:s.l
'11:: KINDS OF CLAUSES
I. WHAT IS A CIA,USE ?
qi <aLT"< qeF frrs
Phrases and clauses q*|-rfrr cwT<I crause Frs rcE EI
Fkrtq r clause sl6s <rE q q-Nic< qt qmE' clause €R G$ftfr-strf q.FI cs< q.'{
|
p*rB-e q{rls carrs qRlq-{C{lC{ clause-€K qtclfr-S tR}-{ csrcr qt\e r qq'F
cEElrq-d qR<Icd clause-s-{ c(frS qfrx cq.\sTl Erqt i
I know [@.
svo
<TaTtrcE 61- qi{t object qfr qrftTE.fq r q[<K
I know Fo;".q
ei {l" &F his name {c{r object. *ft hfr .I.q{ qrE r w<lq .cFf {rqT
phrase. STrct q< {c{i rst{ finite verb <r wtFlorfr$ 6t r ftqftT< <i-{Ttr
flg-
I know what his name is (qfr wfr iom rF.ft r)
o
<ffi.r- what his name is qq Tc t q(.ffri know_verb e-<t object. vf{fq
eF ft sstr phrase ? qtr{serEt fi frrq ,4sF object_€< $tq ft{..6q mc{
CEITICT-{ {C-{ qCE eik<
R etr ECqt ,{S'E phrase, frq qfttCq sl i-T I phrase_€st
rstTq$fufl fuat cffrr qt r qE qs{F{ q'c{i qsB qqFrsl fuat "rs" En-6q
q'c<]'
4l verbF< 4sE 5ugis61€ qRq (his namei. {sil( {{ <}-sffu T.C<l qfrr+ r
3. fi-q-f finite verb qlsl q'cq€ clause frrq 6€FI sentence Ts, q"{i qsfr
sentence-€K soF q(tt TIE I
EXERCffi 1. All your words are true. (Fl{l{ q< sctR csi l)
2. What you say ($ $ T{ 9 Tsi r)
is true.
Question t B'lf,+< <lrsl All your words €{( 2-4( <lr$"i< what you
1 T(
say-€R {Ctft mT{ft clause Cf[{F phrase? 6{;{l
Answer : 1 4( ilf€l3 All your words-€E word s(4[ €FCGI are verb
s'itr subject Sc"i alq s<-6Q r qRR qQ -mqtEq3 fr-eq ffi{ finite verb e subject
oEr
€E'C{l qfr {f,{l phrase (noun phrase) fsq 2-4( {16<Fl-.1 what you say
qq-tFs 4?Fltr{ subject Rrrycs (is verb €3 subject) +lq +r<'cq I fiiq q< fi-q-t
qqft finite verb 9l(Q r (say). eqfl qtr {6Et qT'F clause.
ffiqfffif6fi
1. Principal clause
Principal clause C{ clause El3t qd g-{t("K q{i q{i C$14 clause s< E"K
Fr6{q-{ i-{ qrs Tcq principal clause. €< q?r66TT <9 ?<fi? qcqt qt cs ql
634 A Passage to the English Language
clause-(s {4 sentence fr celr$ qffi 4'6s frqcqs qtr qsF nq-{ <fot frqr<
firq< qd er€Fr $-{cE qrq I EhR<(q-{ {<icq RRTF {ai-dsft< c<Fft <R< r
S+i r<tfr q({F qr{ ({s qesn qri) RE €set s The boy is playing
football.
ft-q e< stlCal who _1w qs<lq q{d q< flfu ;E <-qrq I who is playing
football q({F c€F <ls] foqr< <r<-qs Ecs {lc{ EI r Tls"l, "cTg,ffi
qdq{ qt; q< 9i(3 <t qlc'i qR'€ frR EeK $cRtw{ slcq
c{4cq"-rc< c€,F c"t{"Ift-{ I
1-u<Tt €l 9('IE principal clause {T I €fr {6{.[ subordinate clause {t qT{l lC{
ffiqt+qr
More Examples :
=_r
Pinku comes to me when he has time.
--?c--
We eat in order that (€Q €ra-.6 6q; we may live (q|.l"fl
-p.e-
C{-{ ilucs {R).
2. Subordinate clause
2. Subordinate clause : 6{ clause principal clause €K {RlIl' Rlp'l
qslft qd e|=Fl-l
"llc{ il EIfs <fE subordinate clause. subordinate \iC1
q<'cs
9ft-q' r qre'Kcctq< q{"lqlr-s{"f s-<lqrscq I
Principal clause {tlfn' qlfflU+l +3F {{-S subordinate clause {|tf,{ IT{I{i
FI1"EI5-{T €<I q(T-Cq I q"lf{ €q|qfia|< Et{l6q Sl-{€ ffirsrc< subordinate clause
q-rG6qirqfE-{+3lEr{ I
Grammar : Kinds of Clauses 635
lffiq r)
S.C
i do not know where he lives. (ffi qtR 4 6s1eflrt 6c qlco l)
-=sc_
635 A passage to the English Language
ERrE qtrs"f 6wK qrcElD-{t e<(EqRn"t ql{fl ch-afEf{ \51 ccpca r{lt <lT C
subordinate clause :Tl{R{ ffif?lv word aC{l frCT qne CS;
Wl1o, when, how, where, wh-ich, if, as, that, why, so that, in
-
order that, whom, hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner, etc.
s<K qlTfl subordinate clause 4t ffi ersr{Fc frcr qrq'I'-{r s-f{ r
a. Noun clause
(a) Noun clause : c{ {-<t subordinate clause noun q< Flq F'G anr$
9d1\ subject, object, complement, KI case in apposition
-S< S.fq F'6{ allfs
slfq<'f$ T6{ noun clause.
A noun clause is a clause which can function as a noun in a
sentence.
q-<t<,{-$B $hl{{Gt 6Tl Sls S
srol. rtbn< q-qj fiA q{F{;ts, \or< qFKt {sjrce qI<s erq-s q<( q..{EC{Iq, s-fR
q-{ ccQsaBfr qqr{ q(rqfq-{F-{F qTR I c{q;[, T.r{ F-fi sl6 qffi qcq]-"m
qsF of<"', \or{rq .{R E?BE €"Ir{-{ Tmr* cc<t Frq.cl Ecn'i sRrr ftF tR s
The faci that he is a thief is clear to all.
---T.e.
(q<{a orq+sj xffi -flR$r< es m .lrsF oR r)
<ls1tr65 subject {6{l fact. "that he is a thief'--E Eg4l' cc? factF r qfs
{6?rr$ *t? oilF q-{ .n? q&fr-s ciause FF qFil Effi, qfr qI ell+'ffis ffi
q$Tf ,4$E n'Fst{ ss <r+qtr ws fll{s r {s<li qrs <ET {c{ apposlion.
The news is not true. (qc4qF lrst Ts l)
q{16{ c(RqF fr vt<fl qsfr r qQ vexfr I,t qrqs <fsi 16+, uge <f$i-rs
ql3rc E{R-<qF s-{l-?t BTli qT<l c€qF fr Et qro rcdr firc
"tiR I
638 A Passage to the English Language
CTT{ 3 The news that he was ill is.not true.
N.C.
(m o srqqQq @ ccqlqfi;rr9l iT t)
ETSL-E *l?E cq{ ftq 6{ that he was iil €Q noun clause (N.C.) F news-
noun llr{ apposition.
Your belief was false. (Fl{Kfr{lc&EfieUt r;
<r$ifts R frdtcF frqn vr ft m qq(n ftR <ql q{fr r cqF qrq <r+iF< {.c<r
belief-noun fr c'qcr qsfr q&fr-s Eql Rlrt o-<t mri
"nr< c
-!*:e
Your belief that the earth moves round the sun is false.
:::i: N.C.
(Ftrmfrttc 6{ fftWtr{Emfrrs mmqcErfiqn - $ft af.6n umAc+
csfc< FIqR eefrflcfrqfit r)
The rule must be obeyed. (ffi q-{'Be eX-44 4-g6o q6q s)
ft-q ft cc frT'{Fl {rl a-fl {lo ffi e(Tl people shall not enter this
room (ET{.i qR orv €frfi sltcl lt r) qqn ,qE sGft"-s v?R'F E"fr<-< <t-$its<
qI{r'JfrLT ChsTl$-S-
The rule that peop]e shall not enter this room must be obeyed.
b. Adjective clause
(b) A{ective clause :-C{ I:{ clause CSl{ TICS} adjeciive {? T'fS S-Ci
sftq'-{tT adjective clause <FI I qeffl <lf$I <FIqg qC{ fSt{ noun ll noun
equivalent (noun €K qT-qry)-C$ qualify F6{ r
Grammar : Kinds of Clauses 639
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause which acts as an
adjective in a sentence and qualifies a noun or noun equivalent.
Enrmr"r< $<trq <iltRF *1? +-<t sls r
qtq<s.R r)
j'.a
{clifr who camehere Ef{l qF'F subordinate clause. qi TKf clause fri
'boy'-noun Ers GRs r<[q l{s-<1( efr 'boy' noun fr{ modifier fuqc< $leT
STfq I qf$-Cq (E chuseF q({.t S-$F adjective clause.
I do not know the reason why he came here.
, A.C.
fr q{ffi cq qrqEE qIfr s} qtfi 4l r (ffi q-{ q{P6{ qcrr FFr"t qtfr q'l r)
(el16{ why he came here clause fr reason (s1'{ct) noun FC-s modify sT6R r
(a) This is the doll which I made. (b) i know the time when he will
come. (c) Give me the bo-ok which you bought yesterday. (d) He who is
rich can buy such a house. (e) Show me (rn{le) the process (mfr) now
to do it. (f) I do not know the reason why Munir murdered Rima" (g) This
is the town where her uncle lives. (h) Give me the notebook, i saw in
your hand the other day. (i) She is the fairest girl ithat) I have ever seen.
C. frcDT <fsiegq3 adjective {l adjective phrase-€ffifiis adjective ciause-
q qft..fre e*{ B
{a) l{e is a hard working rnan. (b) The girl in white is my sister (c)
This is a red cat. (d) He is an active boy. (e) Give me a clean shirt. {l)
The hungry man is crying for food.
D. frfF-{ adjective clause QFIIS {r!-FT adjective phrase Rl adjective <qT€ g
(a) He is a man who is poor" (bi He gave me a pen which was ted.
(c) i know the village where he lives" (d) A man who succeeds is happy.
(e) I want a shirt which is rnade in Arnerica.
,Ans. ts. I
Grarnmar : Kinds of Clauses 64 |
Adjective clause Antecedent
(a) wnlchI made (4, oou
ib) When he will come (b) the time
(c) Which you bought yesterday (c) the book
{d) Who is rich (d) he
(e) how to do it {e) the process
(f) WhV Munir murclered Riina (f) the reason
(g) where her rrncie lives (g) the iown
{h} (that) i saw in your hand the other day. (h) the notebook
* ii) (that) i have ever seen (i) sirl
,,i'" L-. (a) ne ls a man wno worl{s nard. tl'u I h ls
in',.r sister. (c) This is a cat which is red. (d) He is a bov who is active (e)
Give me a shirt which is clean. (0 The man who is hungry is crying for
f ood.
D. (a) He is a poor n:an. (b) He gave me a red pen. (c) i know his
native viilage. (ci) A succesgful man is happy. {e) I want an American
shirt.
.']qi-sfs adverb clause ft&d ef+T{ 4-lq q*;5 $'6{ e6a 1 fr66 qFq-fl e Rqt{
1ffiqr+Er
e (i) Where, whence (c+fctr+), wherever, eqfu ftn eT Ecq adverb
clause f$Fl p-{ Rt place-fs ft,cftI TTT t stl{ \d'fc Tfq adverb clause of
place. FFl4 3
gfi
----*a:e. -
Go where ycu lvant go. (sTe cs*ffc{
-
Gco Hs i)
Go baik io when;e
-Adl.f -v-rlu came. {cielq cqfr+ eirq'&F frffi'ftI< sTs t)
.
I war"rt io r+inain sittii:g rvhere I arn (Qfi fiqfT;E \q& ffiqG] 4Cq affir[q
ndt.-e. -
uR ri
Do you war:t to gc lo v,'henee I cams?
-------*---TA\,. T.
(eth cqEtiq 6qR-6 qfiR+Iq qfr ft cq"ft{ trrcs Dt€?)
O (ii) then, while, whenever tiofifr ftm e< I?t adverb clausa (ffQ-{EFl
Con q'{'s <l {*fiF fir,ftt qr< r {ffiiltrs {r{ adverb clause of time. R'FI 3
APTEL-41
642 A passage to the English Language
({fi fr ql-cC \e-fi q:ffl. sT."""/
r
W e shall start
Piay
whgn_bejesg!
while you play; work while you work; and read while you
$_.Ft t)
read. ({tl{ CqEq Efi crl{; lfi T.lq $-{q sfi slq F{; S.|< {fi ,fW E?lq
"tv r)
O (iv) That, so that, in order that, lest- -tWlR Et<t C€l{ clause tsF {t-4
El qsfr purpose?tlEfn-{i q<.TT I qq"r{I ,!E u:!-S{ clause-ce tT{ adverb
ciatrse of purpose- frrl5Fl B
We eat tirat (= so that = in order that) we ma.; live.
Adv. C.
(qqa "{i?
6T{ q]"{{t ttm".s qr? r)
F{e studied hard so that he iright pass in-ihe first_djviston
Adv. C.
1ca +*ia cqril"fgf eu-{EE 6[q fi qrfq &-sI$
"iTa F<.65 Et6n r)
lValk iaster l-ri !p*?!9!lgg51lla$i*
Adv.C.
{qIFs W {F iRffi 6q s*cq 43rr< it=e|<e W qF "tt"e F{ cFE s-rn t)
EI-{Cq cqR|l crffi fr EellTd sl3Thl{ <trIas erE that=so
thai,/in order that=
{{I', {i[o-qq q'rf e3 I 4R( lest=
"lTcq <t i?cq-qt qd-€frF.l $c< i
{s-{t( qt
conjunctions{4"l frm mn clause B3F qfq q 5oF
.SffirR"-fO.+g1."f
T64 ,
Grammar : Kinds of Clauses
O (v) That, so-that, such tsttfr El<l c$t-{ shucs ts;F qcE \51 fsls sEsT{
.:FilTq" <ls <c{ 1 qt qffi qQ qfq? clause-cs adverb clause of result
E[q I GFF{ 3
I can go with you on condition that you will give lne some money.
ffi-
(qtft FFRvrftqJ sco ttR eE.n6cqqfrqmn+ftgEtoi cqr< i)
(on condition that:€Q'tsd cS)
He helped me or cordition that l wo
{ffi qqrm qf{rsi rr{Rq ql'rd c{ 'tc( ef'6Tlq-{ qc-q qtfr \fils q}El{l
s-tr{ t)
He will be appointed provided (that) he is an M. A.
Adv"
(iolcafrcrT'fsrtEc-<s1? fis$
qE. q. t) q<F-q-{
({<qfr cqqft{ crtelq, frq sno ft cr{r = sfr q"fi frrfiril. <.R q-{(E ft
qf{r)
9'.rqp..r"glhat he passes the M. A but '.i,,ili he get a job?
Adt.e.
({fi Cufq 6{ ,{'{. d" 'll'l-€E, fr-q cn ft ssa ulofr "iir{r= qfr er. ,{.
q+S -_-
cry
eilrtsc{ srqq cq ft rf*R tfe<r)
(supposing that= SCR fr"qTq m; sft)
O (viii) Though, although, even, if EsF fi{l Gtr T{ clause str ET
\5m-<fsTCal a dverbial clause of concession.
Though (= arlthough={fte) he is poor he is honest.
Adv. C.
(fis cr olfr<, ugs cccs t)
Grammar : Kinds of Clauses 64s
Even if lrou pay the monev now. you will not given the goods.
Adv. c
(<frs qfr q?t{ BTfl q't€ v{s FFks qEErFil @\e$ Etr{4t t)
(even if: calftlfrv)
Though he came last he completed first.
Adv. C
gfre cn+<t< flc< qrqftqq{s 6ryq-<l<qx{ eF+r<Rq r)
Even if you beg excuse now he will not be kind.
a$:t (ql{ft ,c"14 <fr qF s'5rl\e Els, u{s EIT q-{t E[< qt t)
O (ix) As . . . as, than, the same-as, such . as, so . . . as_W
ftrg c+n crause eip q'cq & crauseF csFT qs-{t T<${ r .cq-fl' qtfir ,t6E
clause 6$ adverb clause of comparison or degree fi] {s r c{rFI B
Akbar was as strong as a lion.
Fr$-€ fisr€ $o -16$'q 6qr 1y
That book is as interesting as this.
as . . . as TtE <'ifu, <q, <l slrm q?{i .ll-sl- Sslt sra
I 6{:Ft He is a
inteiligence as his brother. (ca q< qtc-Tn rE r) q{q
1h.ffi {fhrc.l<
(intelligence) Ru'rf< Ue = his brother
or, He is as intelligent as his brother.
Kamal is stronger than Jamal.
(qmE+,mEwflst c<Ff tffi l)
€rll-c-{ than Ekl EE qr..l< gE{l d-{[-m r (than:60-c{, w"t$i)
This is the sarne book as that. (qi <tF $-o & <Qtr< qs
i)
We want such a boy as will be active.
(ql:r'.il qT{ ,s-<iq{ <E-s uR cs C[< Gft r)
(the same .. . ut=fto. . .IE I such. . . as: €I;t. . . c{ t)
NOTE : Adverb clause {fi sentence-€i qakq TC{ Efi q< qTF
"lC<
srl <r{a\t ET r c{''l{ 3 Since there was no wind to fill the sairs, they had to
remain motionless in that hot sea.
Though he has no money, he helps others when they
are in danger.
As I rvas the only man there, the thief became a robber suddenlv.
If what he says is right, there wil bn no
;;;bi;; i" il; .;;;."'
Some Interesting Examples
I know where he lives. (noun clause , kro* verb €R object) ($fr
ffi cq cotem cn1-s l)
i know the place where he lives. (adjective clause : place_6$ modify
+-<ra r)
I shall go where he lives. (adverb clause : ,go' verb 6$ modify
d{Cq t)
He told me when he would come (noun clause , told,_verb€i
object.)
645 A passage to the English Language
He told me the time when he would come. (adjective clause :
antecedent 'time'-C$ modify +-<-e r)
He decided when he would come. (adverb phrase : 'decicied' verb-
6s modify +-sCe r)
He taught me how to do it. (noun clause : 'taught'-verb€K object.)
He taught me the way (B"rta) how to do it. (adjective clause : 'the
way' antecedent C$ modify Ri{R t)
ERTE fi"ti ell{ G clause 4i <Kqfd q$]TT e€ clause sfie noun
* clause, Tfig adjective clause, ftS<t +.He adverb clause S'C"t SM S1T I
d1-!
.':; ,
3. Coordinate clause
3. Coordinate clause : {rt{ {E { Ersll{s qT6i{ft{ clause 6sl-{
coordinatng conjunction SKI T(F q{, io.F glfq-{GF T6{ coordinate clause.
q?lffi csl5lfcq-{ fiT qlT q.l'k€
"!F.3 CT, lT(i{ft{ clause,<rq ft q-+n
{rq I q1, aQ FqfiE q?mn }rvcu's c<Ft o+qt{ I ,{R qd qc-qr e? R fr
clause {fr {T principal clause EIQI4 q'|*{Fs {r< principal'clause. qt
Et
clause coordinating conjunction Elili T6 Ecq qcr<r$ (FI clause conjunction.
trFFI 3
He came and he saw every thing.
cerc;t---er.6;r--
$1r<-<<fqrfi?.lo He came €:I( he saw everything EE{tqlElqlq.lqlare:8<
<lEqs Cct sr$-{F qrqa{ sentence-q efR"fs W r vd g-a.]-e.R q-{t qTBr$
q-{ft<$aafr-ftftqE6oqsqt I cq-{{ s
He came. He saw every thing.
S-f\o "lcs eE qt <1arq tqTT< <f$jffirs EtF tRqE qc{rs r
ffi "1uurn-"
principal clause. €311 coordinating conjunction 'and' Ei3rl
{E<Is.'4il
s qca'cq I Ffl( s<l qcqrs {ffilcoordinate clause. ft-q €rF{ esF principal
clause 4{'(w{IF subordinate clause RC{ El64-{rs coordinate clause €l cqs
{lr
qRIf qSfr
clause {fr {{ subordinate clause q<( q-"{i q4.F 5u[6ydin61s
clause 9R{kel coordinating conjunction ElSt W clft-s slqTqs d 5l} clause-
CS coordinate clause {fq I ORcl q{f6{€ sl;Jt 'C-{fi{fu' S{S Ev*n?
subordinate clause. C{ri;t B
We know that he dances and sings and thus earns monev.
T_-T-
€rliT:{ he dances, he sings, he earns money €Q ffifr subordinate
clause 4{i q-{gfrt and (coordinating conjunction) Elfi qfS q"lf<3 Cl(ct
{s
{CT[R i {ufiq q<t S1-qCSE coordinate clause.
€\5$rct s3r c+rEq lT'($ft<'T{cE ft T<rlE {CVq, q{ ftr
sl-qlEql{fl cq"{lElq fr_
f coordinate clause principal clause ,aq >qffi qcs
"flr{, ft(<t
I subordinate clause e< ryqffi qrg effr{ I
Grammar : Kinds of Clauses 647
More Exarnples :
She heard the news and (she) cried out in grie{
C. C.
(cq qc<r'F arE qqe E '?l3tr cEcl ewcR frc$.F Fcr E"fi r)
He went there bui (he) could not see the man.
el6.rc)-
-c-e.6D-
(fi ffiqtc{ Fk{Rq 6E 6ffit<
-e. "rmfr t) cn-ell
You must study hard or (otherwise) you wili fail.
ee-=ee-
qtra v-fi
jd;e (qR q<-BR ortn m<tqgt <r<c< mw 4T6{ t)
E"fcg< wEefqt <rrsi C. C. Sl-Tl coordinate clause $fFt EcT68 i qqscl
':X:,.
EW{T 6q EqRKq qrfl e-<fflI 6{eFl (coordinate clause sC{1) principal clause-
q< qClllft r G'O< Bw]<"ierd,l[E coordinate clause 9I4l subordinate clause €3
TCtA'ft (qdi9 subordinaie-subordinate {t$ t)
He said that the rnan stopped in the way and picked up a piece
of string and went away.
4{lF{ the man stopped in the way, (the man) picked up a piece of
string (EQ), €R( (the man) went away ef6o16-4Q subordinate clause. fuq
,!fS qTC{< qfc{ ,{q-{ C.t(.dq[fl coordinating. Tgf,l( €31 {6ql coordinating
clause.
I know where he iives and works.
€eltH he lives €{( he works {[{l coordinate clause.
Summary:
qE$t ql{{t ssersR clause frrr qrEFlt 4-{-El{ \51 frru-< qrfist sl-fir<
cq"nT ErEl 3
@r-tr
J
Adiective clause
time to a verb
-Subject to a verb
place
-Object to a preposition
reason or cause
purpose
-Object
-complement
in apposition
ondition or supposition
concesslon
-case
egtee ot companson
manner.