Assignment #1 DIGITAL CLOCK

Counters:-
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes
displays) the number of times a particular event or
process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock
signal. In practice, there are two types of counters:

 Up counters, which increase (increment) in value

 Down counters, which decrease (decrement) in
value

Implementation of Counters:-
In electronics, counters can be implemented quite easily using register-type
circuits such as the flip-flop, and a wide variety of designs exist, e.g.:

 Asynchronous (ripple) counter – changing state bits are used as clocks to

subsequent state flip-flops
 Synchronous counter – all state bits change under control of a single clock
 Decade counter – counts through ten states per stage
 Up–down counter – counts both up and down, under command of a control
input
 Ring counter – formed by a shift register with feedback connection in a
ring
 Johnson counter – a twisted ring counter
 Cascaded counter

Decade Counters:-
A decade counter is one that counts in
decimal digits, rather than binary. A decimal
counter may have each digit binary encoded
(that is, it may count in binary-coded
decimal, as the 7490 integrated circuit did)
or other binary encodings (such as the

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binary encoding of the 7490integrated circuit). Alternatively, it may have a

"fully decoded" or one-hot output code in which each output goes high in turn;
the 4017 was such a circuit. The latter type of circuit finds applications
in multiplexers and demultiplexers, or wherever a scanning type of behavior is
useful.

The decade counter is also known as a mod-counter. A mod-10 counter counts

has 10 possible states, in other words it counts from 0 to 9 and rolls over.
Decoders:-
In digital electronics, a decoder can take the form of a
multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit that
converts coded inputs into coded outputs,
where the input and output codes are
different. E.g. n-to-2n, binary-coded
decimal decoders. 74ls47n.

Digital Clock:-
A digital clock is a type
of clock that displays the
time digitally, i.e. in cyphers,
as opposed to an analog
clock, where the time is
displayed by hands. Usually,
digital clocks are associated
with electronic drives, but the
"digital" description refers
only to the display, not to the
drive mechanism. To
represent the time, most
digital clocks use a seven-
segment LED.

555 Timer:-
The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip)
implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator
applications. The IC was designed by Hans R.
Camenzind in 1970 and brought to market
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in 1971by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555
and the part was described as "The IC Time Machine"

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