

Faecal Coliforms, MPN / Not Specified < 230

100mL

7.3 In order to achieve this, the treatment process would need to be designed for nutrient
removal in addition to the conventional BOD and SS removal. Disinfection will be required to
achieve the Faecal Coliform (FC) limit. If the nutrients are removed to the levels mentioned
in Table 7.2, then the amount of chlorine required for disinfection would be less at about 5
mg/I. If effluent BOD and SS of less than 10 mg/L cannot be achieved by biological
processes, then they shall be followed by chemically enhanced settling process. The option
of primary clarification and anaerobic digestion of sludge and gas recovery can also be
considered based on capacity of plant and actual design values.

7.4 Sewage Treatment Plants.

7.4.1 Preliminary Treatment Units. Preliminary treatment units are provided

prior to biological treatment. Screens, grit chambers, Oil & grease traps, Equalization
tanks, approach channel and proportional flow weir are the units normally used in
MES. Conceptual design of these is discussed succeeding paras.

7.4.2 Screens. These are needed to trap the floating matters like sachets,
plastic milk packets, grocery bags, etc., which otherwise can lump in the impeller.
The top of screen must not be more than sixty cm below the operating level. Best
efficiency is achieved if waist-level access is provided to the chamber. The screens
must be inclined at an angle of 45° to 60°. Bars should be robust t withstand abuse

Page 34 of 64
 ;ft

and corrosion. Typically epoxy coated MS flats of 20 x 5 mm are to be used. These

are to be placed at spacing of 10 mm. Channel width to be kept minimum 60 cm.

7.4.3 Approach Channel. An approach channel usually employed in a

wastewater treatment plant is a simple rectangular open channel. Wastewater
collected in the wet well of a pump house is pumped into approach channel located
at predetermined level which is worked out using hydraulic flow diagram. The
sewage from the approach channel flows under gravity to the succeeding units of
treatment. The main function of the approach channel is to dampen the turbulence of
the incoming flow and to ensure steady and uniform flow after pumping. The design
criteria is as under:-

(a) No of units 2
(b) Flow through velocity 0.6 m/s — 1.5 m/s
(c) Length of channel 2.0 — 3.0 m
(d) Depth to width ration 1:1.5 to 1:2.0
(e) Slope is computed using Manning's equation

7.5 Screen Chamber. Screens are the devices with clear openings of uniform
size used to remove floating materials and coarse solids from wastewater. The
screens may be coarse ( 50mm opening), medium (25-50 mm opening) and fine (10-
25mm opening). Normally in MES medium screens can be omitted. Manually
operated bar rack or bucket type screens can be provided which are designed by the
manufacturer. The top walking platform should also be at least 60 cm wide and the
operator must be able to walk safely without any fear of accidental fall.

7.6 Equalization Tank. The flow of domestic wastewater is never constant

but exhibits diurnal ans seasonal variations, both in volume and strength.
Dampening of flow and loading improve the performance of the biological reactors
and brings down the cost of treatment units. Therefore, equalization tank is provided
to equalize the strength and flow in STP. It is provided after screens and grit
chamber.

7.6.1 Capacity of Equalization Tank. Volume of an equalization tank is

determined by preparing an inflow mass diagram, which is the plot of cumulative
inflow volume of wastewater versus the time of the day. Following simplified steps as
listed below may be followed for calculation.

(a) Obtain from site hourly wastewater flow for 24h. In the absence
of ground data, judicious assessment of flow should be done based on
hourly usage pattern of water in a station. This assessment can be best
done at unit / locality level. For example water use pattern of an Army Unit
is different from married residential complex.
(b) Compute the cumulative wastewater flow from the flow pattern.
(c) Plot the hydraulic mass curve between time along the x-axis and
the cumulative wastewater flow along y-axis.
(d) Draw a line from the origin to the last point of the mass curve.
This straight line represents the average flow rate.

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ts, Draft of TI 1 Set) 2015

(e) Draw tangents parallel to average flow rate at the lowest and the
highest point of the mass curve.
The total vertical distance from the point of tangency to the
average flow line will provide the volume of equalization tank.
(g) Alternately, excel sheet can be used to tabulate the value at
hourly interval. Absolute sum of highest and lowest difference between
cumulative curve and average flow gives the desired volume.
(h) About 15% extra capacity may be provided to take care of free
board and unforeseen flows.
(i) For the purpose of rough estimates, the approximate size of
equalization tank for domestic wastewater flows is normally around 6-8 h
of average flow.

7.7 Design of Grit Chamber. Grits are composed of sand, small gravel,
cnders, broken glass or other heavy solid material present in wastewater.
Some putrescible heavy organic matter may also be present. They are
separated from wastewater by gravity settling. Commonly grit chambers
are designed to remove particles of size 0.2mm or more. The length of the
channel is governed by the depth required for specific settling velocity. The
cross-sectional area is governed by the flow through velocity and the
number of channels. Design criteria recommended for rectangular grit
chambers are as under:-

(a) Design Flow Maximum

(b) Peak Factor 3—4
(c) Detention Time 30s — 90s, usually 60s
(d) Flow through velocity, Vh 0.2 — 0.4 m/s, (usually 0.3 m/s)
(e) Settling velocity, Vs 0.016m/s — 0.021m/s
(f) Length, L 3-10 m
(g) Depth, D <1.0m

7.8 Design of Flow Control Device. Proportional Flow Weir is a simple

plate with cut through it to provide the required opening for the flow
control, normally fixed at the end of grit chamber.

Fig 7.1 : Flow Control Device- Proportional Weir

Width of Grit Channel

Free Board

Opening
for Flow

Design Crest Actual Crest

Page 36 of 64
7.10 Oil & Grease Trap. These are small size skimming basins provided to
remove oil & grease from wastewater. These should be provided in EME
units and large kitchens. Detention time of 3 — 20 min and surface area of
250 m2 / m3 of flow are the design criteria. Typical sketch of oil & grease
trap is shown at fig 7.3 below

Fig 7.3 : Oil and Grease Trap

Oil and Grease

0 no 0 0 o o
0c
0
0 0 A
. .......

Grit

7.11 Process of Biological Sewage Treatment. Biological sewage

treatment is a process where biological organisms are cultured and allowed to
consume the organic matter and multiply their population. This is by a process where
the organisms secrete enzymes through their cell walls: and these enzymes
solubilize the organic matter and the solution is drawn back into the organisms again
through their cell wall. This is the food. The organisms grow and multiply by a
process called binary fission whereby each organism splits into two complete new
organisms. This is called metabolism. The multiplied organisms are settled out and
the clear treated sewage is free from the organic matter. The metabolism can be by
(a) aerobic organisms needing oxygen like human beings or (b) anaerobic organisms
that do not need oxygen.

7.12 In MES, Moving Bed Bio-film Reactor (MBBR) has been accepted as standard
biological method of treatment of sewage. Salient features of MBBR technology are
as under:-

(a) Small cylindrical shaped polyethylene carrier added in aerated or non aerated
basin to support bio-film growth. (Ref fig 7.4b). Biomass grows primarily on
protected surface on the inside of the carriers. These carriers occupy 25-70%
of tank volume. Air agitation or mixers are used to continuously circulate
carriers. Perforated plates at the outlet of the tanks keeps biofilm carrier inside
the tank.

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 rst Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

(b) MBBR can be a single reactor or configured as several reactors-in-series as

shown in Fig 7.4. MBBR provides Five times the Bio-film Surface Area in less
than % Reactor Volume as Trickling Filter.

(c) No probiems with odours, snails or red-worms as in air phase fixed films.
MBBR is Non clogging system.

(d) Retention of the carrier within the reactor encourages selection and
enrichment for organisms that are best adapted to the nutrient conditions that
prevail in that reactor at steady state.

(e) The specific surface area of carrier is about 500m2/m3 — 1000 m2/m3. The
carriers are slightly buoyant and have a specific gravity between 0.94 and
0.96 g/cm3. Life of carrier is around 15-20 years. Retention time in MBBR
should be around 2 — 4 hr.

(f) Adequate preliminary treatment including scum (oil & grease) removal is
required to prevent the accumulation of inert material in MBBR tank and to
prevent plastic bio-film carries' retention screen blinding.

(g) Well designed aeration system is essential to promote the rolling water
circulation pattern that uniformly distributes plastic bio-film carriers throughout
the MBBR.

(h) Diffused aeration is used for aerobic MBBR tank (Course bubble diffusion)
with typical oxygen transfer rates of 2.5 — 3.5 % per meter of water
submergence and air flow rate = 6 to 8 m3/m2.h.

(i) Length-to-width ratio (L:W) in the range 0.5:1 to 1.5:1. Ratio more than these
results in non uniform distribution of bio carriers.

(j) Bio-film thickness is controlled by air flow or mechanical mixing energy.

(k) Medium-rate MBBRs typically are designed for an OLR in the range 5 to 10 g
BODs/m2 .d. Higher-rate systems require chemically enhanced liquid—solids
separation and/or flotation. OLR = 45-60 g BODs/m2d @25 °C.

(I) MBBR do not require any return activated sludge or backwashing. Quantity of
sludge produced is much less in comparison to activated sludge process.

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 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

Typical sketch of (a) MBBR and (b) Media

AIR INLET PIPING NO--

RAW SEWAGE f) TREATED

SEWAGE

SPECIALLY DEVELOPED
FM REACTOR CARRIER ELEMENTS

EFFLUENT OUTLET
I7 SYSTEM

AIR DISTRIBUTION GRID

Page 39 of 64
 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 23'

7.13 Sludge Drying . With MBBR STPs the quantity of sludge produced
is much less in comparison to traditional STPs. The sludge from MBBR does not
require any further stabilization except dewatering and drying. Any mechanical
means of dewatering can be used followed by sludge drying in traditional sludge
drying beds. The sludge drying process is affected by weather, sludge
characteristics, system design (including depth of bed) and length of time between
scraping and lifting of sludge material. High temperature and high wind velocity
improve drying, while high relative humidity and precipitation retard drying. The
average cycle time for drying may range from a few days to 2 weeks in warmer
climates to 3 to 6 weeks or even more in unfavourable ones.

7.14 Tertiary Treatment. Tertiary treatment is done to bring the quality of effluent
from MBBR / STP to the reusable standards. It consists of Pressure sand filter,
Adsorption chamber and disinfection. Normally all three are arranged in series.

7.14.1 Pressure Sand Filter. The pressure sand filter (PSF) is used as a tertiary
treatment unit to trap the trace amounts of solids which escape the clarifier, and can
typically handle up to 50 mg/I of solids in an economical manner. This unit is
essentially a pressure vessel that is filled with graded media (sand and gravel). The
water filtered with PSF is passed on to the next stage in the STP chain i.e. the
Activated Carbon Filter.

7.14.2 The Filter vessel is designed as a pressure vessel (it consists of a

straight cylindrical shell, with convex dish-shaped ends welded to the top and
bottom). The pressure filter is designed for a working pressure of 2 Kg/CM2. In small
diameter vessels, it is customary to provide a bolted dish at the top for ease of
maintenance. In large filters, a manhole of > 0.6 m dia is provided at the top.

7.14.3 An average design filtration rate of 10 - 12 m3/ m2/hr of filter cross-

sectional area, is used for designing these filters. .The filter needs backwash when
the pressure drop across the filter exceeds 0.5 kg/cm2. However, it is a good practice
to backwash once in a shift, irrespective of the actual amount of pressure loss. A five
to ten minute backwash will typically rid the filter of all accumulated muck.

7.15.1 Activated Carbon Filter. An activated carbon filter, like the Pressure
Sand Filter, is a tertiary treatment unit. It receives the water that is already filtered by
the Pressure Sand Filter and improves multiple quality parameters of the water:
BOD, COD, clarity (turbidity), color and odor.

7.15.2 Activated carbon is typically manufactured from coconut shell or

charcoal, the "activation" process creating a highly porous material with a very large
surface area. Organic pollutant molecules are physically adsorbed and held fast
within the catacomb-like porous structure of the activated carbon. Granular activated
carbon is typically used for this purpose

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First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

7.15.3 Unlike in the case of the sand filter, trapped molecules in the carbon
cannot be backwashed and got rid of. Hence, activated carbon in the filter has a
finite capacity to adsorb and hold the pollutants, after which the carbon is said to be
exhausted. The exhausted material is removed from the filter and disposed off:
Fresh activated carbon is charged in the filter.

7.16.1 Disinfection. The treated water is disinfected to destroy and

render harmless disease-causing organisms, such as bacteria,. viruses, etc. The
most common methods of disinfection include Chlorination, Ozonation and UV
radiation. Of these, Chlorine finds widespread application. In most STPs, the
common form of Chlorine used is Sodium Hypochlorite (Hypo) available
commercially at 10-12 % strength, being safe, easy to handle and having a
reasonable shelf life.

Page 41 of 64
 ilt of TI 1 See

CONCEPTUAL FLOW DIAGRAM OF STP UPTO 2 MLD

RAW SEWAGE FINE BAR STILLING EQUALIZATION TANK

SCREEN CHAMBER

THROUGH
PUMPS

HYPO -- -

TUBE SETTLER MBB MBB

REACTOR - 02 REACTOR - 01
CHLORINE
CONTACT
cum FILTER
FEED TANK

THRU AIR
PUMPS
BLOWER

OMF 8 ACF
1 4-

1
Sludge Drying Beds
TREATED SEWAGE

DEWATERED
SLUDGE FOR
DISPOSAL

Page 42 of 64
RAW SEWAGE
STILLING I FINE BAR GRIT
CHAMBER SCREEN CHAMBER
COARSE BAR I
SCREEN THROUGH EQULISATION
PUMPS TANK

. TUBE MBB MBB

CHLORINE SETTLER REACTOR REACTOR
CONTACT - 02 -01
TANK

1
FILTER
FEED TANK Sludge
Sump

Thru PUMPS AIR

BLOWER
DMF & ACF
Thru PUMPS
1
Centrifuge / Drum — Filtrate to Drain
HYPO Thickener cum Belt
type filter press
•y (Combined unit)
TREATED WATER
TANK
 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

8 Decentralized Treatment Methods

8.1 Septic Tanks and Soak Wells. Septic tank soak well system is the oldest
method of decentralized treatment method. Although, it is still a popular method for
places where phased development is taking place, certain precautions as listed
below must be essentially followed.

(a) Capacity of each Septic tank will not exceed 150 users. Capacity of
septic tanks will be as listed in table 8.1 below.

SN No of Users Length Breadth Liquid depth (m)

(for full domestic (m) (m) With 2 years With 3 years
discharge cleaning cleaning
including kitchen period period
& bathroom)
1 5 2.00 0.90 1.00 1.40
2 10 2.30 1.10 1.30 1.80
3 25 5.00 2.00 1.00 1.24
4 50 7.50 2.65 1.00 1.24
5 100 12.00 3.30 1.00 1.24
6 150 15.00 4.00 1.00 1.24

(b) It is mandatory to provide two soak pits / dispersion trenches (1 + 1

standby) for each septic tank. These will be used in rotation as explained
below at Fig 8. The rotation period can be between 3-6 months based on
ground experience.

F 8.1 : Charging of Soak Wells (Use in rotation)

SOAK WELL IN
USE FOR 3-6
MONTHS

SOAK WELL
BEING
RECHARGED/
RESTED

SOAK WELL BEING

RECHARGED/

alb
RESTED

SEPTIC TANK
SOAK WELL IN
USE FOR 3-6
MONTHS

Page 44 of 64
 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

(d) Soak wells will be used only if water table is at least 2.0m below the
bottom of soak pit. For higher water tables or for impervious soils evaporation
trenches will be provided.

(e) No drinking water source to be located within 25m horizontally.

(e) Prefab septic tanks will be preferred over cast in situ. Only M30 RCC
will be used for cast in situ septic tanks.

8.2 Package Type Units (Decentralized Plants) If site conditions demand, a

small package type STP which are off the shelf available in market can be used by
zonal CEs provided the cost and land requirement of such plants do not exceed the
approved limits given in Estimating Data (Section III PHE). In case a new technology
is being tried through package type units, necessary action in accordance with the
policy of NMPT may be taken.

8.3 Slaughter House Liquid Waste

8.3.1 The typical characteristics of the effluent coming out from the butcheries in
MES (slaughter house) are as follows:

(a) Plant Capacity — Small ( < 70,000 Kg/d)

(b) Total solids - 4000 to 5000 mg/I

(c) BOD - 4000 mg/I

(d) COD - 8000 mg/I

(e) pH - 6 to 7

8.3.2 The waste water from slaughter house is heavy in pollution and, therefore, it
should not be allowed to mix with the domestic sewer system without pre-treatment
meeting sewage standards as per the Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS). The waste
water treatment system should essentially comprise of:

(a) Self cleaning type screening or two stage screening;

(b) Anaerobic treatment;

(c ) Aerobic treatment including sludge digestion; and

(d) Filter press for dewatering of the sludge.

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8.4 Bio Medical Waste from Hospital. 'Bio-medical waste' means any solid
and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is
generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals
or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing thereof.

It has to be handled by Medical authorities in accordance with 'Biomedical

waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998' under EPA Act of 1986 (as amended
from time to time). The Bio Medical Waste is not be mixed with sewage.

Page 46 of 64


9. REUSE OF SEWAGE.

9.1 Types of Reuse of Wastewater. Wastewater reuse can be categorized

as Indirect Reuse end Direct Reuse. When the wastewater is mixed in a natural water body
for reuse, it is termed as 'Indirect Reuse'. Similarly if no mixing with natural water body is
done and treated wastewater is directly reused, it is termed as 'Direct Rause'. Another
classification is based on intended use, in this we have 'Non-Potable' uses and 'Potable'
uses. Fig 9.1 below summarizes all types of reuses.

FIG 9.1 : TYPES OF REUSES OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

WASTE WATER.

LNDIRECT DIRECT
(Through natural water body) (Without natural water body)
I

NON NON
POTABLE I- POTABLE
Irrigadon — Blending in
Disposal in Disposal in Crops, Parks, ■111. water
Sea Rive; Lakes Golf Fields reservoirs
el

Injection in
Ground Water el
Recharging of
ground Water
Recreation —
Lakes, Ponds

Fie fighting, Is_

H Pipe to pipe
supply

Flushing toilets,
Cooling towers

9.2 Direct Non Potable Reuse. Wastewater can be reused directly in many
ways viz; for irrigation in agriculture, parks and golf fields. It can be stored in lakes or ponds
for recreation for growing aquatic life. Uses in urban areas can be construction activities.
flushing toilets, cooling towers and fire fighting etc. It is this area of reuse which can result in
immediate reduction of demand for fresh water in MES. In many stations of MES. reuse for
watering golf fields has been there since last many years and few stations have created
artificial lakes using treated sewage.

9.3 Saving of fresh water by reuse in MES Demand of fresh water in any
station is governed by Scales of Accommodation. It has given detailed water authorisation
for various types of users and usages. On analysis of the various scales it is revealed that
roughly 42% of total water requirement in non-hilly areas is for non-potable application as
shown in Fig 9.2 below. It ca.' be seen that 58% potable water demand will gene:ate
sufficient wastewater which if treated properly can meet non-potable demands of gardening,
flushing and fire fighting. This can bring down requirement of fresh water to about 60% only.
Each litre of fresh water, if used twice will bring down its cost to 40%.

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 First Draft of TI 1 Sep 2015

Fig 9.2: NON-POTABLE REQUIREMENT OF WATER

FIRE FIGHTING,
22%

GARDENIK/
POTABLE, 58%

FLUSHING, 5%

9.4 Guiding Principles for Reuse in MES. In Defence establishments,

where MES cover is available, various types of reuses as listed below discussed. Quality of
treated sewage required for each use is summarized at table 9.1. Each case is discussed in
following paragraphs.

(a) Watering Golf fields and horticulture

(b) Eco-lakes
(c) Construction work
(d) Cooling Towers
(e) Fire fighting
(f) Flushing Toilets

Page 48 of 64
 Table 9.1 : QUALITY OF EFFLUENT FOR NON POTABLE REUSES

SN Parameter (2) Unit (3) Gott Non edible Toilet Fire Eco lakes
course, (4) Crops (5) Flushing Fighting (7) (8)
(6)

1 Turbidity NTU <2 AA <2 <2 <2

2 SS mg/I nil 30 nil Nil nil

3 TDS mg/I 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100

4 pH 6.5-8.3 6.5-8.3 6.5 -8.3 6.5 - 8.3 6.5 - 8.3

5 Temperature 0C Ambient Ambient Ambient Ambient Ambient

6 Oil &Grease mg/ 10 10 10 Nil nil

7 Res. Chlorine mg/I >1 Nil >1 >1 > 0.5

Total Kjeldhal
8 mg/I 10 10 10 10 10
Notrogen

9 BOD mg/I 10 20 10 10 10

10 COD mg/I As Arising 30 As Arising As Arising As Arising

Dissolved
11 mgd 2 5 1 1 1
Phosphorous

Nitrate
12 mg/I 10 10 10 10 5
Nitrogen as N

Faecal MPN1
13 nil 230 nil Nil nil
Coliform 100 ml

Helminthic
14 count/ As Arising <1 As Arising As Arising As Arising
Eggs

15 Colour Colourless As Arising Colourless Colourless Colourless

No foul No foul No foul No foul No foul

16 Odour
odour odour odour odour odour

9.5 Watering Golf fields and horticulture. This is one of the most common
uses of treated wastewater in MES. Optimum utilization of sewage in irrigation means the
complete and judicious use of ;is three main components, viz., water, plant nutrients and
organic matter in such a way that (a) the pathogenic infection is neither spread among the
workers, nor among the users or consumer (b) the groundwater is not contaminated, (c)
there is maximum output per unit volume of sewage, (d) there is no deterioration of the soil
properties and (e) none of the three components are wasted. The quality of treated

Page 49 of 64
 First Draft of TI I Sep 2015

wastewater is listed at column 4 of table 9.1. It can be seen that recommended value of BOD
is 10 mg/1 which is more than the discharge standards being proposed in country including
MES. Thus, it will always be economical to reuse wastewater for irrigation. However, one
must also take care of other important parameters like TDS (<2100mg/I), Faecal Coliform
(Nil), Total Nitrogen (10mg/I) and suspended solids (Nil).

9.5.1 Water Requirement and Drainage. The principle to be borr•.e in mind in

irrigation management is to irrigate only when it is required and only to the extent it is
required by the crop/grass. The water requirement depends on the soil type, the crop/grass
and the climate. The water requirement (cm) of main soil types to be wetted to a depth of 30
cm required by most of the crops is given in Table 9.2 below. The infiltration rate of the soil
determines how much water will reach the crop root zone and eventually percolate to the
subsoil. It is dependent upon soil texture and structure and the structural stability of the soil.

Table 9.2: Water requirements (cm) to wet different soils

SN Type of Soil Water Depth SN Type of Soil Water Depth

(cm) (Cm)
1 Sandy 1.25 4 Silty-Clay 6.25

2 Silty-Sand 2.50 5 Clay 7.50

3 Silty 5.00

9.5.2 Water Salinity and Drainage The infiltration rate is also dependent
upon both the salinity of the water and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil which is
a measure of the ratio of sodium ions to calcium and magnesium ions in the soil. SAR, if
kept below 18mg/I does not pose any problem to soil. In order to maintain a favourable salt
balance, excess water must be able to drain from the surface and from the root zone. Good
drainage is important in arid and semi-arid areas (most of India). For the soils where
impermeable strata is met which restricts percolation of water, a drainage system about 40-
50 cm below the ground will be an excellent solution to get rid of excess water. Table 9.3
shows effect of TDS on crops, however, for most application TDS below 2100 mg/1 is
recommended for reuse. Further, it is desired that TDS of irrigation water should not be more
than TDS of ground water. Similarly, care must be taken when higher water table (within 2 m
bgl) is encountered during dry periods. Water can rise to the surface by capillary action,
evaporate and leave behind dissolved salts. Salt accumulation reduces crop yields and
ultimately makes soil unfit for agriculture.

SN TDS (mgA) Crop Response

1 < 500 No Detrimental Effects usually noticed

2 500 — 1,000 Can have Detrimental Effects on Sensitive Crops

3 1,000 — 2,000 May have adverse Effects on many Crops

4 2,000 — 5,000 Can be used for salt tolerant plants on permeable soils with
careful managementpractices

Page 50 of 64
 =is! t:c '177 H

9.5.3 Irrigation Technique. The choice of application method of wastewater

for irrigation can also affect the health of farm workers, consumers and the nearby
communities. Various irrigation techniques are Flooding, Furrow, Spray and sprinkler and
drip method as explained in table 9.4 below. It can be seen that drip irrigation is the
techniques which have least risk and is also most efficient.

Table 9.4 : Wastewater application techniques based on health protection

Irrigation Factors Affecting Choice Special measures for

Technique wastewater
Flooding Lowest cost, Exact 51austic51 Through protection for
not required. fieldworkers, crop handlers
and consumers.
Furrow Low cost, Levelling may be Protection for fieldworkers.
needed

Spray and Medium water use efficiency, Minimum distance from

sprinkler Levelling not required, houses and roads 50 — 100 m,
Advanced sprinklers reduce Anaerobic wastewater should
potential contamination by 1 not be used.
log unit.

Subsurface High cost, High water use Localized irrigation, selection

(Drip efficiency, Higher yields, of non-clogging emitters:
Irrigation) Potential for significant filtration to prevent clogging of
reduction of crop emitters.
contamination
Can substantially reduce
exposure to pathogens by 2 —
6 log units.

9.5.4 Alternative Arrangement during Non-irrigating Periods During rainy and

non-irrigating seasons, golf fields / farms may not need any water for irrigation. Even during
irrigating season, the water requirement fluctuates significantly. Hence. satisfactory
alternative arrangements have to be made for the disposal of sewage on such occasions
either by storing the excess sewage or discharging it elsewhere without creating
environmental hazards. The following alternatives are generally considered:

a) Provision of holding lagoons for off-season storage. They enable irrigation of a fixed
area of land to varying rates of crop demand. They may also serve as treatment units
such as aerated or stabilization lagoons, provided the minimum volume required for
treatment is provided beyond the flow-balancing requirement. Need for having eco-
lake (or holding lagoons or impoundments) is therefore justified in order to use the
treated sewage during off-season storage.

b) Discharge of surplus treated sewage to ricer or into sea with or without additional
treatment depending on round condition. Combining surface discharge facilities with
irrigation system is quite common and often quite compatible.

Page 51 of 64
 ' '30D 2:1'

c) Resorting to artificial recharge in combination with an irrigation system where

feasible. Additional treatment, if required has to done as per norms and in
consultation with CGWB.

9 5.5 Protection against Health Hazards Use of treated wastewater for

irrigation/ watering should not normally be done if fresh water sources are located within 1
km of sources, or on areas with groundwater levels less than 2 m below the surface.
Measures should be taken to prevent pollution of artesian water. Sewage farms must be
separated from residential areas by at least 300 m horizontal distance. The public health
aspects of sewage farming should be considered from the viewpoints of exposure of farm
workers to sewage and that of the consumers to the farm products. The workers must be
well educated in the sanitary rules on the utilization of sewage for irrigation as well as with
personal hygiene. All persons working in such areas must undergo preventive vaccination
against enteric infections and annual medical examination for heliminthoses and be provided
treatment if necessary. Direct grazing on sewage farms should be prohibited.

9.6 Reuse for flushing toilets. Considering that the Indian water closets when flushed
can sprout and splash the flush water above the rim and onto the foot rest areas, it is
necessary that such reuse shall be only after activated carbon and ultra-filtration
membranes. For this double network of pipes and OH tanks are essentially required. This
reuse can-not be made mandatory unless adequate quality control checks are enforced. The
quality of treated sewage required is listed in column 6 of table 9.1. It can be seen that these
are similar to those of irrigation discussed above except for quantity of coilforms, chlorine
and dissolved Phosphorus.

9.7 Reuse for Cooling Waters. Reuse as cooling water is one of the most common
industrial applications of reclaimed treated sewage. Typical guidelines for cooling water
quality are given in Table 9.5 and may be used where specific requirements are not given.
Treated sewage can be reused in cooling towers in two ways i.e. to be used only once
through cooling tower or to be recirculated in evaporative cooling tower.

9.7.1 Once through Cooling Water. In addition to recommended values of table 9.5, SN 1
to 8: residual chlorine > 1 mg/I can serve the purpose.

9.7.2 Recirculating Cooling Water. In addition to the once through cooling

standards, additional treatment is usually provided to prevent scaling, corrosion. biological
growths, fouling and foaming. Additional criteria are listed at SN 9- 13 of table 9.5.

To determine the quality and quantity of water required for reuse in a cooling system.
where an open re-circulating system is adopted for air conditioning cooling water, the
amount of water to be kept for re-circulating in the system is approximately 11 litres/min for
every ton of refrigeration capacity when the temperature drop is 5°C in the cooling tower. For
such a situation, the water loss in evaporation and other losses is about 1% -2% of the re-
circulating water.

The recirculating water shows the tendercy for deposition of scale. reduction in
hardness and in alkalinity is the usual means of control. For this reason, partial zeolite
softening (by blending the softened water with by-passed hard water), plus acid feeding if
required for reduction of alkalinity provide a relatively simple and flexible means of
preventing excessive scaling.

Page 52 of 64
 Where nitrates and phosphates in the make-up water are necessary to be
reduced, the biological treatment given to sewage at the secondary stage can itself
be modified to include nitrification-denitrification and the addition of alum or ferric
done in the final settling tank.

Table 9.5 : QUALITY OF TREATED SEWAGE FOR COOLING WATERS2

FOR MAKE UP WATER

SN Parameter Unit Range Remarks

1 pH 6.8-7.0 variation < 0.6units in 8 h

2 Av TDS with 2.0 cycles in mg/I 3,000 extra 25% permissible on 8 h

recirculating water average

Av TDS with3.5 cycles in mg/I 1,000 extra 25% permissible on 8 h

recirculating water average

Av TDS with 6.0 cycles in mg/I 500 extra 25% permissible on 8 h

recirculating water average

3 Oil & Grease mg/I 0 Absent

4 BOD3 mg/I <5

5 Chlorides mg11 < 175

6 Ammonia mgll No appreciable amount

7 Alkalinity (53austic) Absent

8 Alkalinity (CaCO3)) mg/I < 200

ADDITIONAL CRITERIA FOR RECIRCULATING WATER

9 Silica (As SiO2) mg/I < 150

10 Phospates, Sulphates mg/I Below solubility limit

11 Alkyl Benzene Sulponate Foam not to persist more

(ABS) than 1 min after 10 min of
vigorous shaking of
recirculating water

12 Langelier Index 0,4 to 0.6 At skin temp of heat

exchange surface

Page 53 of 64


FIrst OH- ' Sea 231

9.8 Reuse for Eco-Lakes (Impoundments) Storage of treated wastewater in

open ponds is technical requirement and is in harmony with most of other reuses. For
irrigation, during non-irrigating periods as discussed above, treated effluent can be stored in
open unlined ponds. Similarly for fire fighting the stored treated effluent can be used
provided approach road to pond is there. The size of such ponds is governed by water
balance between losses by (evaporation + percolation + any use) and intake per day. These
ponds can be any aesthetically pleasant shape; however, depth should be kept about 1 —
1.50 m. In order to avoid septic conditions aeration by way of fountains or cascades is
considered essential. The quality criteria of treatment are listed in column 8 of table 9.1. The
requirement of free chlorine of 0.5 mg/I after disinfection can be dispensed with if no human
contact is envisaged and there is aquatic life in the pond. It can be seen that the parameters
are stricter than those for irrigation; therefore, it can be good idea to water for irrigation from
these ponds without any further treatment except chlorination.

9.9 Reuse for Construction work. Following uses in the construction

industry are envisaged-

(a) Soil compaction

(b) Dust control
(c) Washing aggregates
(d) Mixing and curing

As per IS 456 para 5.4 water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from
injurious amounts of oil, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic material or other substances that
may be deleterious to concrete or steel. Potable water is generally considered satisfactory
for mixing concrete. Permissible limits for solids shall be as given in table 9.6 below. These
limits are normally available in treated sewage in modern STPs followed by tertiary
treatment. In the stations where builders purchase water from MES, they can be asked to
collect the same from eco-lakes, if quality parameters are within limits else minor corrections
for quality by online softening or filtration can be done.

Table 9.6 : Permissible limits for solids in water for

concreting

SN Parameter Unit Limit

1 Acidity mg/I < 50

2 SO4 mg/I < 400

3 TDS mg/I < 3000

4 Chloride mg/I < 500

5 pH 6.5 — 8.5

9.10 Reuse for fire fighting. UG fire fighting tanks are provided in MES at all
key locations. These tanks are filled with fresh water through piped supply. In emergency,
there can be shortage of water for any reason. Treated sewage stored in open ponds as
suggested above can prove to be very useful in such cases. The quality criteria for fire
fighting are listed in column 7 of table 9.1 This is nearly similar to that of Eco-lakes

Page 54 of 64
 ,r. rst

(impoundments), therefore, such waters can be directly used for fire fighting. Approach road
to eco-lake for fire-tenders circumventing the ponds is considered essential for speedy
actions.

9.11 Technology for treatment. In order to achieve the desired water quality, in
addition to biological treatment of sewage through MBBR or any other approved technology,
multi —media filtration, adsorption through granular activated carbon followed by excess
chlorination are recommended. For use in evaporative cooling and construction works,
softening may also be required. Regular and serious monitoring of quality is considered
essential for the success of reuse. The concept of Command Test Labs where bio-chemical
tests can also be conducted, the quality monitoring of treated effluent should not be a
problem.

9.12. Piping and Cross-connection Control Residual chlorine > 0.5 mg/I, in
the distribution system meant to carry treated sewage for reuse is recommended to reduce
odor irs, slime and bacterial growth°. It is crucial to be able 'o differentiate between piping,
valves and outlets that are used to distribute treated effluent or reclaimed water and those
that are used to distribute potable water. Cross connections with fresh water supply system
must be avoided. For this colour-coding (preferably violet) for the components including
pipes and fixtures used to distribute reclaimed water not intended for drinking water is done.
The spindles used should be detachable so that these can be kept in safe custody and
operations are done by authorized persons only. In addition it is advisable to post areas such
as parks and yards with warning signs stating that the piped water there is not for human
consumption. The signage should be in all the major languages of the region.

9.13. Awareness Programmes. Education is the key to overcoming users fears about a
reuse system, particularly fears that relate to public health and water quality. In-depth
discussions, training and workshops are required to be held. Success stories must be
shared with all. Water audit for all stations must be done and possibilities of reuse be
explored.

Page 55 of 64
 First Lir :1' 7 2G15

10. HANDLING OF SEWAGE IN COLD CLIMATES

10.1 For the purpose of handling of sewage in cold regions are divided in
following two categories:-
(a) Extreme Cold Locations where minimum temperature goes
below (-) 4°C for more than three months in a year.
(b) Cold Locations where minimum temperature remains sub zero
for more than three months in a year but it does not fall below (-)4°C for
more than 3 months.

EXTREME COLD LOCATIONS

10.2 Near absence of bacterial activity for stabilization of sewage, freezing

of traps/sewers and shortage of hydel power in winters are the issues which
require special provisions for efficient, hygienic and cost effective sewage
disposal. Changes are required to be made right from WCs and traps up to
STP/ Septic Tanks as explained below.

Conveyance of Sewage

10.2.1 Indian Type WCs.

(a) The squatting pan (Indian type WC) with steep bottom slope of
25° to 28° will be used instead of standard WCs.
(b) All WCs will be provided with a cover at top, similar to those
provided for European WCs. The top cover will be a sandwiched panel
with a min of 20mm thick PUF insulation. (Refer sketch 'P').

10.2.2 Traps. Only 'P' traps will be used for drainage. Trapsused after
WCs will be low water trap having 20 mm water seal. The trap will becovered
all around by 20 mm thick insulating material. (Refer sketch 'P').

10.2.3 Junction Box The junction of trap and the building sewer which
will be adjacent to the wall of toilet and inside the sanitary shaft will, be
insulated in a wooden box filled with at least 60 mm thick insulating material.
The top, one side and front lid of wooden box should have hinges so that it
can be opened for maintenance. In this chamber, fibrous insulating material
will be used for ease of maintenance. (Refer sketch 'P').

10.2.4 Building Sewer. The building sewer will be DWCPE pipe of 100
mm dia. The sewer will be insulated with at least 60 mm thick insulating
material and will be taken to first man hole which will be located inside
sanitary shaft.

Page 56 of 64
 - HILL," zch

10.2.5 Vent pipe. Vent pipe of 50 mm dia covered with 60mm thick PUF all
around will be provided in first man hole. It will have one way flap trap at top
insulated with 60 thick PUF. (Refer sketch 'P').

10.2.6 Manhole. All manholes will be double walled having 100 mm cavity.
The manhole cover will be wooden box with 100 mm thick insulating material.

10.2.7 Sewer. All street and main gravity sewers will have at least 200
mm dia DCWE pipe. Sewers will be insulated with 20 mm thick insulating
material all around and will always be laid belcw frost line.

10.2.8.Pcssibility of manufacture/supply of pre insulated custom designed

IWC and P traps from reputed manufacturers will be explored.

10.2.9 Lift Well.

(a) UG lift well will be provided to restrict depth of gravity sewer to

6.0 M.
(b) For this, a HDPE storage tank of 60min average flow capacity
will be placed below invert level of sewer.
(c) Submersible/immersible pumps will be used for pumping. The
pumping capacity will always be less than the carrying capacity of
downstream gravity sewer.

Treatment and Disposal of Sewage

10.3 MBBR Based STP.

(a) All future wks will have MBBR based STPs.

(b) The STP will be housed in a double walled room with min
100mm cavity. Room will have sufficient movement space and at least
two entry/exit doors.
(c) The STP will consist of inlet chamber, fine screen chamber,
O&G trap, equalization tank with air grid, feed pumps, Moving Bio Bed
Reactor, air blowers, tube settlers and disinfection unit.
(d) For tertiary treatment, dual media filter and activated carbon
filter will also be provided.
(e) Sludge handling will be in a separate solar sludge drying shed.
(f) All exposed sewers in and around STP or sump wells will be
insulated with suitable insulating material.
(g) Heating in equalization tank and bio reactor will be done through
air for which air piping shall be covered with electric strip heater. Temp

Page 57 of 64
 is! Dr,iA , :)

will be controlled to remain between 20° to 25°C and should be

monitored automatically.

10.4 Modified Septic Tanks if Electricity is not Available. Following

methodology will be adopted for disposal of sewage:-

(a) For areas where regular supply of electricity can't be ensured,

septic tank/soak well system for maximum of 50 users will be provided.

(b) Capacity of septic tank will be increased four times to counter

the fall in bacterial activities. For this, prefabricated 'Linear Low Density
Polyethylene' (LLDPE) septic tank will be used.

(c) Two septic tanks of double the capacity each will be placed in
the lower compartment of a two storey UG room. The top of lower UG
room will be at least 3.0 M below GL. The upper room with matching
size will have walls with 40 mm thick insulation or panels. (Sketch 'Q
refers)

(d) Minimum four openings of at least 750 mm internal diameter will

be provided for access to top room will be provided. These will have
MS rungs of at least 30 cm width. The vertical distance between the
two consecutive rungs shall not be more than 30 cm and the centre-to-
centre horizontal distance between alternate rungs shall not exceed 38
CM.

(e) Wooden floor will be fixed in top room after septic tanks are laid
in UG room. Openings in floor will be provided to match the openings
of septic tank. Specifications for the floor of the lower room will be as
per vendor who will supply the septic tank.

(e) During maintenance, fresh air circulation by opening all four

manholes for at least 2 hours before entry should be ensured for the
safety of workers.

(f) Each septic tank will be used for 3-4 months and then will be
rested.

(g) Diversion of sewage will be done through gate valves installed in

entrance pits of septic tank. Outlet of every septic tank will have one
soak pit each.

(h) No insulation for soak pit is required.

Page 58 of 64
 — I' S: e;:r: • t p 2015

(j) De-sludging of septic tank will be done once in three years by

vacuum suction during summers. The digested sludge will be dried in
solar sludge drying beds and will be finally used for land filling.

10.5 Stns where these specifications are to be followed are listed below:-

(a) Kargil • e) Partapur

(b) Leh (f) Biamah
i
sc) Thoise (g) Khumbathang
(d) Tangste (h) Bimbat

EASTERN COMMAND
IA rn-rr-rika

COLD LOCATIONS

10.6 The sewage in cold regions (0°C to (-)4°C) will be disposed/ handled as
enumerated in succeeding paras.

Conveyance of Sewage.

10.7 It will be as per normal practice with following exception that sewers
will preferably be laid UG.

Treatment and Disposal of Sewage.

10.8 MBBR based STP.

(a) All future wks will have MBBR based STPs.

(b) The STP will consist of inlet chamber, fine screen chamber,
O&G trap, equalization tank with air grid, feed pumps, Moving Bio Bed
Reactor, air blowers, tube settlers and disinfection unit.
(c) For tertiary treatment dual media filter and activated carbon filter
will also be provided.
(d) Sludge handling will be in a separate solar sludge drying shed.
(e) All exposed sewers in and around STP or sump wells will be
insulated with suitable insulating material.
(f) Heating in equalization tank and bio reactor will be done through
air for which air piping shall be coverel with electric strip heater. Temp
will be controlled to remain between 20° to 25°C during winters and
should be monitored automatically.

Page 59 of 64
 -

10. 9 Septic Tanks for Small Populations. For small units (population <
50) which are located in isolated pockets and the sewage cannot be
transported to nearby STP, septic tank will be provided. Capacity of septic
tank will be increased two times to counter the fall in bacterial activities.Two
soak wells will be provided per septic tank, with one soak well to be active for
3-4 months. Diversion of sewage will be done through gate valves installed in
entrance pits of septic tank.

10.10. Stns where these specifications are to be followed are listed below:-

NORTHERN COMMAND
(a) Baramulla (I) Srinagar
(b) Pattan (m) BB Cantt
(c) Uri (n) Awantipur
(d) Gulmarg (o) Tregham
(e) Manasbal (p) Durgmulla
(f) Khundru (q) OAF
(g) Khanbal (r) Dalhousie
(h) Sharifabad (s) Bhaderwah
(j) Khunmoh (t) Ramban
(k) Kupwara (u) Batote
EASTERN COMMAND

WESTERN COMMAND

Page 60 of 64
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Page 63 of 64
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First Draft of TI

5'

1 SS

Col Digitally signed by Col

Rajat Baijal
DN: c=IN, st=KASHMIR
o=E-IN-C Branch Army

Rajat MOD,Automation Cell

EINC, ou=nonnic-mail-
admin, cn=Col Rajat
Baijal, email=autocell-

Baijal
einc-army@nic.in
Date: 2015.12.04
09:03:09 +05'30'