Prepared by: Salih Alan P
Room: B‐175 Phone: 5256
E‐mail: asalih@metu.edu.tr Date: 05/12/2008 ‐ 26/12/2008 e
ME 307 – MACHINE ELEMENTS I r4 r5
TUTORIAL 10 M r6
“DESIGN OF PERMANENT JOINTS”
r1 r2
Problem 1: r3
A riveted structural connection supports a load of 15 kN, as shown in the figure
below. What is the value of the force on the most heavily loaded rivet in the
bracket? Determine the values of the maximum shear stress for 20 mm rivets and
the maximum bearing stress if the plate thickness is 12 mm. Consider only the shear
and bearing stresses. Forces on the rivets
Since all the rivets have the same diameter, shear load is shared among the rivets
equally. Therefore:
60 60 15
2.5
6 6
50 C Secondary shear stress varies directly with the distance from the centroid C of the group
of rivets and is directed perpendicular to the position vector from the centroid.
Therefore:
1
24
where ( 1, … ,6) is the radial distance from C to the center of each rivet.
7
The moment M and the tangential forces ( 1, … ,6) are related as follows:
· · · · · · · 2
(Note that, the moment created by the primary shear forces is zero)
P Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously;
· ·
Therefore, in general form:
Solution: · ·
Diameter of the rivets: 20 ∑
Thickness of the plate: 12 The secondary shear force is the same and the largest in rivets 1, 3, 4 and 6. Considering
15 the directions of both the direct shear force and the secondary shear forces, the most
heavily loaded rivet is the 3rd rivet.
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008
2
Problem 2:
3 plates are connected by 6 rivets as shown in the figure. The first row has 3 rivets each
with 15mm diameter, the second row has a single rivet with 20mm diameter and the
C
25 third row has 2 rivets each with 18mm diameter. Find the forces and stresses acting on
e
7 the rivets, and determine the safety factor of the rivets. (For the rivets
tan
r2 24 250 , 80 and for the plates 200 )
16.26°
24
α 90 16.26 73.74°
7
β · sin 25 · sin 16.26
R2 7
C 60
γ 25 60
25 65 120
15kN
r3 25
tan
60
22.62°
γ
65
25
· ·
8
15 · 7 · 65 Plate 1 10
65 25 65 65 25 65 Main Plate
15kN
0.38
Then, the resultant force on the 3rd rivet becomes: Plate 2
6
Row 1 Row 2 Row 3
2.5 73.74° 0.38 22.62° 2.5 73.74° 0.38 22.62° Shear stresses on shear areas will be the same. It can be seen clearly from the free body
2.88 diagram of the main plate that for the rivets in rows 1 and 2 there are 2 shear areas
Then the maximum shear stress becomes: (double shear) for each rivet. In the third row there is only a single shear area for each
2880 rivet. There are totally 10 shear areas.
9.2
20
4 4
The maximum bearing stress:
2880 15kN
12.0
· 12 · 20
Note that an offset 7mm causes an increase of 15% (2880/2500‐1) in the rivet force
for the 3rd rivet. It could be concluded that even a small offset may affect the rivet
force in a considerable amount.
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008
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·
Then, and where 15 . Maximum bearing stress is on the main plate (second row). Then, the safety factor for
∑ ∑
rivet bearing stress is 11.66, the safety factor for plate bearing stress
Area of the rivets in the first row: 176.72 .
is 9.33
Area of the rivet in the second row: 314.16 .
Area of the rivets in the third row: 254.47 Analysis of the main plate:
Then the total shear area: ∑ 2 3 2 2198 Thickness of the main plate: 10
· 15 · 176.72 Row 3:
1206
∑ 2198 Cross‐sectional area:
· 15 · 314.16 , 120 2 10 120 2 · 18
2144
∑ 2198 840 15kN
· 15 · 254.47 F
From the figure, 15
1737
∑ 2198 Then, the stress on the plate at row 3:
15000
, 17.857
Analysis of the rivets in the first row: , 840
Shear stress: 6.826 Row 3
.
Bearing stress on plate 1: 10.052
· ·
· · Row 2:
Bearing stress on the main plate: 16.083
· · Cross‐sectional area:
Bearing stress on plate 2: 13.402 , 120 10 120 20
· ·
1000
Analysis of the rivets in the second row: 15kN
From the figure,
Shear stress: same as in the first row.
15 2· 11526
Bearing stress on plate 1: 13.402 Then, the stress on the plate at row 2: F
· ·
· · 11526
Bearing stress on the main plate: 21.444 , 11.526
· · , 1000
Bearing stress on plate 2: 17.87 Row 2
· ·
Analysis of the rivets in the third row:
Shear stress: same as in the first row.
Row 1:
Bearing stress on the main plate: 9.650 Cross‐sectional area:
· ·
, 120 3 10 120 3 · 15
Bearing stress on plate 2: 16.083 15kN
· · 750
From the figure, F
Safety factor for the shear stress: 11.72 15 2· 2· 9382 2·
.
Then, the stress on the plate at row 1:
9382
, 12.509
, 750 Row 1
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008
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Analysis of plate 1:
Thickness of plate 1: 8 Row 2:
Cross‐sectional area:
Row 1: , 120 6 120 20 600 F
Cross‐sectional area: 3· 5618
120 3 8 120 3 · 15 Then, the stress on the plate at row 2: P2
,
600 P1 5618
, 9.364
3· 5763 F , 600
5763
Then, the stress on the plate at row 1:
5763
, 9.605
, 600 Row 3:
Cross‐sectional area:
, 120 2 6 120 2 · 18
504
Row 2: 3· 3474 P2
Cross‐sectional area: Then, the stress on the plate at row 2: F
, 120 8 120 20 3474
, 6.893
800 F , 504
3· 2144
P1
Then, the stress on the plate at row 2:
2144 Maximum tensile stress occurs in plate 2 at row 1: , 20.527
, 2.680
, 800 The safety factor for plate tension:
200
9.74
, 20.527
Analysis of plate 2: Therefore, plate bearing stress on rivets is the most critical.
Thickness of plate 2: 6 Then, safety factor: 9.33
Row 1:
Cross‐sectional area:
, 120 3 6 120 3 · 15
450
3· 2· 9237 P2
9237 F
Then, the stress on the plate at row 1:
9237
, 20.527
, 450
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008
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Problem 3: 10.607 · 704843 ·
Find the size of the welds (h) required attaching a plate to the machine frame as
shown if the plate carries an inclined force of 9 . · 50° 5785
( 80 , safety factor 3) · 50° 6894
Then the torque at the center of the gravity:
50° 60 180 53.3 526142 ·
40
y 50°
50°
40 x
40
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008
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Problem 4: 1
2· · 75 · 5.657 75 · 5.657 · 2
An I‐shaped beam made of AISI 1040 HR steel is welded to the fixed support as 12
shown in the figure. The beam is subjected to the load F which is varying between 0 1
· · 75 10 · 5.657 75 10 · 5.657 · 75 10
and 5 kN. The load F is applied on the end of the beam at the mid‐plane of the 12
section. Find the factor of safety of the welded joint. Take 0.5 · . 7.884 · 10
Reliability: 0.9
250 , 75 , 10 , 150 , 8 5000 & 0
F Then, 2500 · 625000 ·
2500 · 625000 ·
h Average alternating and mean primary shear stresses at A:
2500
1.578
1584
2500
1.578
d
1584
Average alternating and mean secondary shear stresses at A:
· 625000 · 75
c 5.945
7.884 · 10
· 625000 · 75
5.945
h 7.884 · 10
b Since primary and secondary shear stresses are perpendicular to each other:
a
1.578 5.945 6.151
Solution:
1.578 5.945 6.151
The force F produces primary shear stress
y
and the moment M produces secondary
A B The electrode weld materials are usually much stronger than the materials in the
shear stress in the welds.
machine elements, so the strength analysis is done for the weaker material. So only the
I‐shaped beam is analyzed.
The throat area is:
Tensile strength for AISI 1040 HR is 520 . (Table A‐18 (Shigley 8th Edition))
· 4· 2 ·
F M G x Endurance limit of the test specimen: 0.5 · 260
where 0.707 · 5.657
0.47 (Formula sheet, Figure 7‐8: An as‐forged surface should be used for welds
5.657 · 4 · 75 2 · 10 1584
Due to symmetry, the distance to the edges unless a superior finish is specified.)
from the centroid of the weld pattern is:
C D The effective dimension will be obtained by equating the area of material stress at
75
All the points at the corners will have the same stress during loading. Only point A and above the 95% of the maximum stress to the same area in rotating beam specimen.
will be analyzed. The weld sections on the outer surfaces of the I‐beam will have equivalent stress.
The second moment of area based on the weld throat: . 2 · 0.05 · · 0.95 ·
1 4
2· · · · · 2
12 · . · · · . ·
1 1 Then, 42.9
. .
· · · · · · · · ·
12 12 0.85 (Formula sheet: for 50 8 )
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008
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0.897 (Formula sheet: Table 7‐7, for 0.90)
1 (Nothing specified)
where 2.7 (Shigley 8th Edition, Table 9‐5 for end of parallel fillet weld)
Then, 0.37
.
1 (Nothing specified)
Corrected endurance limit: · · · · · · 34.5
0.5 · 17.3
0.5 · (stated in the problem)
260
By using Goodman Theory of failure:
1 6.151 6.151
2.63
17.3 260
Since Goodman theory is used, a first cycle check should be done for yielding.
6.151 6.151 12.302
Yield strength for AISI 1040 HR is 290 . (Table A‐18 (Shigley 8th Edition))
0.5 · 0.5 · 290
55.3
2.63 2.63
12.302 55.3 , so no yielding occurs at the first cycle.
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2008