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2.

LITERATURE REVIEW
2. Hydrology
Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth
and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed
sustainability. Hydrological analysis have been carried out for Sunkoshi River catchment in
order to evaluate the water availability, design discharge for the project and for planning,
designing, renovating, modernizing and upgrading of hydraulic structures.

2.1 Physiographic Characteristics of River Basin


Nepalese Rivers are families Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin. Rivers of Nepal are broadly classified
into eight major river basins system which is also based on drainage systems. The river
monitoring stations numbering for Mahakali river basin, Karnali river basin, West-Rapti river
basin, Gandaki river basin, Bagmati river basin, Koshi river basin, Kankai and Mechi river basin.
The study on Nationwide Hydro-Meteorological Data Management Project (DHM/JICA, 1993)
has re-categorized Nepalese river basins into 17 drainage systems. Hundreds of third grade
streams on the southern Indo-Nepal border grouped into eight river basins. Unlike other river
basins, these eight Terai river basins do not contain a single outlet.
The Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali River basins originate from the Himalayas thus having snow
melt component. Medium Size Rivers that originate from the southern slopes of the Mahabharat
range are non-snow fed perennial. Rivers originating from Siwalik-Churia range are categorized
into one basin termed as Southern River basin.

Figure 1: River systems of Nepal (Source –DHM)


2.2 Hydrological and Meteorological Data
Meteorological station network maintained by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
(DHM), Government of Nepal is utilized for this study. This network of observation stations is
irregularly distributed; denser on the southern lowlands and thinner over the complex terrain of
northern mountainous region of Nepal. This irregular network creates an information gap, which
ultimately hinders development plans and projects. With spatial interpolation techniques the
observed meteorological data is transformed into high-resolution regular grid fields. The below
map shows the stations of DHM, number of stations by type and regional distribution of stations.
Available meteorological data from the date of establishment has been utilized in this study. For
normal calculation, standard 1971-2000 or 1981-2010 period are selected with data availability
for at least 25 years in between those period..

2.2.1 Catchments
The catchment area at the intake site of Sunkoshi Hydropower Project is about 1633.7 km2. Out
of this area about ----km2 area lies above the 3000m elevation and about ----km2 area lies above
the 5000m elevation line. The detail of the catchment area is shown in figure below.

PHOTO

PHOTO
2.2.2 Rainfall
Like other parts of Nepal, the region is also influenced by monsoon climate. The region receives 70
to 80 percent of annual precipitation during the four monsoon months June to September. Rainfall
intensity varies in the catchment with elevation. In general, the amount of precipitation is highest in
the south at the lower elevations and gradually decreases to the north with increase in elevation. April
is the driest month with relative humidity 65% and the wettest month is July, which has 85% of
relative humidity.

From annual average precipitation map of Nepal, the annual precipitation for the catchment under
consideration is estimated to be in the range of 2500-3000 mm.Rainfall intensity is experienced as
intense at the upper catchment and almost every day there is rainfall on the monsoon season. Like
most of the region of Nepal the monsoon rainfall amounts approximately to 75% of the total annual
precipitation and from the monsoon wetness index map of Nepal the monsoon wetness index of the
catchment under consideration is taken as 1200* mm.

Figure 4: Mean Annual Precipitation variation over Nepal


Figure 2: Monsoon Wetness Index Map of Nepal

2.2.3 Hydrological Data


There is no any gauging station present in the upstream of the intake area for the monitoring of
river flows. Nearest rain gauging stationpresent around the catchment area is in the downstream
at Dolalghat, located near the vicinity of the basin of Sunkoshi river. The main source of data for
flow prediction at intake of proposed project are gauged and measured data of DHM Station
(Index No.: 625) at Dolalghat about 25 km downstream from the intake site.

2.3 Long Term Flow Data generation


The mean monthly flows at intake location are estimated by various empirical approaches.
 Catchment Area Ratio (CAR) Method
 WECS-DHM/Hydest Method

2.3.1 Catchment Area Ratio Method


The similar Catchment Area Ratio (CAR) Method is used to calculate flow at desired location
with respect to flow values having similar catchment characteristics. Known flow value of
gauging station is transferred to required location on the basis of Catchment Area Ratio (CAR).

Catchment basins can be considered hydro-meteorologically similar catchments (HSC) if they


have similar basin characteristics such as basin area, basin shape factor, drainage density, time of
concentration, length of main channel, slope of channel and basin and similar hydro-
meteorological characteristics such as average annual rainfall, monsoon wetness index, climate,
etc. However, not all characteristics are likely to be similar or identical for all similar
catchments. Catchments may be considered similar if some sensitive parameters are more or less
identical or similar.

Catchment area of Sunkoshi river at Dolalghat = 3780 Sq. km

Catchment area of Sunkoshi Hydropower project at the intake site = 1633.7 Sq. km

Area Ratio (CAR) = 0.4321

Thus the long term flow data (m3/sec) at Dolalghat station is as follows:
Table 1: Long Term Mean Monthly flow of Sunkoshi River at Dolaghat:

Table 2: Long Term Mean Monthly flow of Sunkoshi Hydropower Headworks derived from
Station No.625 at Dolalghat:
2.3.2 WECS/ DHM Method
(Water and energy commission secretariat/department of hydrology and meteorology)

This method was developed by WECS/DHM in 1990 for evaluating the hydrologic
characteristics of ungauged catchment. This method is only applicable for catchment area
>100km2.This method assumes the entire country as a single entity. It estimates low flow, flood
flow and long-term average flow. For the complete hydrological analysis by this approach, the
catchments area and its distribution in altitude are essential along with the monsoon index of
catchment. This method consists of the regression equation for estimating the long term average
monthly flow, the equation is as follows:

Q (mean month) = C x (Area of the basin) A1x (Area below 5000m+1) A2 x (monsoon wetness
index) A3.

The basin characteristics like area of the basin, area below 5000m and monsoon wetness index
remains same, whereas the coefficients C, A1 and A2 are different for each month resulting
unique equations for estimating the flow.

Total Area= 1633.7 Sq. km

Area below 5000m= 426 Sq. km

Monsoon Wetness Index= 2000

Thus, the long term flow (in m3/sec) for each month generated by WECS/DHM method is as
follows:

MONTH DISCHARGE (m3/s)


JAN 15.252
FEB 12.963
MAR 12.095
APR 13.669
MAY 20.118
JUN 82.182
JUL 188.934
AUG 222.252
SEP 168.959
OCT 73.504
NOV 42.125
DEC 26.903
2.3.3 Comparison of Mean Monthly Flow From Different Methods:
Mean monthly flows of Sunkoshi River at intake site for Sunkoshi Hydropower Project obtained
from CAR(Catchment Area Method) and WECS/DHM methods have been presented in tabular
and graphical form below.MIP method was discarded considering the large catchment
area(>100km2) around the intake.

Months CAR Method WECS/ DHM


(m3/s) Method (m3/s)

Jan 20.28 15.252

Feb 17.66 12.963

Mar 16.29 12.095

Apr 19.78 13.669

May 30.59 20.118

Jun 87.08 82.182

Jul 218.23 188.934

Aug 248.47 222.252

Sep 185.24 168.959

Oct 100.84 73.504

Nov 62.23 42.125

Dec 47.54 26.903

Table 3: Summary of Mean Monthly Flows by CAR and WECS/DHM method

Since the WECS/DHM method is only applicable to ungauged type of river and there are few
gauge stations in the nearby basins, so the WECS/DHM method is discarded.

The Sunkoshi River at Dolalghat has a gauge station with the data of 11 years form 1980
obtained from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) . Hydrology data after 1995
was not recorded due to fault in the station. Since the gauge station at Dolalghat lies in the
vicinity of the intake site of Sunkoshi Hydropower Project, it has been adopted for design
consideration of hydraulic and civil structures.

Table 4: Adopted monthly flow data

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Flow, m3/s
20.28 17.66 16.29 19.78 30.59 87.08 218.23 248.47 185.24 100.84 62.23 47.54

Annual Hydrograph
Discharge from CAR method (m3/s) Discharge from WECS/DHM (m3/s)

300
Discharge( m3/s)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month

Figure 3: Comparison of Annual Hydrograph at Sunkoshi Hydropower Headworks

2.4 Flow Duration Curve


A flow duration curve is an exceedence probability discharge curve, which shows the percentage
of time a particular flow is equaled or exceeded. A FDC was developed in order to determine the
dependable flow at proposed headworks site. Based on the long term data adopted at Sunkoshi
hydropower project intake, FDC at the same point has been determined. The percentage
exceedence discharge obtained by adopted method i.e. obtained from CAR method correlated
with Sunkoshi River at Dolalghat is presented below in tabular and graphical form.
Table 5: Percentage Exceedence Discharge at Upper Kabeli -1 Intake

Probability of
exceedence Discharge (m3/s)
297.46
5%
256.03
10%
220.36
15%
189.67
20%
163.25
25%
140.51
30%
120.94
35%
104.09
40%
89.59
45%
77.11
50%
66.37
55%
57.13
60%
49.17
65%
42.32
70%
36.43
75%
31.35
80%
26.99
85%
23.23
90%
19.99
95%
Flow Duration Curve
y = 345.67e-0.033x
300

250
Discharge (m3/s)

200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percentage of time

Figure 4: Flow Duration Curves at Sunkoshi Hydropower intake

The design discharge of Sunkoshi Hydropower Project is 39. ****m3/s at present for the
operation of rotating 3 turbines of ------ capacity. We intend to increase one turbine at the
powerhouse with design discharge 54 m3/s thus increasing electric output to 13.4 MW from 10.1
MW.

2.5 Flood Analysis


Flood frequencyanalysis is doneto find out relation between magnitude of flood and probability
of its occurrence. Following different methods have been adopted for estimation of extreme
flood flows at the proposed intake.

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