Basics of Structural Design

Digital Assignment 1

Topics:
 Theory of simple bending
 Module 3 – Compression Members
 Design of circular column
 IS 456 Formulae

Group Members:

15BCL0176 – KARTIK SUNDAR

15BCL0179 – Sanket Jhalavadia

15BCL0182 – Lokesh Singh

15BCL0191 – Aayush Bhardwaj

15BCL0207 – Rishabh Maan Singh

15BCL0208 – Raghav Rathi

15BCL0209 – Lalhruaikima

15BCL0218 – Kamireddy Santhosh Kumar

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Step 1: Depth of Neutral Axis

• Calculation of Ast (area of steel) using the given data

• Xu/d = 0.87fy Ast / 0.36 fck bd
• The above formula can be used to determine the depth of neutral axis

Step 2: Determination of Xu max

• Xu max can be determined from the IS456 and this value varies for different grades
• of concrete and steel
• Xu max / d =0.48 for Fe415
• Xu max / d =0.53 for Fe250
• Xu max / d =0.46 for Fe500

Step 3:Determination of Under/Over Reinforcement

• Xu<Xumax (Under reinforced)

• Xu > Xumax (Over reinforced)
• The above equations are used to determine if the beam is under reinforced or over
reinforced

Step 4: Ultimate Moment of resistance

• Calculation of ultimate moment of resistance by the below given equation

• Mu= 0.87fyAst(d-0.42Xu)

DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

TO FIND THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

Step 1 : Find stress in compression steel , fsc = 700 x (1-d’/xu )

Step 2: To find depth of neutral axis: 
Equate the total compression and the total tension


Total compression = total tension 
0.36 fck b xu + fsc Asc=0.87 fy Ast

Step 3: To find the moment of resistance 
Mu= 0.36fck b xu (d- 0.42 xu) +fsc Asc (d-d’)
TO FIND ULTIMATE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

Step 4 : To find the tension steel required for the limiting moment 
Ptlim = 41.4 (fck/ fy )

(xumax /d)
Area of limiting steel Astlim= Ptlim b d / 100

Step 5 : Calculation of ultimate moment

Mu2= Mu- Mulim
For the additional moment we should provide compressive steel Asc and

tensile steel Ast2
Ast2=Mu2/ 0.87fy(d-d’)
Asc=Mu2/(fsc-fcc)(d-d’)

Design of flanged beams

Step 1: Load Calculation

• Calculate the dead and live loads slab and sum it to find the total load
• Finding the load per metre run of the beam, we can find the total load on the beam by
assuming the depth of web beam

Step 2: Factored Load

• Factor of safety used is 1.5

• So multiply this factor of safety to the load obtained in the above step

Step 3: Effective Width of the Flange

• bf=lo/6 +bw +4(Df)

• The above formula gives the flange width

Step 4: OverAll depth of the beam

• Overall depth of the beam is equal to df + dw

Step 5: Bending moment (factored)

• Factored bending moment = Wl2/8

• Here there will be three cases, but assuming the neutral axis within the flange is to be
• considered and proceeded,
• Xu = 0.87fy Ast / 0.36 fck bf
• Using the above formula we obtain at the Art value
• Xu must be < df for the above assumption to be correct
• Calculation of number of bars
Step 6: Check by minimum area of steel

Minimum area of steel = 0.85 bw d / fy

Maximum area of steel = 0.04 bw D

The obtained solution must be between these two values

Step 7: Shear Reinforcement

• Tv = V/bd
• Tc max can be obtained from IS456
• Calculation of Tc using table in IS456
• Refer IS 456 tab 19. τv <τc <τcmax
• If the above condition is satisfied there is no need of shear reinforcement

Design of One-way Slabs

Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab

The depth of the slab shall be assumed from the span to effective depth ratios.

Step 2: Design loads, bending moments and shear forces

The total factored (design) loads are to be determined adding the estimated dead load of the
slab, load of the floor finish, given or assumed live loads etc. after multiplying each of them
with the respective partial safety factors. Thereafter, the design positive and negative bending
moments and shear forces are to be determined using the respective coefficients given in Tables
12 and 13 of IS 456.

Step 3: Determination/checking of the effective and total depths of slabs

The effective depth of the slab shall be determined employing.

Mu,lim = R,lim bd2

The total depth of the slab shall then be determined adding appropriate nominal cover (Table
16 and 16A of cl.26.4 of IS 456) and half of the diameter of the larger bar if the bars are of
different sizes. Normally, the computed depth of the slab comes out to be much less than the
assumed depth in Step 1. However, final selection of the depth shall be done after checking the
depth for shear force.
Step 4: Depth of the slab for shear force

Theoretically, the depth of the slab can be checked for shear force if the design shear strength
of concrete is known. Since this depends upon the percentage of tensile reinforcement, the
design shear strength shall be assumed considering the lowest percentage of steel. The value
of shall be modified after knowing the multiplying factor k from the depth tentatively selected
for the slab in Step 3. If necessary, the depth of the slab shall be modified.

Step 5: Determination of areas of steel

Area of steel reinforcement along the direction of one-way slab should be determined
employing the following Eq.

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 – (Ast)(fy)/(fck)(bd)}

The above equation is applicable as the slab in most of the cases is under-reinforced due to the
selection of depth larger than the computed value in Step 3. The area of steel so determined
should be checked whether it is at least the minimum area of steel as mentioned in cl.26.5.2.1
of IS 456.

Step 6: Selection of diameters and spacings of reinforcing bars (cls.26.5.2.2 and 26.3.3 of

IS 456)

The diameter and spacing of bars are to be determined as per cls.26.5.2.2 and 26.3.3
of IS 456. As mentioned in Step 5, this step may be avoided when using the tables and
charts of SP-16.

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TWO WAY SLAB

Step 1: Thickness of slab and durability consideration

• Assume span depth ratio (usually 35)

• Calculation the overall depth and effective depth using given data
Step 2: Design loads

• Calculation of live loads, dead loads and total factored load by multiplying 1.5

Step 4: Check for shear

• Co-efficient for shear in X and Y directions are known.

• We can find maximum design shear by the following,
• Max. design shear = αxw Lx
• Τv = V/ bd
• Refer IS 456 tab 19. τv <τc <τcmax

Step 5: Area of steel

• For steel in short direction we know the value of ‘d’.

• Now find, M/ bd2
• Also find the percentage of steel Pt from SP16 Table 3, Then area of steel can be
determined
• Similarly repeat for the long direction, find the percentage of steel using SP16 and area
of steel
• Determine the diameter of bars and spacing between them according to the above
obtained area

Step 6: Check for deflection From IS 456, fig 4

• Basic span/ depth , %of steel and modification factor are obtained
• Fx = 0.58 X 415 Ast required/ Ast provided is to be calculated.

• If actual < allowable then the assumed span depth ratio is enough to control deflection
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

Step 1: To check if the column is short or slender

lex/D < 12
ley /D < 12
Hence, it is a short column

Step 2: Minimum eccentricity

ex min = Greater of (lex/500 + D/30) and 20 mm

ey min = Greater of (ley/500 + b/30) and 20 mm
Step 3: Area of steel

Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

Area of steel should be in the range of minimum percentage of 0.8 and less than maximum
percentage of 6.0.

Step 4: Lateral ties

The diameter of transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) is determined from cl.26.5.3.2 C-2 of IS
456 as not less than (i) θ/4 and (ii) 6 mm. Here, θ = largest bar diameter used as longitudinal
reinforcement

The pitch of lateral ties, as per cl.26.5.3.2 C-1 of IS 456, should be not more than the least of
(i) the least lateral dimension of the column
(ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
(iii) 300 mm

Design of Columns under Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

Step 1: Verification of the eccentricities

Step 2: Assuming a trial section including the reinforcement

Step 3: Determination of Mux1 and Muy1

Step 4: Determination of Puz and αn

First determine Puz and then find the value αn of is obtained for Pu/Puz.

Step 5: Checking the adequacy of the section

Using the values of Mux, Mux1, Muy, Muy1 and αn

In (Mux/ Mux1) αn + (Muy/Muy1) αn <= 1
Hence, the design is safe.

Step 6: Lateral ties

The diameter of transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) is determined from cl.26.5.3.2 C-2 of IS
456 as not less than
(i) θ/4 and (ii) 6 mm. Here, θ = largest bar diameter used as longitudinal
reinforcement
The pitch of lateral ties, as per cl.26.5.3.2 C-1 of IS 456, should be not more than the least of
(i) the least lateral dimension of the column
(ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
(iii) 300 mm
Design of isolated footing

Step 1: Calculation of loads

Calculate the dead load and live load acting on footing, W

Calculate the self weight of footing @ 10% of above calculated load.
Calculate total load

Step 2: Size of footing

Size of footing= Total Load/ safe bearing capacity of soil

If we are providing providing a square footing, length of each side B = √ Size of footing
Net upward pressure, p0= W/ Area of footing

Step 3: Design of section

The maximum BM acts at the face of column, M = (p0*B/8)*(B-b)2

Where b = size of column
Equate ultimate bending moment with limiting bending moment and find depth of footing, d
Provide suitable size diameter reinforcement and consider clear cover to find the total depth,D

Depth on the basis of one-way shear

For a one way shear, critical section is located at a distance ‗d‘ from the face of the column
where shear force V is given by
V= p0B{0.5(B-b)-d}
Vu = 1.5V ; τ c = Vu/bd

Depth for two way shear

Take d greater one of the two for two-way shear, the section lies at d/2 from the column face
all round.
The width bo of the section = b+d
Shear force around the section
F= p0 [ B2 – bo2]
Fu=1.5F
τ v = Fu/ (4 bod)
Permissible shear stress = ksτ c
Where ks = maximum value of 1
τ c = 0.25 √fck
Hence safe
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