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COMPREHENSIVE TASK 3

proposed to meet one task Subjects English

Supporting lecturer :

Dr. E. Kosasih Danasasmita, M.Pd

MOH AFNAN KAFFI 1701841


RISMAWANTI NURFATIMA 1701930
ALYA SORAYA 1702219

Building Engineering Education


Department of Civil Engineering Education
Faculty of Technology and Vocational Education
Indonesian university of education
2018
General Purpose and Building Glues. The Basic Technology of Gluing.

The following basic requirements are laid down for the building glues used in
wooden structures; the strength of the glue line for shear and fracture across the grain
must be higher than that of the timber and the glue line must have adequate stability
even under variable conditions of heat and humidity.
For structural timbers the fully water-resistant and bacteria-resistant
phenolformaldehyde glue are used :
(1) KƂ-3 Glue, consisting of phenolformaldehyde resin Ƃ (100 parts by
weight). And the hardener – The Petrov kerosene hardener (15-25 parts by
weight depending on the acid number of the hardener and the air
temperature in the workshop), or
(2) C∏-2 Glue, consisting of the phenolformaldehyde resin C∏-2 (100 parts
by weight) and hardener – The Petrov kerosene hardener (30-40 parts by
weight). Glues are prepared immediately before use, as their usable life
doesn’t exceed 3 hours.
Workshops in which phenolformaldehyde glues are used must be equipped with
extraction plant, as the phenolic vapours are poisonous, after curing the glue is
harmless.
Water resistant glue as described above are essential for structural timbers. It is
only for furniture, internal doors and other details not liable to damping service
conditions that the medium moisture-resistant glues be recommended: the urea-
formal-dehyde (K-17); the casein-cement (Kц) and the casein glues. Timber
structures glued with medium water-resistant glue must be protected against short-
term occasional damping by applying water resistant paints, varnish and so on.
The components must be glued together under a pressure of 3-5 kg per square
centimeter of the glue line. The press time under this pressure, depending on the
shape of the component (straight or curved) and the temperature of the workshop,
varies between 4 and 24 hours. Once this pressure is reached it should not be relaxed
until the curing process has come to an end.
The pressure necessary for the tight jointing of the components can be provided
by special presses or clamps, screwed up to the required pressure by electric nut-
setters.

Plywood Glued Structures


The adoption of water-resistant building plywoods (Part I, Chapter I) and
bakelized plywood opens up wide possibilities for the production of efficient beam-
like, arched, framed, latticed and panelled structures of I-beam and box sections, thus
reproducing in wood the principal shapes of rolled, pressed and welded sections
characteristic of steelwork construction.
For building designed for various purpose application is usually made of the
moisture-resistant building plywoods (table 9) with a bulk density γ = 700-800 kg/m3,
using resin adhesives, or of the bakelized, completely water-resistant plywood
(hardboards) with a bulk density γ = 900-1,150 kg/m³, glued together with layers of
veneer, partly or completely impregnated with resin glues under a pressure of 30-35
kg/cm2.
The ultimate strength for shear across the grain of the facing veneers for birch
water-resistant building plywood is equal to 150 kg /cm3, and for tension along the
grain of the facing veneers 640-750 kg/cm3, while for bakelized plywoods 300 kg/cm2
and 800-1.200 kg /cm2 respectively.
The modulus of elasticity for building plywood fluctuates in the range 80.000-
120.000 kg /cm2, while for bakelized plywoods it is 180,000 00.000 kg/cm2 along the
grain of the facing veneers.
As the modulus of elasticity of wood differs from that of plywood, when
determining the moments of inertia and the areas and static moments of the sections,
the design-calculation values are corrected to those of a single material.
When calculating glued I-beams, with plywood webs carefully jointed with
bevelled splices or with double cover-plates for the entire height of the section, the
moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam is corrected to the timber material
according to the formula.
𝐸𝑝𝑙𝑦
Jcorr = Jwood + Jply 𝐸𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑
In box-ply decking structures, in which the plywood chords are the main, most
highly-stressed parts of the construction*, the moment of inertia of the section is
corrected to the plywood material
𝐸𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑
Jcorr = Jply + Jwood 𝐸𝑝𝑙𝑦
The bevelled splicing of the plywood is best carried out in hot presses with narrow
platens using steam or electric heating. The edges of the sheets are bevelled on the
spindle moulding machine.
Panelled plywood construction is best glued in hot presses. The contact heating of
the glue line between the plywood and the framework of the panel is done
comparatively quickly with thin plywood (≤ 10 mm). For this purpose it is preferable
to use “hot” presses which not only heat rapidly, but also cool the glue line quickly
after the pressure is removed.
Plywood panels can also be glued bye the cold method; in this case, in order to
raise the productivity of the press equipment, additional cramps are used, which are
screwed up in the press with the intention of retaining the stack of glued panels in the
heated stop outside the press itself.
When using bakelized plywoods the glued surface must be stripped to reveal the
veneer. The height of a batch of panels which can be glued at the same time can be
usefully taken as about 1 m.

Glue Steel Cover Plates


A glue steel cover plate** is a steel plate (or sleeve***) with a hole for a bolt
usually arranged in the middle of the plate, glued to the wooden or plywood member
with the all-purpose water-resistant glues.
Some examples of glue-steel connector are showing in Fig. 82.
Boring the holes in the wooden members and gluing the plates must be done in
jigs; this ensures the interchange ability of the separate members and makes it easy to
assemble and take them apart again.
The glue line under the plate works under shear stress and partly under rupture
stress. In order to eliminate the rupture stress the corresponding edges of the plate are
drilled beforehand and fastened with screws.
The design calculations for glue-steel connectors are carried out on the
assumption that the glue line is under shear stress conditions. The required area pf
glue line under the plate must not be less than
𝑇𝑝𝑙
𝐹𝑝𝑙 ≥ 𝑎𝑣
𝑅𝑠ℎ
For approximate calculations for joints with glue-steel plates the permissible
shear stress along the glue line is taken according to the design standards for shear in
joints in members of wooden structures, taking into considereation the angle
𝑎𝑠ℎ between the force and the grain.
The maximum permissible shear stress along the glue line under the plate is
taken as ;
With a = 𝑎0 , 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 24 kg/cm²
With a = 900 , 𝑅𝑠ℎ90 = 12 kg/cm²
For intermediate values of angle α between the forces 𝑇𝑝𝑙 and the grain of the
wooden member

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