Rectifiers

Rectification

I Process of converting an alternating (ac) voltage into one that is

limited to one polarity.
I Nonlinear characteristics of diode is made used to achieve rectification.
I Two types
I Half-wave rectifier
I Full-wave rectifier
Half-wave rectifier

I 120 N1
VS =N 2
I VS : secondary voltage
N1
N2 is the transformer turns ratio.
I
I VS < 0 : Diode is reverse biased, current is 0 and VL is zero
I VS < Vγ : Diode current is zero. VL = 0.
VS −Vγ
I VS > Vγ : Diode turns on and iD = RL . VL = VS − Vγ
Half-wave rectifier
Half-wave rectifier
Half-wave rectifier
Half-wave rectifier

I Average value of input is 0.

VS
I Average value of output = π
I Output frequency is the same as input frequency.
Half-wave rectifier

I When diode is not conducting the entire voltage is dropped across

diode.
I Peak inverse voltage (PIV) = VS
Full-wave rectifier

I During positive cycle Diode D1 conducts Vo = VS − Vγ

I During negative cycle Diode D2 conducts Vo = −VS − Vγ
Full-wave rectifier

2VS
I Average value of output = π
I Output frequency is twice the input frequency
I Peak inverse voltage = ?
Full-wave rectifier

2VS
I Average value of output = π
I Output frequency is twice the input frequency
I Peak inverse voltage = 2VS − Vγ
Bridge rectifier

I During positive cycle Diodes D1 and D2 conducts Vo = VS − 2Vγ

I During negative cycle Diodes D3 and D4 conducts Vo = −VS − 2Vγ
Bridge rectifier

2VS
I Average value of output = π
I Output frequency is twice the input frequency
I Peak inverse voltage =
Bridge rectifier

2VS
I Average value of output = π
I Output frequency is twice the input frequency
I Peak inverse voltage = VS − Vγ
Rectifier with filter capacitor

I Let the peak value of output be VM = Vp

I Let the lowest value of output be V`
I Ripple Voltage Vr = Vp − V`
Rectifier with filter capacitor

TP
I Vr ≈ VM ( RC )
VM
I For full-wave rectifier Vr = 2fRC
VM
I For half-wave rectifier Vr = fRC
Zener Diodes
Zener Diodes

I Knee current IZK or IZmin

I IZT and VZ

I rz : dynamic resistance or incremental resistance at Q

I Ideal value of rz = 0.

I Maximum power rating

Zener Diodes

I VZ 0 ≈ VZK
I IZ > IZK
I Voltage across zener VZ = VZ 0 + IZ rz
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I VZ = 6.8 V at IZ = 5 mA
I rz = 20 Ω, IZK = 0.2 mA, R = 1000ohms

I VO with no load when V + = 10 V

Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I V + = 10 V
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I V + = 10 V
I VO = 6.83 V
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I Change in VO if there is a ±1 V change in V +

Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I Change in VO if there is a ±1 V change in V +

∆VO
I Line regulation ∆Vi
I Usually expressed in mV/V.
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I Connect a load resistance RL that draws 1 mA

I Change in VO
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I Connect a load resistance RL that draws 1 mA

I Change in VO
I ∆VO = rz ∆IZ
I Load Regulation : ∆V
∆IL
O
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I RL = 2kΩ
I Find the change in voltage ∆VO
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I RL = 2kΩ
I Find the change in voltage ∆VO
I ∆VO = −70mV
I Approximate analysis : −68mV
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I RL = 0.5kΩ
I Current drawn by load to maintain 6.8V is 13.6mA
I Zener will turn off
RL
I VO = V + R+R L
= 5V
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I RL = 0.5kΩ
I Current drawn by load to maintain 6.8V is 13.6mA
I Zener will turn off
RL
I VO = V + R+R L
= 5V
I Note that this is greater than reverse breakdown voltage of zener
Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I Minimum value of RL such that diode remains in breakdown region

Voltage regulation using Zener Diodes

I Minimum value of RL such that diode remains in breakdown region

I VZ ≈ VZK and IZ ≈ IZK
I V + = 9V
I Maximum load current and minimum load resistance
I 4.4 mA and 1.5k Ω
DC power supply