Chapter 17-Some Auxiliary, Defective, Model and Semi Model Verbs

CHAPTER A 17
SOME AUXILIARYO DEFECTIVE'

MODAL, AND SEMI-MODAL VERBS
ql q$1CT+-5$qffl auxiliary, defective, modal, 4?t( semi-modal verb
q'Tcfr qfffiIE-{I s-<T qr4 r q{tlt{T
qqln? Eim< auxiliary verb S16$ {Fr I Verb
q{ifcT defective verb F'lrs {fq \51qlcs'IE-fl Ffi qc{rq I !C?tlc{ QqlC{ modal €tr(
semi-modal verb €K s-s-seffl ?EfiB {-k-6 {l<"[ {|fi uli r cq verb a(Tl IrKfi
ql6Eb-{l T-{t EcTrq Efcm :[C{I modal qq FRfrR|geIEt e
Can, could, rnay, might, must, ought, will, would, shall €T( should.
qrq-{}{FB-i o
(i) Third person, singular subject-€K T{ CSf{ ordinary verb T116{ ElCF3tr
(rIC{ s,/es IF {T r CEI-{ C
He goes to school.
fu{ modalverb €K C-iC{ ffi-{ s,/es 19 {T 4 c
He can do it. He must do it. ffi r
(ii) Ordinary verb GF negative (I interrogative-q {ffi S;fCs qfq s.R

:Tl(el auxiliary verb Rtsl Til-cs E{' I GFf{ B
He goes. (affirmative)
He does not go. (negative)
Does he go? (interrogative)
ft-q modal verb qI{IfS negative lI interrogative F-{[CE qCq El6T{ qkel
6€Ft auxiliary verb CT[tt S-{F qT {I I CT{{ s
He can do it. (affirmative)
He can not do it. (neg.)
Can he do it? (int.)
(iii) Modal verb sC{l3t COt-q q6-S past tense 6{t t could, might, should,
would €a(41 past ErE\3 Srtr< <j<qlT<K frTKh-r-l Tc{Tq I
(iv) C€l{ modalverb q< Cf({ ing C{l{ S-{l {l{ <'6 SdF,ll qft-{ present
participle ttf,+ o-*t ${ 4l <'6E, q&-{f$ 6sF[ continuous tense-€ <K{-{ S-{t {l{
4r
(v) Modal verb €31 6$f{ infinitive 6aQ 1 6q'q-{-to eat 6{ell *q ft-q to
can, to may, to must 64rll qg< ;lltr I
220 A Passage to the English Language
(vi) Modal verb (r eK q< {5l-{ €Ffr 1n6n111ve ellcs I qrqr rc{i qs'{rq
ought-€-.{ of<-<-ff infinitivefr {s fulfinfinitive (to cfirc) q<( q;ftm modal €<
"R-<-Ef infinitive aFTl {s bare-infinitive (to Eq afirs) I
qeKefcs need, dare, efi( used (to) {E semlmodal verb.

q&-{ dclT?'E defective €i( ordinary Ew qqq verb
Rffir< Flq T-{ce
{l6i r frdF verbQ modal verb (i SE CSld auxiliary verb R|gQ negative T1
interrogative +-Acs "11-c< r qR];1 ot=tl do,zdid form-s afqq $-{cr9- flIK
"fbq I
u '|,fl RsFI 3
lj} .
I need not go.
or, I do not need to go.
I. INTRODUCTION
qq q$IT qlrffi'f +Is-sF verb €if Rr"m <i-E{< fics qlrEfE-{.t fiFT r €t
verb
er{l{ <I{{{ <vt e*g"l{ cs qerEt qvl ?q-{ftq Q-<q Qcrtrfr qsf{ <Kqr-{ sls
qr$rql E[-s "lW I {q<l( qerqt CsFr<t TfiI{.trf rr{$.lr{ fl\r,r{ tqtFfB verb
{<
erqTqq s
Be must
be+to can
have may
have to need
do ought
dare would
should
II. ELABORATE DISCUSSION

(RslRsqffi)
q{R eftfr verb€Br RGdTft <r<CR cq-{t {ts)
A. Uses of verb 'to be'
qcfq qq verbfr< frGg q"1 cq"[ $s s
Present form : am, is, are, art (+Rl.sltt)
Past form was, wast (FRlvI{), were, wert, (Tfu{)
Future form shall be, shalt be (TFlr5lT), will be, wilt be
(stu{)
Present participle : being (q{tR be+ing)
Past participle : been
Perfect participle : having been
Present perfect : have been, has been
I. Use of 'be' as the Principal Verb :

'cllsl'<t ?re:n'wd'be' principal verb Rccr< <]=tqu qT 1 sr1-a a16al< ffi
qa frr*"t a
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 22I
(a) NPI + Be + Adj.
(b)NPf + Be + NP2 (ComPlement)
(c) NP1 + Be + Adverbial Phrase
,!{< frcF{Eq"|{{"t srqt +lV s
6ry (C{) q$q{ €..E t, \5Fn({*) qlqF <T t
qfr (€) q-ssr{fis-s I F]{-fl (ec) qcq t
ftfiArq-{ sFq-{ 'ftTa I c'tFtt"l (*1) p-ar<<rft r
{l<rtqr{\flrq{ | qlErs(?c6F)q6t&${ r
!j.c
fut(qs)qpr mfrqftQo rffi r
:.+l q<I{ <fsierqFr q(r<q q{<Iq cq'"Il qto r Sm translation qi[ 'fctl (a)' (b)'
(c) Fe fiLT E'[Cl3t structure T<fi{ qcT(q I
She is a student. (b) They are my friends (b)

I am a teacher. (b) You are dishonest' (a)
He was a singer. (b) The rose is the queen of flowers' (b)
Father is in the room. (c) Allah is almlghty. (a)
Rima is ill. (a) She was absent' (a) etc'
EXERCISE
L firu< rt*.ture-fr <lrqK T'c{ Rfud tense-{i sqefts q{tr <lsi ut]ry +<
qftq< qretsftq principal verb {{ be-verb.
6,t".$45g{qrq]6-ql 6fi 1
NOTE : art, wert, shalt be, wilt be-€Kl qfr thou (=you) 43 elfd <fc I
sRlgl{ qq(qtTt{dEq{ lctl'Fl s

gfi c-ovn ftqtl<tlft= Thou art (= are)a liar'
gfr RTE 19= Thou wert (= were) honest.
q? I-{R = Thou shalt (= shall)die. ffi r
222 A passage to the English Language
2. The Use of 'be' as an Auxiliary Verb :
qES{ Cqm be-4F principal verb
RmC{ <rf{k cq-C{q I qfi 6q"lr< Lf{
ffi <f9|.{ auxiliary verb fr6q54 nl{{l< r El{ qlCri qF{l q-<-s.l-< auxiliary
verb
ft rfrcu{<t-srEt "tV r
I am a boy.
I am eating rice.
qql <fsifr?€ am EE principal verb. ?F.liT6f, qrs
am EVT q*l 6sFI verb
c8; a--l T$( c"1{ r fu fr'St iffire am-auxiliary verb, principal verb
T{ t <Els r$-{? q{n FNkri-trtrF € nnqo qT{6s qr{ I
Auxiliary-fiF< sdEE ?ies]s.tfr't Es-<t( am_GF auxiliary verb Efi

<aTt Et-{ {{c q q{t cfl{ verb-6{ it{|.II Grc{ qql't
r <ftr{'t am-q{t 6.rFI verb-
cs rRrqt rrQ cr, ffi <n+i< E{l., fu r qq-$ qD auxiriary verb {.{ r ft-q
frQ-S <trq am Elg 9f<s qffi, verb sICR-eat, 116{ .{t€Tt, I am_41verb_
fi-< qn Tcc qra continuous (q"nq present continuous) 1sn5s rft{ $*cg
clcFi fiT6q r ft-q <lr ir {q qrd eat-4Tt q<hf{ r qq(Ir frqT
$EiBrs am
{d auxiliary verb.
sR[:{'q:q-fi +qCs
'||R R be-verb-C$ vrlqi auxiliary verb R{l qC< {fi sl
<lCq< q{i 6$.Ft verb (principal verb) 6S 6fi{ continuous (present, past,
future) tense rff,+ +-ars qRlTi T-al r
qirr<qjqcq e qqerfiffi<m{< mrfiqls I
l (i) Continuous Tense

"th +<rs Auxiliary verb RrcF c
O Present Continuous Tense :

Present continuous tense-€F rt}-q CE fifql ;
€:llC{ extension (FlF {<llCq y11nn €F elf< qt frE <qGI qT q<tr-g.CO r
tr5rq 3
i am eating rice. (ffi

ets ?fifr r)
They are playing football. (El.-{l
Tf<-{ C{nrq 1)
She is making tea. (C{ fi M
n-+fn r)
They are laughing. (vkt r) qffi
You are drawing a picture. (qfr qsD gR qi-sq t)
Biva is weeping. (Rlll-t Slqzq r) ffi r
Grammar: Some Auxiliary,Detective, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 223
O Past Continuous Tense :

@ tense-F<'thfirfi B
q< c<ftCaQ extension

'lr{< <ksi tIIfrR clf$r<
qqfc{ V(ins)-q< zFIl
q[Tcq I cq$I3
' .,;r.l He was eating rice. (Cc vls {ftqq 1;
We were talking. (qa-fl scfi <eh{ t)

Mother was cooking rice. ({t qs <ffl T-dRrE{ l)
Rahim and Karim were playing. (<Rq q<qFRr crffl +-<Rq r)
She was dancing. (C*qffi r)
Badal was singing a song.
(<tqET .rsF ltla efiftq r) ffi r
O Future Continuous tense :

@ te.s"-F< utf,q fis-s"l a
cT5l-{ 3
I shall be reading a book. (v.tfr q+F <t qVcs elle< r)
They will be playing. (Effl c{EF aIFFr{ l)

We will be fishing in the river. (ql:r{l n.fo€ $q qfis all-{-{ i)
Mina will be watering the garden. (fr-{l <ltikT fll.fi frcu <lFr< r) i9ilfr r
\51'€rE qs{r6l 6o15l{I frGn continuous tense efh Tfl{ q*{t ftsltrt be-verb
<I+do qg q cq{rq r e<K cq"lF passive voice rl}{ F-{l< q{i frvlrE 6n-un.O
<l<-qsE{ I
I (ii) Passive Voice tht q+co Be-4T <KER I
O Present Indefinite Tense :

Active : Ieatrice.
Passive : Rice is eaten by me.
Active : He reads a book.
Passive : A book is read by him.
Active : She eats bananas.
Passive : Bananas are eaten by her.
O Present Continuous Tense :
Active : I am making a doll ({qa;
Passive : A doll is being -ujJ ir.n."'"'
Active : They are maki-ng aofl..'
Passive : Dolls are being-made by them.
Active : you are looking-ut -"-'
Passive : "n".-'
I am being lo6ked uiby you.
\ilqfq ffio' Ctlq present continuous tense_€R passive_€
_
E{- be_verb q< Rrl
O Present Pefiect Tense :

(Q tense-q{ passive-( be-(,erb€i q{
R'l
6{5FT 3
@
Active : I have eaten rice.
Passive : Rice has been eaten bv me.
Active : He has done this.
Passive : This has been done bv him.
Active : Rima has cooked rice.
Passive : Rice has been cooked by Rima.
O Past Indefinite Tense :
.81 tense-.q< passive-€ be-verb q<
{?l qS_
C$FT t
@@
Active: Iateamango.
Passive: A mango wis eaten by me.
Active ,
Jf"u dug ({T{ nrqRqi the pond.
Passive : The pond was duq bv them.
Active : You killed the birdi.
Passive : The birds were killed by you.
O Past Continuous Tense :
€t tense-4i passive-( Uou"rUl<-uth* R.r*q*
l-**--l-
t--
!-l being I
iwere F-r
6$Ft 3
Active : She was cooking rice.
Passive : Rice was being*cooked by her
Grammar; Some Auxiliary,Delective, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 225
Active : I was calling them'

Passivet' They were being called by me.
Active : We were buying some books.
Passive: Sorne books were being bought by us.
O Past Perfect Tense :

€R tense-4i passive:€ be-verb q< s'l C{- FA;l
q-?T qllst & tense-q< had TCI I 6{5FT 3
Active : We burried the cow after we had taken the skin.

Passive : The cow was burried after the skin had been taken by us'
Active : He had done it.
Passive : It had been done bY him.
O Future Indefinite Tense :
€ tense-€K passive-€ be-verb €< {q q{-
i--*rll:l-
,ttl
l-
l--l
ttt
be I
I shall l--t
c{l5l"T 3
Active : She will cook rice.

Passive: Rice will be cooked bY her.
Active : I shall see him.
Passive : He will be seen by me.
A<*ive : He will help me.
Passive : I shall be helped by him.
O Future Continuous Tensc :

€R tense-q< passive-4 be-verb qa 61 qT-
Ff"rfl-r
H*-'r--@
l"
Fu-l-l
c{:Fl 3
Active :*itt be cooking rice. (c{ sfs ifvre {fsr< l)
St're
Passive: Rice will be being cooked by her.
,dctive : She willbe helping me. (cl qlllrs wqt'{i 6-{ae
ers-r{ r)
Passive : I shall be being helpeci by her'

Active : Kamal will be reading a book.
(smq qs$ <Q ru1s {lsr< r)
Passive : A book will be being read by Kamal.
APTEL-15
O_Future perfect Tense :
€{ tense-St passive-€ be-verb ,qn ,tt{ qg fift"t e
tense-4?tr have-F shall/will €

ffiy' been€-:tr Tr{I lrs "tryrq r
Active : I shall have finished the work

by 5 p. m.
(vtR fr..sfE iba +aTE #;'en-+;rim.n-q
Passive : The work will fr"u. U."" finished r)
Active : He wjll-have."nr;;;;re 5. p.
by 5 p. m. bv me.
Passive: Ishall h.ve b""n-i"* m.
L"u'r-r,_ before 5. p. m.
eRrn cuqcl -ty_fg
verb auxiliary verb Rmc<
c{ o{-"1." iintinuom tense {b+ sirC9
<j<T RR'c<< pa"ssive ul}{ fifltt {TlI eirsFF
be_
tense-(T qkqR eil auxiliary
Rt+;.6{_
s{31 be-verb €< sq-$ gmfi wson I
11iiru *o,f oT*

G"t;,[j1#SJ-u-"* *6"'H **t ,
To.rr\'be + to + v
gn-qg1€m
Fru-q 19 e
I am to go = gFIlCs cT(E q{,
They are to go = ulcC-frtrF ffirrc
He is to go = Elrs mr5 en
qI I y;" go : Csl{lrs Rtrs eS
I
She is to go: Ef5q crt-s qsI ";. to

H;1"*i" so = vfcr ,u.cs es
I
Ram is to so = {tTrs cv6s

RT r
^ i;;
I
He was to go = ETrs c{c\9

<_TeE ,
'"-" ;"' go = eFrIrs fr.F g I
fuffir
C(CScai fr6D-{ structure_{3t TI{Ir{ qA cq"[r{ TR s
frr5< Eqr{n"r erEt 19 q{( E"rrtrn

:t<t< structure-(3tr cBer fr-dfrs
I am to help my father in il;;. r
l":y|"vqlTrs ql{r-<
l3..iq" <m< sr(q qRRj.o_<rs pt ,t
We are to obey the law of tt n -- ',
.Luntry.-
(qNkr-trc$ qIq-6R fiw orq uTr\9
eT 1)
You are to go to Khulna. (Cqltr$
{q:fiS 6<19 q{ r)
I am to go now. (qqk-$ qfi f,{.Cs
ET t)
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and SemiModal Verbs 227
cqerERqdoq r
i#!
fifrn tense-ei passive-4R be-verb €< Tel Cq'fl qE r q&fr <fm

Z. fi(5,
"tftt qfr C{ tense-q <l+qs qT \ol( ffi fuq t+rq|qF T{"1€{ I Eeffi
(form)
EnFm{RqKa'6 6r6aqai 3
be-verb qTT{ Tense-4itTFt
(Passive-4)
[;-t-,
---l
1. @PresentContinuousTense.
@ l-l
2. [-u*.1
3.
@-
tr'-'-l-
4.
tr+-i
Ans. 4I exercise-€?l qfitf{ qlcrylt-fl 6q"l I
<t{igltr<llce be+to et(I{{kqsiqA s

.All are l" p?y the money first. =AIl must pay the money first.
(q-{'Rrs Ectc{ ilot frcs qc< r)
No one is to use this book. =No one must use this book.
(c$Ei qe <Qfr <rs{< s-trc< qI r)
Man is to yield to his fate. =Man must yield to his fate.
(${srs q-flTQ vR EtCfi SEq rFfi 6{lTICio qc< 1;
q6FITSf S
Stay here, Ram. ({III, q{16{ qcaisl GT t)
<tslfr c?trs {-q m c{ <sl fiIqq <ITC$ qcflrl s-{cs qIfiri T-{6s I ft-q
You are to stay here, Ram. (cstql< q?f6{ q'c'lst s-ff< s{1, <p] l)
<+lF cal-ro T<[ {lT G {s'-l frcsr il:l'co qrq-lql-s s:t(E 'nr<; qtig- c{ <nn<
eG q{ sK€ qlcq-{ T1I.r,F qtFm frre qlq I
r csr{' {Rrffi qFlcE 1rna16 alEqv {T s
The presicient is to deliver a speech tomorrow.

{ffifirsr$'r)
.A
ivFffft-slE cefu-sB sr<E\ol m{r{

f qTK be q< perfect infinitive-4? <I{qR qtB T3t s
F;l-,I .--
r--ffi-
I
Verb (past participle)
lwere f-l
G:l{ 3
He was to have done it. (EK qaffiT-.tI<tsallEq; fuq caeffi r)

You were to have made it. (cqqK sE <Ft<l< s?fi FE : ftqgfi <ms
frr)
We were to have helped him. (9ffich-d Eltrf cRlsi T-{"<l{ safl fCa c fuq
qm* +fr fr r)
q<l< foD-{ <FFlsrElcs E"lc-<< style-ertF €rc<Fi m"t I
He was to have done the work but he was ill and so his brother did
it. (.rT{ otqF q<l< +qT Rq sTqlcE <'ffi \5K vtQ iot or<frq r)
Rs-q cc
You were to have made the doll bui the child did not want it any
more and you didn't have to make it. (FITI<I tg{ft <ffr6{ <I{l< sall,qE fs-q
Ftwfr vtqK DFrfi T6ar ca-]atc$ i51qF,lts e3fr 1;
We were to have helped him but his brother was there and we
returned home. (qlqlrn< +eltRE \rir$ qRFl r-dR frq si-< sR c4{ln frq q'cE
qt>lfl<t&ftr{,4E]I t)
I st'iT qt qE"nsrft $ venia {br{) c$T{ srq T{fftr9 was/ were +
to + v TfE$6 qT B
He did not study hard and so he was to fail" (rc 6*'1-E ffirs1] 3tr{ft
gjq ,!wa] \5F'srr.lJ 'cs"{' Rq : cn +-r+rBe -ER r)
We did not know the path in the jungle and so we were to get lost.
(qm-fl siq{:q-{ ffi ft{qq iJ, qlx qR qmnq< crRm {]-ilR sqE iaF a qr.Ki er.ss
q1fr6rt fffirya r)
",:FF
Grammar:someAuxiliary,Defective,Modal'andSemi-ModalVerbs229
l be about to + V El<T Frs? gRq]g $lI-{ ET | \5$t <|c<t'Iit verb

tt6g,ET ,S sl6{ s
He is about to die. (6c EIT T{-cq Erq-6q l)

You were about to be in a danger' (\fr slT R* *VR*
qc< sl{ ''
The school is about to break up. (Eq gE C[<
l)
They are about to leave the town (v[<tl q-a q'Tc{-< r-c{i 'f{< s115t
+<c< r)
The lion was aboui to kill the rat but the rat begged pardon of him'
Getr e{<trcr qR o'c< Fqc{ qq-{ irw
tt{F sR Tlcqsrt ut?E t)
I be on the point of + Noun-qvfc?t Tl{ql{ €{C{ vt
ql3t€
Frt's-{vRsiqrsT<fflt a
He is on the Point of death' (ca laq <'6 l-ql< ffi
f{? t)
(cqTr< K(q qd qE sl< c q1-< {fr fle r)
You are on the Point of ruin
<r<qr< o'c< s{'lcs 5fr <lsi a'ra

EXERdISEI 1. firF-< structure
Etcq-< <](Ef qd 6{ s
tr
q<(efch-< qd
2. firu< structure-F ut'aq o'm srolcs 5F <f+r 'tt{ s< <tcEl
o
I'l--'.{@-r
-ltt
I They
l-l
I I r-zl
F- : wer9_l
l-p;;r--
Ans. : Stm<qtcE'1u-{ t'qfrm<< rq<ltQ er<-m r+ft"q Aeq
230 A passage to the
English Language
B. The Use of 'Have'
Have-veru F< ilc{Ke ftCnTft e<( <-\s E{sF.R I qFcs qR_$j s{ts{qn
<I{q? <t<65 Flcq qfr qsr-s wgl{qcT{ sR D\sTk slr{ ef+"Ff
$3t-F ofl<
{{-
r
Have Kjrlde
1. Auxiliary Verb Rcqr< r
2. principal Verb Rrq-tr{ r

qckl s'{ fi&X nf (form) cqr{ c{..$ ffs s
iii. q
,:i-
NOTE : hast, hadst e{ofr-sl$ <t{qs Es I
I 1. The Use of 'Have' as an Auxiliary

I (a) Present Perfect Tense-€ I
__
- Verb :
urlq e
RsFI 3
I have done it. (qffr q-+.M or<R r)

He has eaten ricd. (CC s1E C{IT-CQ t)
They have made it. (rc-|<t qfi ffi or<re r)
r (b) Past Perfect Tense :

nt"'
or,@:E_M[d -F6;] -Fr;,*l
Fl;,-;l-@-@-lh"dl--lv';l-
G:FI 3
The patient had died before the doctor came.

Grenqfq<qk't c<tfttrqIil c,r{ r)
We had reached home before the rain set in.
(lEqt<€qermqk'f qtsn<r& cftwrr -
I burnt ihe letter after I had read it.
D
"
@6tr tg-< "ltrqtfrET $.u *qffi,j---
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Deleclive, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs
237
trrt{(c) Future Petfect Tense :

3
ffjt{ 3
He will have done the work bY 5 P' m'

(cc frsrt ffit qFM TlqF $r< Fq'r< r)
We shall have reached there before the sun sets'
1$ sv sts{R qrc'l vt{-fi cqqr6{ cftcq {R l)
r (d) Perfect q-str

Conditional :
sl
ir irc corq <koi G e-+IFis qn I q(el -trt <fr qQ-saftq E{ sl{cE
q'is{sl6i f$el-$fi4131
sts qT fiE-{c"i
fr csrE f6F "F"t fi w sR(dl 6{ 3Eqfr i5y56 eKlTt <5-<l s
fr$1 3
rr r had known that he was there, I should/would have met
him.
1wtfr <fr
qr{s]a cs fr ccqlc{ Qe qrlq ffi sm q'lcel 6q"ff $-<sll l)
If he had been a king he would have iiven
(c{ you much money'
<fr nsl p iotqrq c{ FFr$ sq< iTsl fts l)
If you had tried hard you would ^have passed in the first division'
sl{cE q?N R-utcut tm s<l€ tl{F)
efi {fr $dt-trst< o?t o-+re you were his uncle, he would not have
Had he known that
behaved rudely wiih you. (e <fr qns G qfr s.f{ 515'l \oqcq c{ NI{13 c-f6al
ffiai-aq6a3sa 1;
E"lcf,< <]-$IeFIcs 9lril"tR qls€ <t<f< q-{]. fr[D-{ clause effil elv 3
I would have met =qIRqlflq+-{s]l r
I would not have met :ffiqtxtqs<sllql t
He would have done = C{ T3l'o- |
He would not have done = frS-<sTl l.

You would have shown = qR cn<lcu
You would not have shown =qQ 6qri1sa11
q<k $lT-sE c(ftg s1 cq{
s
I would not have : I wouldn't have
I,should not have = I shouldnt have
they would not have : they *oJant f,ou".
f (e) The use of "have to"

"did not have to"
"need not have',
"had to"
Csl-{'Tlq s-dl-< <t{rq TfiCE have to if{ds Rs r qfr
T-R I<r{qtrET qSTr{ S
ffiq vftj1s ffi"1
c{:F{ 3
I have to do it ElTfrs q T&T S-{CE qr< I
You have to go there c5.lTlr$ frrltr+ clrs q61 1
She has to cook rice v,lfSq\e-nVfuq5q 1
He has to buy it = Elm qhft-qrsEcR r
We have to sell it qNlTq<rs eil rttrcs eK r
Rima has to suffer frq[-$ -V11g Sr<

= ftqrs$? cetcuq64l
q<f< $Eerfl Efqs-e-< <-s <.|$] Cq-jt s
If you want to remain healthy you have to eat
a balanced diet (tr^fr
<fr Xq etr+ts ulis vrqc-E CsIqR-$ q{T {lqr crfts qra
1;
If you want to prosper in life you have to work
- ^ hard. (Vfr {ft ftff
B*& foiTtls TrbR-qREq +-s"cs qr r)
o-aoo Et€ ERrq'
Ineed to attend the first crass, so I have
to start early. (wffi qq1
Ffr-l U"iF aJt$'K E<-$'R, ofi qffic-s **n c*rE {ql etr
e<cg {r< 1)
You have to earn money in order io live.
(6<tr arsl{ qr
Fllfrs Ar+r mi*:rm
I have to €i
-.*-qu ,
negative {q s
f-l "ot-| fn.;t;-l

@
cTst{ 3
He does not have to go there. (Ef{ CC"$C{.<.}sT|{ h-tr$]:J

c{"1.l1-{ (TCE {Cq 4T r)
6t = g-Ke
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 233
we do not have to do it. (qmnn<r-+ qTM T-{cs qr< ql I - q]Tlcq<

qalqs-d<naot< of r)
You do not have to buy it. (cslfl-rs q?lq fu{cs {6{ 41 = csl{|< (bl
c+-*r< q-{st<cE r)
Biva does not have to cook rice today. (fuT ETq stE <l$ q<co qc<
qt = frstro Elq sFo <W s-<l< n<-ot< of r)
An aciive man does not have to steal. (str{tfu qfr s-${ q-<-€l-< S{ qt
= ffi <,11s66 qR o-<-cs {< Tt r)
EFEncIsel 1. Rrm structure fr cqrro $'{elc$ 10 F <rc1 ui5s +'m
slcqT qt(EI qaf ffiel I
2. 1-€< q1l cs <f+lsrET 'thq or-<q sfcE{rs frrtri structure w{qTc<

negative s3l €<( <f(Et qd ffi{ I
Io.l-r
l---84-['"*;l
Ans. (? exercise q< qktf< qfrEIF{l 6q{ I €9 q-{q c{ ffi "n-<r< r
r had to-q< Trqq-"T B
have to €K past tense {4 had to. fou< Bql-{{qarfl fl-s I
I hadto go :9t{lrs alcs <<Qq I
We had to do it: qqfF<"F ,9 afq F{CE qrXRq r
you had to suffer = cr-:Tlrs -vrlF {cqE{ r
He had to leave the village = Elrs qI:I qp19 qmFq r
She had to cook rice = \5l.6s ele <l{cs <<Fq r

q<RfirE-dEql-{{"t€rfl re s
Yesterday her mother was not at home, so she had to cook rice for
the family. ('fo.$.l.q q< {1 <I&1i5 Qq q.I, vR vno ffiTR-f,{ q-{'il<-F qcsRE r)
You made a mistake, so you had to suffer. (u^fr W Fc<RrE, \5R
CoNlrs -Vtke- ScsF{ r)
He had to leave the village for ever, because somebody plotted
against him. (9rs fiKfrc{T IE ,{]T qntl $-trcs ErgfrE, sFq csu EiF RFrq
D-SI-g $L<RE t)
i;j, t did not have to-4l lr+q13t a
l!;'' had to €R negative {1 € did not have to. {E31( qF past tense C$
fir'fqor< r .{<kfuT-{EqR<qerfl "is a
I rlid not have to go = 9F{Et G(u E{R I - qlfl< II€{f< q-flsR E{fr (q<t
qtfrsEft r)
He ciid not have to suffer :'sl-rs +? c"tre q*fr (c<f m n? "tmR r)
You did not have to water the garden = (FfTlr+ <ltfll{ +Ifi frrs qgfr c
qFqrefr r)
ErEffFi[, did not have to + V d-<l q:r{ Tfq $X-{ <I re6fr+ +<cs qgfr,
Rq$-{RTefiRE;q{ cd;rnR<ieft<slrcci cc mqi c"trsa r
qt ${tsrqt {.rq 6fcq fr5vg 31alqsq1 as g

I did not have to water the garden, because my brother did it.
(qtlt-$ <t'ik{ ttfr fiF <fi n<q qm< qt srcTF or<Rq r
a6fr 6ry54 C{Rll${ c{ s6 c5-<l5-< a1flr'I "ftfi frcq clTtT, €<( qbl EFt
q\t<r; fr-q El{ sR olqF n"K cq-$r Ers gt q< e<rro qgfr 1;
Shila did not have to cook rice yesterday, because her mother
returned home from the hospital. (qqR-s tl-rg<-lE vls <ttr(g qlF, oKq sf< {I
EiT'i|s|E cclrs ftr{ cr{Q6*6 1;
We did not have to walk all the way, because we got a rickshaw on
the way. (qq,tcq3lT cFl q{ tD[s E{fr, sRq "rcaR $c{t qFq-{l qFE R-St c"i13
ffiq]'T r s-$t iF-{, fr-gt4l cqrq fr-qwq-<rs tir.o w r)
I need not have + Verb (past participle) :
ql <I<cffi 1v'r{ {IRI did not have to q< <I{qlK< clcal q< "nqfci q-{-llQ
{c<t fu.r= Er< I qA qTtt Ec-sls lffi q< €fo1-6fi lTqrt{ I ftq 6-+as {.<trs +
cpgrE qrs <ts]' elr{Ttt s-fl Cq{ EL-< 11; fti<l efcrH s<-r{€
W qd R\eTR cslfil
{Fn"r< r
$q;$"ie(Elq9
.$-{< frC5< s
I need not have gone : qqf< {lsr]-{ q-aor< Rq 4.l r
- ql:iR {l c'f64,€ 5-48 |
We need not have done :qllftq-<-rcTi{csNql I
-qwm<s<Kq-asl<RqI,t r
He need not have watered the =(vl{31rfi64{R41fifqsDa1s'=v.ft

garden <Hftq {fi fiTr{ T{$I-{ Rq sr r)
4{Rl need not have q<( did not have to 4R Rl{{l[T{ 'flcfot Eq.fqil"R
{l{ic\ <I?Bl s-fl {l$ 3
He did not have to water the He need not have watered the
garden, because it rained. (i5lls garden, because it rained. (s1<
<1'fl6 "nfr e{F q-<-sl< <tfr, TI<+ 1E <lrilcr 9llfr;il frcqs 5-Es, s'kq 1E
c6{&{ r) <nQq 11
(cr+R rlcq c< cc <t'trc{ "ttR cqlfr, (c{RtR r1cq. c< c{ ql'ltc{ {fr frc{
s.]-<qC'IQIFwTRE I csrERq q<( ET<'R 6n"fi c'|q 1E
qlqrq | {s<t( vF ffiqT q<(
Tfi Eq
qfi \5K qftiF'f 4<[E E[e. I ]f{q
sallT EIK <ttfirq "fifr cq{l{ qrsK E{
4r)
N3
She need not have gone to the meeting, because her sister went.
(\51{ Tsl{ {'sTR c$l-{ qil€F R{ qt +t{"1\513r 6{l{ {ffiE I qdlq, EK <l\efl(g
conqJsErfi r)
You need not have bought the book, your brother already has one;
you just wasted the money. (cuT{l< <iA c€{F cff{ E-<-sf{ &q 4l, csl:t't-<
qtc-i-< qFF qrq: gfi ffit qtun or<q r)
They need not have soid the watch for money; Mr. Rahim could
lend them some money if they would have asked him. Gf+T{ q-{l sRq-<
E&E frfu s-{R q-<-fi< so lt; <Rq qq<rs qTcrt< s-{rq frfr skq-Tro frR brt
q<frF "ll;rc-et r)
EXERCISEI I did not have to go there.

(a)
(b) I need not have gone there.
qE <toi EF{ <t(Et qd 6{{ I cr[< qcd-<
"ndrei sql +-< r
r (f) Have+object+verb (past participle) :

qQ'fbm< {<EEqFR | firu-<Bnrq<q Et "rwqqq{<{tE qr{cs rg
I have it done. (ffi eA skcT fil r)
qqs {rsrBtg T-6rfrcsl TTqE sc<, ft-q fr-e{ <Fsimcs s-*tl ftq sM Tr<
cl, q{trs frm o-<m 1 E1-65 frc{ a3l{ st Ergq n-<rq qolB qc< firqt :
I have it done by my servant. (cTft qil qll< Ysirs frcq' +Rr{ fit r)
Ts<tq cq'{l qftq<ls] fir*zq offis Sc-< c
r-Filrtt
trp: *b j-l +r_-.-l

@+
r_l
F
p =; bf.q - F.ut pp'l - EI - F :;6t1
p
had I
q<R firu< <f{JsrEt
"M q<( Sufrfitr structure €K clcq ET< et&F word
fr-+tg c
He had his hair cut (by the barbar). lcq sf< qE (qTftrc-r-s frcq) +fBc,n
fr-q rl
You have your shopping done by him. (qfr v1-{ €lrt cqTf{ <1vl{ +frrT
nls r)
EF ttt& cq-ffis oRCT frq r firq o-ge 4t r)

She had her car repaired. (Cc
We had the drain cleaned. (vm-fi qffi cI+ sRcT fr-qm r)
ffFIT-{ 3
qfrtr ftart os1 q"r+ro frcr ficaT< atsT +,Rrr fice; firq sre ll I
{-\e<}i
have {{I[-{ {{ verb €< c]-cal Ts StT slrs {4.E causative verb-€ ffiqs
+Grq I causative verb (SCqISTS fun; o16 <rE q ql;Il-< S-{t verb H{fl3tr C[rl r
q<l{ qR€ Tcr$m EqTq{q 6?{ e

I shall have the mangoes sold. (ffi q{srEl frfu nRm m< r)
She will have the rice cooked. (ffi ets <tXt oftca c{K{ t)
Biva will have her nails cut. (R-q q< qq o}Fca c+rq r fizq Tftrfi R-g,
{Tcq ef{ {T 6a1B mr<a. r)
We shall have him punished. (q{-<l EK-s -nft cqsi< r frcero {Tfu 6[< qf,
qc{,r{ EKt chTlT)
shall have the shoe made within a week. (ffi qS qglr{<
I {'C{i
WqA?'-R+Rr* c< r)
A manager can have things done by others. (q<rq-{ <I{{lem qC{f<
stfl $lq sRcr frcE "Ilc(-{ l)
€K1sl past tense-€ had + obj + V(p.p) qf <I{qRqERTjT!
I had it done (qtfr €olq aficl fr-{''ts r)

She had the doll made. (m t-WF ren eRm frq r)
Mina had her house cleaned. (fr-{ sl{ E-< {Rs-f{ oRm fre t)
qEFl T?t S qqslr{ have <lT{E qfq <fSl-f$ negative <I interrogative-€
"iRqE s-{'cE RC{ auxiliary verb Rrqf< do, did, have, has, am, is, are, was,
were (I€R[ S-{Cs ET I 6T5F{ 3
Does he have rice cooked by others? (cq ft s-{'Ks frr{ sto <tlqr{
cT?)
Is he having rice cooked by others? (fr ft q-qfc+ frCn sls fllrrcT
Rml)
Are they having rice cooked? (gffift g{s <f<t< fiTql)
Did he have rice cooked? (Cq ft vi\o <tkm FmQEI)
Did he not have rice cooked? (cl'ft vts <tfti::l cqTRr)
Has he had rice cooked? (Cc ft qs ftRns fizT'Rr
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and SemlModal Verbs 237
present perfect tense {'f,{ aux. verb ftC{r< has <I{{s CE I q<R' {a-<fi
haveefi had-q flk<ffi€ l)
Have you had rice cooked? (qft ft qv <lfircT ficre4
Can you have it done? (qfr ft q sM ofrcit fos "IKr)
Has he not had rice cooked? (fr ft slv <W Ffrrl crR?)
NOTE : E"rr+< <f€q6qlF have-€i w4 get <r{qs qts s]
e[l-<s I E"l{
€ qFs colloquiai; q{s Tr?it"lsclc{ get r<Fl <KqE q I Grl-{ s

I shall get my rice cooked. He got the thing done"
She has got her hair cut. Mother got rice cooked.
I got my building repaired' Foilfr I
ll have + adj. + V(rr.p) 6frfq-$ Fqf{Et{ ET{t roR eFtr passive

verb 4? qpq6<i{wqcs 'ltr{ I cq:FT 3
His book was stolen (Bassive) = He had his book stolen'

His forehead (S"flq) was cut.=He had (got) his forehead cut'
{61qt{r<, G]{ E6d1<1EE"f <f* o-aes passive verb 4K <qrq dft+
st(< <K{r{< q-{I ,4q ftG3laquq' 1
qL<-sF&ficETiF< s
He had the book bought. (cc'<tft rs-{lE)
He had his pen stolen. (i5l{ +-qrF {fR"ca culrt t)
qall <rrst he {E <qfr c€{F qrrfilsl; frft'* {lf{l he ftq serF qR<
qnql firqdt, 64 {{(Er6{fr c'irqTcq. l)
r (q) had better + bareq{16{

infirritve.
;et:ffi.-q"r" D"{so.'l-{ I bare infinitive qdcE to Rt{ infinitive
(Rft{)lqq r qE'lacq-< <]Tl qfis qg ftrgc1 c
sl verb €-:T present[s/esling
iNP=s"61-tha!44@@l
Verb 4K "l-{ $ {t <Cf< 9K I3t extension.
q{r{ had € urfreal past {t q<tg-< qfrs I q <-?l-6{-"t <rst FFE present !.I
future qe{ eFTl-{ Frr I
qF 4sB advice (G9liF"l)

q5-$6-< il suggesticn q-sf{ sr< I ffilH 3
You had better staY todag.

qle
{qR <<qqm cqro t)
= it would be a good thing ior you to stay tocia,v'
(ulq aafis ,c'fr.q .,sNK \ildl sf{ 5r.< I:
i had better rneet him now' ivlfN ff( \dI{
qXq
'sqs cqEI
sft l)
= It would be a gooci ihing for me to meet him now'
q-{'Jsit{
You had better ask hirn for help' {qllfr {<q EIrs clc'ltsl-< 'F41
'.:.+;' ))
inq = -i]J's{',bt qd(bl{ rriq
lve had better qo now. (q|I-fl <1{(,$eFI €-<ii
Eiqwt)
English Language
She had better buy this book. (c{ T{q ql <tB ft-{s = qQ ffi ft_{ca
er{T{rDC{ mFtwqr< r)
We had better start the work now. (ql:lfl
{<( ofqF q?t{ eF s'R t)
He had better come tomorrow. (6T Tf( slq
V|q-s = qtlfffi ofq qErE
Et< q-{i T{oc-s srE qr{ r)
€t style-Sl negative <ffi ri6s qq fiTfi"; c
qdlq bare in1;n111u"-gl q1-6ogE1

ffill Tfi I @rF{ s
You had better not go todav. (qfr qm qrt{t currq
T{(slqq-{ = qfr qrq u.| c'rrq
t)
They had better not tell this to him. (slfl qoclt slfs <:tS, qT 1ES = Tt
<-tcn vffi qc< r)
She had better not leave school (cq q<q Tq ElTut ct <rfis = EIl4 4l
s-<'cFIEkq-{]stEqr{ l)
You had bener nor sell the house. (nlffi sfr frfu lI o< v.1_q6q <<f sR
Cr r)
f {r{ 6{{ had Vlcq <'cE ql {-{c;l]I <lr$j-< Vd past tense-c$it T{; (<l Jl?t
I:RI present il future Vd qEf{ S1T I
I had better Clfi 'f6-s {lsl. srEfr$ cD-fiD-{ interrogative_q Tr{qR s_{t
ET qt,
ft-q negative-interrogative ftCr{ <l<EK TTI qT q<( E{{ g4q-1
vl CS.l{
<rss13 t R5t{ 3
Hadn't you better stay tonight? (Slgf fr qe
Cqfr+ C'ICE eg Tl?)
Hadn't she better attend the meeting tomorrow?
(q1Tfl-ficq-{ Fql cq 6qH firE ft q-qF lr?)
lsi -{, qi et Tirsj< {E qdqq q-E 6{, .{Q o.reF s-rn <<s. sl6li E.g
Direct speech €3tr F lia
I
reported speech Uutt", clil q6""Rr{ ira,*.r_

q91R<fuq{qtl6q:rq s
Pt , He said to m.e, "you had better stay.,,

Ind : He told me that I had il;';;v.*
_ or, He advjsed me to stay.
Dir : Rupa said, "i'd better"go.,,
Ind : Rupa^said (that) she'd "better go.
r q<r{ Fcn-SF q(ftfl ("i
m"q s
I had better = I,d better
He had better = he'd better
We had better = we,d better
She had better = she'd better
They had better : they'd better
you had better you'd
= bnttnr.
q<1=l ffiq-{cqhtr "tWqfrrf fro< e exercise6+-< s
Gramrnar : Sorne Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 239
EXERCISE structure F cctrs s{flrt 10 m <rrG.* rn*

'fs I qqr{ €t
<l(Etqd 6{rl r e-{F {fi\o<tsiemt 4fnq< aqfc< Eu'f<q s.c< style
F o.cqllq-oetr+ ercilrl F-{cg Ft.lr< r
tell him this
help the thie{
{(h) have + ob. ject + present participle

{{ construction (tf)d<i't) Ffo csl'C< 6q?n <H s
have+obj.+V(ing)
<l$i {Ss CR fi1u-{ structure w{ck<
,-f
l"l ,hultl-,
i Np =suu; i--i-{r*_rg1-i
'-1*l-Fr
structure F orq ftmE g<ns en-{R c{ ,{? have + obj + V(ing)-El|qflq.l
6F(Qt future-q< c$r{ nqrs d<fi-{ r qsK"cq EolC<-{ structure-€ shall/will
<I{qsqq I
,,sTldRcFaE6€qs6a
"F 3
He will have thern working. (cn vmi-<-c+ frcg +fq o-rn< r)

lll (=l shall/will) have you driving in a week.
(qs c€trq< {c<l qfr csFtrr un& urffi ftfins cqs I qdtq, q.Nr{ eRDAs
gfr es cgf6c< x<t filtr{ R
'fi& ufqrc\r- fiTq crfq, E{{ fters ffi umn r;
They will have us waiting. (El{l qTkq-Tcs qaqqq sfr[T KIt<)
You'll (=you wiil) have your students learning.
19fi om< qr.q7qtftq< FtvEilft sr< gs-r<)
She'll (:she will) have me talking to her son.
(cc qtTlrs uK q6aq qtcct qatlq ofuq am r)
Then you'li have everyone annoying you.
(Efi 6r{ir< 6{ €rcsfrs csl{tcs q]sls{ <s-+cq r)
240 A Passage io the English Language
Do you want to learn French? Then go to Mr. Tom' He'll have you
reading and speaking French in a month only'
t"-t t T<Tfi-*r$ Ft"rco ulsr El-{c{ iT clr{r<'-{ flcq<ls r ffi cotltr+ rta
qs $cT{:tc<l :F<Ift qR-l' flVre € <aKs fif+6{ csEl-trl.t r
qdtq qr Elrffi q'c{]Q qfr cq.lK c{ 9fi ftfrIs s-$ft-qs] evq € <qq I
If you mix with bad boys, you'll have them plotting against you
,o*nduy. (qfr {fr {Kt1 cqcE-6q-< clcq fr1 spr{ 63if{ e3sfr-{ cq?t6 6q El{l
Fl{KR-+r6<VTqs-{R l)
:i;.1 Do not give him your telephone number, lest you shall have him
:$:l
ringing you up. (qF \5lls crc-.lr[l< dffi {T{ fr\e{' ei-lcq 64{c< cs c{
ret{tr+ RR,Tr< g vtRra ftm r)
Ifyoudonotkeepyourroompadlocked,youwillhavethieves
stealing your necessaries. (qft.qft Cs;qf{ T1-q-<'t s;q1 ft1n S1<}{ ER(E CE161-fl
srqR erTrqftT ffiq"rq qfr +r< Fru< Tlr< t)
" ;"d c{, dT.< <f+ilerql ffi"lcE \5l(g have-€K subject rsT{ 41 csl{ fi-s
qcds <K{< s-<l {Ftr, 6fi 3
fhm xtr*q-qwre | frq @ offi;a3 qra1q6qlfrtftE
When you will become a great man' you'll have people waiting
for you {oihours for an autograph. (<fi gfr sow{ q{l{ <Ifu qc.s <lT< s"l+
cq{r< 6{ cq|r$-fisBK fl<sA {K CEI{I< qTfrqfi4lTfrrew1q't+r<qtre t)
:When you will become a great man you'll see ihat people are
waiting for you for hours for an autograph'
I I won't have + object + v(ing)-€R construction F "l won't allow
him" qcd<Kao q{'l q{ftq won't = willnot.
I won't have him g<ling to bed before 11 P'm'
: I won't allow him to go to bed before'1 1 p.m'
q-fl& fi-< il r)
Frfr qr+ ils )bEr< qm
q'6e- Kcs fi-{ lt
=
I won't have her talking with him.
(qlR qrs sr{ c'tcel qrqll o{F e< 1I)
= I won't allow her to talk with him.
I won't have anyone looking at my answerscript in the exam hall.
?tlsF frr+ sro, 6i."4'qt r)
trwfr {Ax'K crE 4l6t-s vt{K
o 2. The Use of 'have' as the Principal verh :

{a) Ha,re 4tlT principal verb &eq6-q <1Eqs
q{ €R y*dqg 'possess <f 'allSl',
ffi+aesf'cqT{ s
tr have a pen. (sil{l3l 45fr
q"1q qrp l)
q".F,6{ have=.Eijf,Q l
She has an umbrella.

We irave '.rrro hens.
Mina has a goat.
Bs:lal has a ring (Eitffi).
Grammar: Some Auxiliary,Defeclive, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 247
I have qT past fi"i {q had.

We had a cow = qlqtffi< esfr {Tq RE r
She had a necklace = q-a '5EF {l< fre r
You had a cat = Fl{]-{ '{sF frglq RE t ,

Interrogative ?lICrF-i Britain-Q have 6F <rcei< qq(I
I q6{ vl< Tf{q
{6{ got {5lr{l'{{ r
Have you got this book? (S ft e? <tF camq? = @Irffi

ft e?<?Fqnqr)
Have you got an aPPle to eat?
-,'Ji Have you got any mitches? (Fllld olrR q cq-fqrt qltQl)
fuE AmeriJa-q'qq{'i]{j cqr"l ao <'{qR-T< ftee c{Ft fr"ll {EI, Efi ql{
.*-
oot KI<IQE {{ ql
" A
Do you have this book?

Do you have an umbrella?
Do you have anY matches?
Does he have a goat?
Does shehave anY hens?
t q<K short answer <1 c(ftg Bg"C< have-q< <KEf{ EEFi s-?t t €Iq got
<rEqsR$ql3
Question : Have You got a telePhone?
Answer :Yes,lhave.
Question : Do you have a cow?
Answer :Yes,lhave.
Question : Does she have a brother?
Answer : Yes, she has.
Question : Do You have a Piano?
Answer :No, Ihaven't.
I \trsl-lctls slQ habitual actions) I<tfce have €< clcel do {l€I{ F6<
4{({Itrs <r+l {b{ +-at qs e
Do you have rivers in your country? : Are there any rivers in your
country?
(otltq< cq'fiftqftqtcqr)
- yes, but we don't have so *uny. (dl, qKq, ft-q cqr{ cft rr l)
(-tq6**T<rl{qcq r)
Do you have monsoon in Your country?
- Yes, we have; but we don't have it during the summ-er.
r b)frrl! 4-sserEl noun 4( {ICql have <i<-qs E 6 \5K fr-6{q T-e--$erqf
qdq{, G'{-{ s
a meal (qt{"< fi"q-{ breakfast, lunch, dinner), food, drink, bath (TFl,
6{ffi) 6 lesson tslfrd qEal <r{qe EcE
F*"=@
a parry-q-< qtq <I{qs q CE
Fa"":ti*l
APTEL-16
guest-4{[ ql|q <]TqE E'fi
difficulties, trouble (qTqft)-ffi{ l'|rffi Cftct <rEd..s Erq

have: encounter(X{fu eWl)
ets{ qdE{ I crrFr s
We have lunch at one. (qlrT<t qsbR qT.{
nT:a< <|<.l< {R r)
I want to have a bath.
Have some bread, please. (ftg FD rtl;l r)
We are having a party next week.
We had some difficulties there. (c{?[F Ell.l.cqT ft.q
I think you'll have no tr"uUt" ClCrf qc*Rq r)
ilit ii.
May you have a good time. (enjoy- qld) (CsFlt-{
cT$ slE oftr-+ r)
f etstrs Rrl{ have <I{d\9- E{ \5fi Elst {lcrl got <rc il r c< negative
€{( interrogative do,/did Etuf rIt{ qtrcs q* 1 €(i continuous tense_q qGF
{r{ql{T<1<l{ I mFI e
u"" having u purty. tomorrow (near future).
P,"-
having their lunch now. (present cont.)
:l:y.is"I.
bhe having a bath, please wait. (present cont.j
o_ you have tea in the'morningi
_D-
Will you have some coffee?
Have some coftee.
He is not having a good time. (Et< q'{S sfq SICS
T| t)
Note : 'enjoy'- qCd have <f<qE qrE sR C.lC{ }rt{f{qs ,good,<F-q\5 ES I
EXERCISEI principal verb have 6S {t{qR Tr< <r$l

S-{ C<a(qf(s have (3t firq"t qdqrs e
have = (Eke) possess

have = take (eat, drink)
have = en;oy (B"rrga +-at)
:
frave encounter (qT+{ qs$)
have : give (a
Ans: TE+ffqtrqtn* mq r qtrE 6FA+-+cqm
"IIT6T r
C. Use of 'Do'
qafC{'Dor-qg
R"liI form 6Qt-{ C{"{t{lS-
gaIF cq'cT il{ c{, 'do' auxiliary q<( priroipai

elfr{
verb S'C'l <ltlqs ECg
r
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Deleclwe, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 243
1. Use of 'do' as an auxiliary verb :

(a) Present indefinite fi( past indefinite tense-4il negative I
qT
interrogative <fsi tft{ T-d]3t qT'{ auxiliary verb RGTr< do {t{qs I
(i) Present lndefinite Tense :

Affirmative : I eat 'itce (do-(<i'<qe q{fr t)
Negative : I do not eat rice'
IntErrogative : Do I eat rice?
Neg-IntZrrogative : Do I not eat rice?
Affirmative : She writes a letter'
Negative : She does not write a lelter?
IntErrogative : Does she write a letter?
Neg-IntZrrogative : Does she not write a letter?
pn< m+t ctl{ s TE verb.qRfQ-Q 4l Cs-{ present indefinite tense-(-?[
negative € interrogativn'a1-ai'ffi s-{cs ctfcE do, does wfiR <Jrr{F
a-{fs
ql \e-R Kl6€l should,
C{i R'q affirmativ! <R-sI yf <1:1-qs E{ I affirmative can,
must
-- {l€6{ negative I '
interrogative-€. do,.does Tt{qs qT {l I
Affirmatiie : I can break the stick'

Negative : I can not break the stick'
Intlrrogative : Can I break the stick?
Neg-IntZrrogative : Can I not break the stick?
Affirmative : You should go there'
Negative : You should not go there.
Interrogative : Should you go there?
r (ii) Past Indefinite Tense :

Affirmative : I ate (cffi41) rice.
Negative : I did not eat (ate ;lTtr) rice
Interrogative : Did I eat rice?
Neg-IntZrrogative : Did I not eat rice?
Elqfi 6q-{l Crpi C{ past indefinite tense-€( affirmative aAi a}A a-g69
e$q sflF
do (q-{'f did)<i-{SK s:rcs qr {1, ft-q negative € interrogative <fsJ
CGl El\{<IRR <lT{< $-{F C{ I ftE affirmative <lrfl {ft could
qII6s E-Rcq
q-{ 4.[, C{5Ft :
negative € interrogaiive-4 did <FtqR S-{'F
Affirmative : I could do it'
Negative : I could not do it.
Interrogative : Could I do it?
Neg-Interrogative : Could I not do it?
rdo' <F[qs R{; {fi 6sl{
b)fiFq affirmative <ttrqts auxiliary verb K'C"f
verb-$ G'K ffil< eqm{'< qcTlq-{ q{ E?FT qfrq <Frql< E{ I c{5F{ :
Karim : He does not know me.
(c{ qTRT cur+ {t I sfir rs-{i s-rce <Rc{'{ clsln l)
Rahim : He does know You.
(qtcr FlTll-{ d ocq I <l(Ef{ qltr{' <'(E R csfl<F ffifi qE
qE l)
Qsr{frcs does {l=l-{F TC< fre {1 cqK mrl
Ram : You did not go there. ($
cc"[C{ <lsfr r)
Sham : I did go there (Vlr< qtfi fffifir)
ErrFFif B I went there Rat6{ s{:lll{ cs firTRq stt c{R|l{
F, ft-q aid
T,Tqt{F-{Is sR ql{t qr{ q[q R--ofqK {kq.l, frs m, qtfi ffi r
Come here 1< frro cx r)

Do come here. (qft31eft,T s[c'lll rqdlq, cqRs-{s Fq, D-FT q{ l)
Biva : He didn't say so, did he? (CC E qS$ <ffi, vtQ qtl)
Eva : He did say. (ca s <rqRE r)
You think that I did not go there, but I did go.
lqfiq<qqfr mltrlRltR, frqqfrfuQffiffi r)
(.) Td<r+qs c$1;t principalverb 6s e'eT<l< <i-+qF dt $'c< Et{ tfu

doRI{Qs{{ s
(1) My father knowsit. (qTET <Fl eil qlr{{ r)

- So does my father. (qffi{ <Hs 9'nT{ t)
(=My father knows also.)
e"tlrq ftfu{ knows verb fr <lEqF ql F'6 frfr{ Tsl Et{ {fu does
<rq<srvq r
(2) We did not go there (gft61-1 CTlTtr{ {lER t)

- Nor did we. (qffi ql-{t€ l)
(=We did not go also.)
(3) He lives here but I don't (=l don't live) .
(fr q{rr{ .nrs fuq qTfi' ?ltfr qt r)

(4) She doesn't study hard but I do (=but I study hard).
(5) Did you buy the book?
- Yes, I did (- = Yes, I bought the book.)
(6) Give me five taka as you did (= gave) yesterday.
(qlqTrs ffi bW n€ cw{ E1isa1-q frrsRr{ 1;
0) He runs faster than I do (=run;.

(ccqfl< 6Dr$Fs r)fur
(d)(gilf fi-{l{ q-{t ftst6{ 'do-affirmative sentence-€ <I{qE q{ \5t Cg|q<l
6mqR I qTR cfr{ q<EFn $'6{ 6s'FI qlr<rF[, Er{r<f{ ql{{l{rs ql<s .fffi't
s'6s FFTI$S I G'{'{',t
Come with me (qql;l qfcel .{c t)
Do come with me. 1ernfu vlTF Tkel t)
Help me. (qrkT qRFr o< r)
Do help me. (Fir-E3t qsqwlqlr r)
(e) CoE 6€tr ftR Gf{ approval (q-flB) il permission-CErT c<Eq E{ qaCq
EnF qIaF ft.-q <t fir{ dl Glsrs Esr firs c'tFT do <r{qlr ?r{rg q{ s
cETcft
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modat, and Semi-Modal Verbs 245
(1) Karim : Shall I call in a doctor?
(lflfr ftq-sq-{ slsBt qrqrc ttbl{r)
Rahim : Yes, do. $1, "tt5tv r)
or, Do. ({ths r)
I2. Use of 'do' as the Principal Verb :

(a) 'do'{rF{ principal u"r6 frffir{ <I{qE E< sfi qt qdqs F<l' I 6$FI s
(i) Present Indefinite Tense :
Affirmative : I do. (\5flfr FR r)
I do the work. (v.tfr otsF rR r)
You do the work. 19fi omF o< r)
He does his lessons. (6{ sK fl$ s1-< l)
She does the sum. (Cl V<+F Of< r;
Negative : 'do'sl6s
C{ {lC{rfd principal verb negative F-fi9 qm
auxiliary verb Rcqc<sli<e qeF 'do' <j?fqs s-{F qr 3
I do noi do. (vtfr oR qf r)
I do not do the work. (ffi ofqfr TR ql r)
She does not do the sum. (cc qc$tr s'c< {l l)
Interrogative : Interrogative Tl6si auxiliary 'do' subject q< qtti <I{qg
{{t
Do I do? (stTfrft+Rr)
Do I do the work? (v.ffr ft sMF sR?)
Does she do the sum? (clft q(sfr T'G?)
EcFl a-< s Auxiliary RccC{ aolaoes / did<Fl-ds E{ tsgffQ present e past
indefinite tense-€K Kl6€i I
(ii) Present Continuous Tense :

Affirmative : I am doing the work.
He is doing his lessons.
She is doing the sum.
Negative : I am not doing the work.
He is not doing his lessons.
She is not doing the sum.
Interrogative : Am I doing the sum?
Is he doing the work?
(iii) Present Perfect Tense :
Affirmative : I have done the work.
She has done the sum.
They have done everything.
Negative : I have not done the work.
She has not done the sum.
They have done noihing.
They have not done everything.
Interrogative : Have I done the work?
Has she done the sum?
Have they done every thing?
(iv) Present Perfect Continuous Tense :
Affirmative : I have been doing the work for an hour.
Negative : She has not been doing the sum for {ive minutes.
Int-rrogative : Have they been doing tfre work for five daysi
(v)
v) Past Indefinite
Ind Tense :
i.; s
Affirmative : I did the work.
Negative : I did not do the work.
Interrogative : Did I do the work?
(vi) Past Continuous Tense :
Affirmative : I was doing the work.
Negative : I was not doing the work.
Interrogative : Wds I doing the work?
(vii) Past Perfect Tense :
Affirmative : I had done the work before he did.
Negative : I had not done the work before he did.
Interrogative : Had she done her lessons before she went to bed?
(viii) Future Indefinite Tense :

Affirmative : I shall do the work.
Negative : I shall not do the work
Interrogative : Will he do the work?
(ix)
ix) Future
Future Continuous Tense
Affirmative : I shall be doing the work.
Negative : I shall not be doing the work.
Interrogative : Will he be doing the sum?
(x) Future Perfect Tense :
Affirmative : I shall have done the work by 5. P.M.
Negative : I shall not have done the work by 5 P.M.
Interrogative : Shall I not have done the work by 5 P.M.?
f b) .S\5$"t 'F{t' qcd Csm do q< <KQ-< e-C?iq I €{{ qRs 64la1r< Cs
do = be suitable (E"lns Esil)
do = be adequate (<t<? <svt)
6{5Fl 3 This pen will not do.
(qE €{LT DaK{ {t= cF E"tnw m r)
(= This pen will not be suitable.)
Will Tk. 20 do? F{ Bf$H EErE?)
(=WillTk. 20 be sufficient? (fr{ blol ft {cq? Sr<?)
This chair will not do. (c cD{tR Ec< { r E"fqw m;
Only one chair will not do. (q-sfuq 65!-tr{ sfq qr{ rl I Tcal?;W,
qKs Dlt t)
f €<l{ frcu-{ phrasal verb sr43T <l-{q3l € qdq51a-a 3

(c)
do away with (transitive) : abolish; <tfu-E F-fl, <I4 fi-{t; We can not
do away with English.
do up (transitive) = redecorate; qq{ Tr{ {fgi[{, ctttqF; Please, do up
this room for me.
do without (transitive)= (con ftq Aq frca u-ql
You cannot do without English in the modern age'
Since fish is very costly in Dhaka, we have decided to do without it.
€rsR {Is nft <rq q{$
$ elfi
frc{ 5EF FI6fs r) ffi
ffiE] 1. cql< qqlF-{ E'-{i do (affirmative sentence-€) <IEcI-d
qd Cq{
3i'Gr present € past tense-q< 6qli 10F <f+l 'tt{ 3s6q frerEFI <l(4 I
2 Rc5-{ structure ccfrs svsrEt qs-< <1-$l' 'ihq +,'6s \5lcq< <l(st qd c{{ I
<fs]sr{lcs do 6sl{ verb RCqc< Sqqo {CTfcR-auxiliary Ttft principal?
nns. "(<ffwntu* cqc{fitvrs<' @

t D. Use of 'May' & 'Might' & 'Can'
tvtay ffiFts 6F'@ TJ-{q\5 E{ ;
1. Permission <t q-{qfu {<|lcs

2. Possibility <t i{sl{{ {-<lF
3. Wish a a1q-{l {<fi-F
4. Purpose il ffir {<If(e
Can An-{5s
1. Ability <l RI'R-\r-l {<flcs
2. Possibility <t qsl-fi]$ft(s
3. Permission <t q-$e {<flt$
q{c<l< efsn
4. Request for permisslon <1q$fu 'Il<l-< +-<-ctc-
Might TI{qE E{ t
1. Possibility Tf qsffi {<tlt15

2. Wish <1slT{t {4fi-Cs
€<f*r €e(EK <1r1{R q?ffi ffiv.slt< vfr"ilu-{t +-<l <lo t
Permission :
may- {<FFl person q{ Ck{ present € future tense_€ <I{qE ET I
may €l past tense {fl might. qF conditional sentence (I|6{Q-S

Tf$i) SR past tense-€it <I{qE E-S I
Examples :
May I come in? (qfi ft cvsc< qfcro ffir_T6Tl+ slffi< permission
El€$qcD{ t)
I may talk to the Headmaster whenever I want,
1vtfr sfiQ ut e{r{ fisc < qkcl qTs.fq r-<..ce "||R r qcfis +-6r< cc E-$fu
qftq r)
can leave the office any time.
may leave the office any time.
= I am allowed to leave the office any time.
(ffiq 6qi-s c{r$r{ rTrrc{ c+{ ER stq< q-$(} qlqtn q.a r)
Fle_says to me. "You rhay go now"
(frfrqi{R-s<r{{,'qfr.c"F fi19 "l1{ t)
i.lTitrrs indirect speech-€ ffiEtro o-{cE qc<
He tells me that I may go now.
loq says 41 qC{ {fr said Eo EI{6{ s
direct : He said to me, "you may go now.'i
Indirect : He told me that I might io"then.
gdlR past tense-€K verb €F {l[el
might <I{qtr ET I
He may read my book.
(fr ql{l< <tF qV-co flt-c< e istro wqrfu cnnt <ce r)
They may come in.
(sT{I Fsr{qlcl€ flt6 sqi{IG ol{tqR t)
Passengers may wait here for sometime.
(<tfr<t e"nl{ fr'qsrq< wli'q-clsl <i{rs eilm t)
may-El<l qtrr$ {:lT right <l Slk+-K {<XT r
A teacher may punish a wickedltudent

(q-sq{ fiT-$ crlT EB qEAfts'.fifu fr6g qfi.s.t-{ q.u l)
"11-c<"{ s s.t-< c{.
= A teacher has the right to punish a wicked student.
An accused person rnay (=fi3s-1he right to) appeal to the court.
W{tI informal English -q< Eelr{r$ CSqerElcE can,/can't <r{cE qrc
flKu;)
You can (=may) take my pen.
She can (:may) come in.
A teacher can (=63r; punish a wicked student
Nobody can make a noise here.
is allowed to make a noise here.)
t'ast tense-q permission T{fl(E could (can €K past nfl) <l wur/w"re
allowed to RF|Qg {g 3
In my boyhood I could not go to the river for bathing.
= In mV boyhod I was not allowed to go to the river for bathing.
1<Eistr.at
q\R qftF qF s-<1s st€${ il.flG Re lt r;
Passive 4i( past, present, € future perfect tense-4
<I{qr{crFqr{ s
house.
Since he was four he has not been allowed to mix with bad boys.
The old man told that he might be allowed to have semething to
" i'ii!
Requests for permission q-{t qT[<lq) and answers to those
requests (+<r & s1-<tcq{ q-{l<) s
May I come in? (cvn-f< qH[g "lTl-<?)
- Yes, you may. (affirmuliun figK qrE)
- No, you may nof (negative Us-< ScE e fr-q ctr {< frt< q<( sq'
c.tF{tr (sR 6t <j-{Q< {I F-di slq)
-l would rather you didn't. (negatiys Bg{ E6{ €R expressionfr <I{q<
+.-{lR v|q I,c< qd qq qtqfr T{(:rt qfwqQ slq qo r)
- I am afraid not. (cFs qT c<l<rs E-gr-<< s-{]' <rTqs Ccs "ltr< t)
May I take your pen?
- Yes, you may, or yes, of course (w4.6Q;
- fd (:l would) rather you didn't. ({t ftE {<( vlEI W)
- I'm afraid not (41firq <<R.efE W t)
May I see this book of yours? (qfr ft qlfif< qQ qh crus ffir)
- Yes, of course (fr1, q-<'Bn)
- Yes, you may.
- No, you may not. (qff efi <r{q-{ l.t T-fl sls)
- I'd rather you didn't. (n Cq?fe <{( sf{ W t)
- I'm afraid not. (4.l fi'{r4 <-<(stq W r)
Can I use your car? (qtR ft qlfiR 'ne,fr <i<qt< +-{ru "llRr)
- Yes, of course.
- Yes, you can.
- I'd rather you didn't.
- I'm affraid not.
(il cq-{(e T{(eIE qs r)
qTR frrD-d <l$rar{t
"rg s
Can I use your pen?
: Am I allowed to use your pen?
Could he walk about in the garden?
: Was he allowed to ,,valk about in the garden?
qdlg can, may, am/is/are allowed to-<J-{ds {T present tense-€ €?t(
could, was / were allowed to-Till-dg {{ past tense-4 I
A Passage to the English Language
lE]GRCISEI qE$ct (6l{<t.uv, rnGh[un, could-€i permission

<i-{qk Fk"ts I EFi CSt4 qraf q? I sl-{cE q.<l{ F(En,Fr{'TerEt q{
a-- T{c s
1. Can I read year newspaper?
- Yes,
....... (ll cflno wdr)
... ... (lt 6<t{s qrd)
2. May I use your pen?
- Yes, of ......
- td .. .. ......
.. .
i*r!
,i'
- I'm ............
Ans. , t'<ffqlctlb-{t 6?q t
Possibility (wtT{t) s
rnayy' might for possibilip
Present € future q€I-fi {iitfg <i<1qs ET
Past tense-€K verb ,S{ CIC{ q<( conditional sentence_€

<lTqs e-{ I
Negative : may not = mayn,t

^ might not = mightn't
qqR ffi'qrdfiD4t e{<Enfqs.I mq s
Present € future tense-€i@ <I{d\e- E{ g
cT{{ 3
He may/might come today.

(w<ro s cqqIqql-cr{ - c{qqwTcgs ql-C< l)
= Perhaps he will come today.
She maylmight know (knows llt) it.
= Perhaps she knows it. (q€<E s c{ qbt q.kT t)
Robin may / might ask him about this.
= Perhaps Robin will ask him about this
3 KR{ EkT q <-il"11[T &-sfqt +rrE
_ €R q{r[lq
rresenl contlnuous tense
r
T{l|rc may / might

Verbs 257
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Delectlve, Modal, and Semi-Modal
R{{3
She may be waiting now' = Perhaps she is waiting now'
;:j. ?
a** - q{{ qcal-lst T<-cq l) Shuman mav/might be playing in the
yard'
yard. = Perhaps Shuman is playing in the :
'- -({q-{ c{6;r <l BSrrq ctmcq i) So.nnonn mav/might be following
us'
Perhaps someone is iollowing us'
(qs<s a c+E qmrq<rrc EE{<{ r-<rs l)
Where is Kamal? (slTH Csl{lT?)
- He may / might be sleeping' (S{e cc {cffie l)
= Perhaps he is q$f{€ n-{rr
ffi;ttt."."s €K 6€Ft sfcq<
ar$r-fi t)
He might / mav be
=Pe he will be
s-CTK-'i3 C$CE Tr<5s <<
q-.fn'* E{- (q{* q6-ur'-t c<Ft
6oq, vc<. misht {t€t{'#;-ffi .A
for us' = If
If we do not reach home in time, father may-be waiting ro.t ut;
*
*n io not reach home in time,perhaps father will be waiting ,-'
the pric.e Tuv b? soll-s,hish
t";";J;:"il;iffi;;;il1'N;;i'n'ontn next
= B"v;;; ilce this month. Perhaps the price
Yillbj ':t^Tjigh
-*,n. i* o* f+q DIE fttq nq I
qs-<s vt@
s.f6E< qsr{
fsf{ {sl<j sM
qr
w{qF efsn E;rce mayl might fiERfiF5sl(< <lTqs e
R5FI 3 Perhaps he has heard about this
(w<-s a fr q <jt'tfc{ erqR t)
9eRI, Perhaps he heard about this
(cs{s cT.S <Itl-R er+Qq 1;
<tsrqt? c{ c+t-q q-sE?-s S"fr+s structure grfikr l*.q +-*o q<t qd
'lt\ql$s s
He maylmight have heard about this. (C{
ETs q <nqI[R s6{re / e6{
qroc< r) 4EFi S-{ s R a'rqF
ciir{ Er{{F s-fl qcsErft-q past tense qi'ftc<l
!i, Present pertect tense 4il, future tense q< TS I
:r, .
She may have seen it before. (E<tot cc qftrt qil
cqr"kq t)
= Perhaps she saw ,/ has seen it.
ltr$i< {{ verb fr past tense q< qrE qTl]Q might nj-{{I( Si-CS qC{ r
He said that Biva might,have bought such a book.
past
(m<-rn csfrsrqn\o q<-$q qsF<gfrcxe r)
Why did Tom not come yesterday?
G'{ ,l-ro,Of-E WtCafr CO-*r;
- He might have forgotten about tire appointment.
(q$o cq qFtt.< Fenfi WE r) lffiq
:,,Perhaps he forgot about the appointment.
wny was he so late to come here that day?
1caft-r ca qltc{ q-rrco qE 6q.R rr<AE cT{ri
- He might / maV have gone to somewhere else.
({s'retcqq{r,
: Perhaps he went to
mqs@)
Why has.shp r.1ot showed up yet? (cl c{ls qft-g qa{t
r$-{71
- )ne mtgnt/may have been ill._perhaps she has been illl
Why did you not l"

have been stolen.
Gfr ffit <rk'tn {co' ilqfr c<qr sh qrfrR 6{rs trtrs r fuq <ffi r
W<lq qftr!-sT q.ln fiR I eI q€i-<l ffiq&< sett <EI qrs l)

It was unwise of you to have left him alone in the park.
He might have got lost. lslro
"ffc6,{Sl cTrE qqt CslTl{ c{ffifr qtTce I
cc EIRcr fics fll-?t.g_ I (ft-q cc qrarsfi r)l

why did you not be with him? iJe might have been
afraid.
tqfi vn wq qofi c+-+r cq w c"rrv
G itfi * w "rmn rjl
q< {qr{. qrj3l{, T-{rs qcEs ;Ght
<I{{{GE
We did not follow t
been easier. (WvO q"f< flqBE q{T{"t sRfi, ftq efi qlare qrs
cEgT "G ,l
Eq;j 4;r s CS 1EG q-<6Fn s-{t q-qft vK q15q q-s?U F-{t q6eq I {s-{t( might
<Frqsq6{, may{{tr I
If we had asked him, he might have helped us. (qq41sft sRT q{r<t{
4-trslT Elq6q fr EgN]<]' qmm-{r$ qRFl s-<\5 t)
We did not go to the other book-stall, but the book might have been
found there. (qFr<l wqi <tcq< chr-$tqtrts s]tfi, fr-q <tF igrfirq "||sRt Rcs
fll<s r)
$l-l(E can Csq{ <'qqs ql {cf,s possibility <l

c<t"t
c€rfiT{rlRg can ilrrQs qT rlfr rs'l{qTt T? c+nnm cs{TcFl Tc{E{ vrqr{'
C{CIFCEI can {J?[Qe ECE '116< I C{:FI 3
You can buy a ticket from the office.

frqre "n< I (a.f{6f
q?F€ q54s ffi
qR-A\o qfcs l)l
We can not go there at once; it is a long distance.
(ql-fi q"l-dR cc{(4 cF qTk{t' cqFlqrd-s elel I)
:It is not possible for us to go there at once. It is a long distance.
Can you break the stick?
(=ls it possible for you to break the stick?)
{Ir{l EIC{I Cs{ qfr1T<fl-re€ can {I?IQE EIE qt6{ I
(35FI 3
river Pashur can be very rous during the rainy season.

Irft+]rq "ts< qfr 5 Rtnw++ qts (oR{ qtrt'q<-fl sitrcq, slr<{ q,tc-{ sd
"rrc{
qllro;F<l<9qs*av< t)
Some bullocks can be very strong.
lfrE ftR <Em
'1-*"{<'{ffi qcs qfc< r (vfuwsm cq{t C'kq 6q {16{t \Ir{t
F{{ {cT q[Co rTrcat< cEt cs< r)]
Some modern poems can be very interesting.
lfrR Rq vt{F-s +R-q v-qs qqR qco 'trc< r (qlc{ qfc<t GT{ +Rq "tlsRl
<Er t{s<l(s]q.g-{ t)l
may, might EI-trI{sK{l T4firE EKq-< could-€ <jrl-qs qCe flIGI I
R'FI 3
Where is Shuman? (1l.-q 6stcll{t)

- He may be in the playground.
or, He might be in the playground.
or, He could be in the playground.
or, Perhaps he is in the playground. (qe<-s CC C{qf{ qRt \fl(R r)
Who is knocking at the door? (ri-dE1T qlSls S{CQ. f$?)
- It may be Tom.
or, It might be Tom.
or, It could be Tom.
or, Perhaps it is Tom. (Cs<€ B{ l).
What is he doing now?
(fr €{{fto-*cer)
- He could be eating rice.
or, He may/ might be eating rice.
or, Perhaps he is eating rice.
Will he come in time? (C{ ft c:lg {s q-{rq?)
- He could be delayed by the distance.
q<-q< o.Kc"f \5R mR <u
"ttr< r;
or, He _maylmight be delayed by the distance.
or, Perhaps he will be delayed by the distance.
q€E $3t r E'rC<-?r Ersr$F it-f,t could <I?rqe qre€ q roF wq-\g-firf,<
qsF{rrs {{t'{fi, <6qq € sftqlg orffi qsRqrs $rrarq r
Interrogative <l q{rdl{$ iICSi could <l might q <rr{l{

s<l{l{ 3
\,ourq/rvugnrt ne oe readlng ln the library/ (=Do you think that he il

(FFrt{ ft qcq C{ <t qA ft wg;a <rdl {Icq c{ c{ qfi
reading in the library)
qtq?rcs qwq?)
. Could/Might Rima be waiting for us in the church? (:Do you think
that Rima is waiting for us in the church?)
(fu ft fufu qmnn< q-{i qcqtt cirq <'c{ Ttrr qr?)
Could/Might it be raining in America during this season? (= Do you
think that it is raining in America during this season?) (.Cl 4|-qfs qTTfrfs.ffo
!Fqgqa'6ftqfl"{c,T?)
Could/Might .George-.be thinking about us? (= Do you think that
Biva maylmight not be doing the sum h*self.

<s-{'R 4l I (S{'s S-{cq ql, 6q F-<tF[ q{E T-{-Cs flFrs r)l
Biva couldn't (=could not) be doing the work herself.
tfr-st N stq8 firq o-*cq qt r FT{"t; q< Hil ET qq€< r)l
(cqR €sen cslcq5q er*Fqr)

- He may have heard it from Tom.
or, He might have heard it from Tom.
or, He could have heard it from Tom.
(qsrel co brv{ n-le cen-s st ermq &nRq l)
(:Perhaps he heard it from Tom.)
How did he reach there so earlv?
(c{ c{-{kr qs qgTq& cfrqn furc<?)
- He may have taken a rickshaw.'
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal,
and Semi_Modal Verbs 255
or, He might have taken a rickshaw.
or, He could have taken a ricksha*.
(o<vq-sFfuffiq 1;
(=Perhaps he took a riclishaw.)
Why did Shuman not come yesterday?
({{{ 4-e-qq-qncfr cr-{?)
- He may have been ill.
or, He might have been ill.
or, He could have been ill.
(Rs-o mvqqpt,,
* ''iti:' (= Perhaps he was ill.)
.:1r;
qk1trficR.lq,int"r.@
F<t {lg; v6{ may Cttr I 6{iFI B
Might he have O""

he .}:.,,P_"fl
|3 was ll"l,i"fi,Fle
ill that 'jlday? He iiart *-"-t.
didn'i.o-"lo-,.nod. (= il;;vou mrnK
1- uu
,itoJtj""""''
thirik-that
Inat
(FFIR
I
ft xn qs
frfi={ m qTa AEt
6q
wonder how he reached there so
;p wrcnn ,y
lUigt t/Could he have
taken a rickshaw? "u.iy.
(qfr q-{t-s ER cc fr-qc{ qs rsfE Tst-{ c"hRt{ | fi
<'Fs-clqga)
m..<ry.o ft fr"gt ftK&E
t3ry crl-e-<trs nlffi r (o1;rct, ,;n rrq-nC r)l ffi

(= It is possible that he did not sleep
lalt
'*-' nigit.)
'
He couldn't have slept fuit niei]ll-'
lcq ftuai l-wrrs qlt.sR, ffi+,
.h rtrs vRT< <t&-s frcn< q_{rT{
qRRq r)1
qR 6ry fr'{'C{ clq-< fiT{ Avwq ** cqqr{ CCEtrTt qfi q< fi"R ,rs r qsF
frgcq-< qnq .q-sB Tlq example chrl r esl.r{ qF qlrrpc-gq-<QFil
FTq rut qc{ crl6E
eX & fiw erqt q<(. srsr+fr]< q-*, qsB *'* gor<q qlsrg 6E?t I
2. {+rqi aot T<cts-n s

(a)_Where did tiita go last night? She was late.
- She-to the
(: P.erhaps she wentcinema.
to the cinema.)
(b)_What is she doing now?
- S-he maylmight/ioutd--.
(= Perhaps she is sleeping.)
(c)-How did he get his leg-broken.?
(ek ell slsIFTl ftW<l)
; *rernaps /
Tisnlhe .rnay/could-a; accident.
l= had an accident.)
(d) Who's shouting in the yard? (ffift{ fiso.K s-ffq cs?)
- It may/might/could
(Perhaps it is Tom.)
(qa-- il
frsot< s-<rq -Tom. r)
(e) Perhaps mother is waiting
for us now.
= Mother maV/might/could-for us now.
Ari. 2. (al may/might/ csuld/, have, gone (b) be, sleeping (c) have,
had (d) be (e) be, waiting.
a Abilitv : Can and Be Able :

cstTfl qsrcl ft ft Ftc.lq sri' Etcqr
Permission (q{qfr) 4ri( possibility (xol=flt) 1<tte s6n, could, may,
might-aK <fTqK FrcrE I !c$t Fi{r{ ability it 6qtrBE.t {ltlco can €{( be able
q<<F{Et I
Ability 1Rflf can ?Ffi€ future-GS {<tlrc fi< Cl, srl;t be able-€K {l{I{i
frcsq I
q{<fi(D<Eqt€"tsrEt lV s
I can do it. (qfr qfis<-cs {R c c{lutrqgrn r)

:
= I am able to do it. Can he do it? Is he able to do it?
We can't (= can not) live for ever. (q;qq SKfr1 c<tr allocs 4l t) ffi
= We are not able to live for ever.
Can we live for ever?: Are we able to live for ever?
€v5c1 6o EqR<{erqT FIT<I flv'Cq q-6 q-aqffi present indefinite tense-
e< r qft's qsfc-< E€TRI qrtl frru-< exercise F +< r vt<n of<-+frqTrflT-{t
T<lTs
nR$e6< I
Eetc<:tr structure F cefc+ 5F <l+i ut5-q +'6{ fi arEr< <tsql qd cE{ r q-{F A
sfr<noi<-
i;;t--
1-----JL
trH--{"!i1FE
L:':l
qR tr-<t Eqrfi <qrE u{ can fr-cq q-+ierqfc rE-T slr{ he-R s< r .s<F
.':n."
qatFf{<}(Elqdffiq i
tqf€q s 1. He is able to do the sum.

= He can do the sum.
ffi51-{ 3
qtfr qc$F +-+cs clr{& -

Incorect : have could done the sum.
Incorrect : have can do the sum.
Correct : have been able to do the sum
cq oI{Fc+ {<-6s fllT{fi =
lncorrect : He has not can catch the thief.
Incorrect : He has not could catch the thief.
Incorrect : He has not could cought the thief.
Correct : He has not been able to catch the thief.
frvfqlF\r-lvF qIr<R -
Inc . : She has not could break the lock.
Cor. : She has not been able to break the lock.
"R&E 6-s65 nffi -
qtrq-$\5rcT{r$
Inc : We have not could defeat them.
Cor : We have not been able to defeat them.
NOTE : rFFl4it s effuF c$rce ftE can GFFr ql c$tq-{et mrfisl {<tIrA r
EXERCISE I S{CS[ correct translation-€Iafl CiF clcel

fiqls i Negative fi[-$I 6ficfi3 noi <]TAE qcTcq q
-4s1 tr31 I
€"fffi< <is-j sraTf< has,/have subject-€{ qt[al <frcF ccqrEtrs

interrogative-.c {Rqg s.{ (3( \51fi-{ qd @{ r
APTEL-17
Efi<l$l
Negative :
l-i_
-f.tuttl-,
tryL'rqg.tH
l--_r-
['"ru*"bl"t"l-@
Ll wrlt |-t
Interrogative
R5FT 8
ffi q-slq TsICE 'll3K{ 1T=

Incorrect : He will not can do this r"'ork.
Correct : He will not be able to do fhis work.
m qTFT s?K- fll3r-Gi=
Incorrect : He will can do this work.
Correct : He will be able to do this work.
cc is ,$qq T-{F effifr<?-
Inc - : Will he can do this work?
Cor. : Will he be able to do this work?
NOTE : ETFIs-{, eftm<]rsr? esF m"r'g[<I abitity-nsejtTEtErq. I
.fifd frru-{ exercisefr q-a 1 qa"gQ o-<c< frq i glRrq m{r< cs qR fiTNfr
<r<{F s'F qfr W< {q< Rqr*ft <rq tfq <F-{'cu tKq I q<lEI EC< fi\iE I
(a) He will can do the work.

(b) I shall can swim in a week.
(c) Biva will can pass the exam.
EITT< <lsitlrEl V{ 6s+? qb+ <tEi ecqt ft-*"tqr<r
2. frcu< structureF <rEqF s'c< 10 tr <fsl "flq s< qiRvkq-{ qd ort s
tr--
14( gfl" ry{

.C{ 3.snh-?t c{ <lEer{I 'ff,q orsq ccsr{lrs negative-( m{sRs
F qet 6fl{ I
qq( SrrJ< EEq c{ {ls]erfl rt}-r T.LTQ c{erdrfrs interrogative-q

1
s"ffiEs'6glcq<qdort r
5. Present perfect tense €rl( future tense-€n abiliiv <t cflrlf\'l T<rl[s
co .ntr Tl<<v.W_;Il B can ? ql ft be able? q-sF <r'G Eq.R{"t frcq T<ne r
_ Ans. d<-Ef qfr{6-{t flrTcqtr \5rqm E qarEt FrcqR "n<r<. sil4r
sfi<r+-i
Affirmative :
t@-@q{@
qcl?Il,
fiTFT 3
m$ffi+-+Cs oll3lE
= He could do the work.
or, He was able to do the work.
sm sr6q-< :i@Zq-{r$
"meE $-{'(E C9lr{Rq :
They were able to defeat their enemies.
(e{lc-{ could <l{qs Sc< iT Tl3tci,...... frc5< ffi l_\5 r)
RltREl TAII(v- cculd/ {| was,zwere able {j{dE eT I
qdlq c+b CrF ftR {kv; vl{ flm1 6ql'Rsl &q-q*"t

$nrE ccc$rq
W <i-ccg cr I ft-q mF frrt{ slq csB s-{ce- c"t-6<Rq-qnet {qrro
CftSfq a{ was,/were able {f{QE E-S I 6q:F{ S
cRTq 6{EF CCqrc- 6AgF etlsls =
In his boyhood he could run fast.
: In his boyhood he was able to run fast.
(.{rtl-c{ eR qfr"- mtotlsf< sell <EI} qcrcq I corq .l-+F frffi erFr{Ifivm c{'
EE 6ffiE { fu€ c"56{RE .cT{ ft'q fiffi s',u X<ff{ qcq. o' r)
vldt \5.l[q< ft'rqTCT q-{Gs s-rrcs cqrrR{ -
They were able to defeat their enemies. (could {6{ il r)
(wt a ft'q vtrq< ilq'rq-{rs 'l-{T&\o- Tr{RE qm'f 1<ffcDq I EI[q-?i cst'rg'l
'{rsrq eFlfi\5 qCS'Cq l)
She could not (or, was not able to) understandThe poern
(cq offi l<ll\s {Rv {t I 6{ erK\s fi r eT{ft c{ offi ll-retfr r sfr
rcsqqcq c{q{rrc offino.;rT r)
Shuman could (or, was able to) do the work.
({{-{FIsrFsircs 'flqe- lqq5l] qFL<fi, \5GIF3|-FI etFv r)
EXERCISEI 1. Translate the following sentences into English.

(a) 6a offir+ <-+cs {f<s I (ct'lre-tR{, fr-q w<fr r)
(b)fr 6Fffi-$ <-{cE c"tc-{R{ I (crt'Retfrq s{r {(<s&E t)
(c) ffi qrnF F<'F eirtv I (c{l'REI fre, ft-q sr.<fr r)
(d) ftft q<+F s-{cs clrTfrE I (c{t'Rst FE, q{qsrne Qn r)
2. E"irtr{ (a) s (b) q<( (c) s (d)c( translation s(flt trr <-+l qr{ c<t{'? R,
fixl q-{ck< q{q qE fr fr'fi Et olt r
3. E9l1-T{ <ffi qrElfs negative-€ q$gfis T.< r fr*'S qq B could €t el{

not <ql€ t was/were q{ "l|< €R( able q< qlCtl not fils I q<R <lStsfERI
{Sil qd 6{?t I E[-{ GIrl, negative-€ could e<t( was,/were able-t9.gt <I{{s
qT, sl{.t s.lqrst lltfi tltrE VF negative <f$I'qE ftsnn r
4. 1q(-S{ translation e(E1-6s interrogative-q frttgR-s mg r frS'{ Cn a

could 6$ subject-(i qlf{ <{le I was/were-6$ subject-9R st|[rt TCI9 |
sentence-€it 6{rn Ei ciltls frA (l) <$s r
sil3r {tsrerER <lcst \Td 6{?t I

6<"rF s ffi q(sF s-{rs ffi r csl5TF qfqFi lTfqld q-trst-{ 6{t =
Incorrect : I am caning to do the sum. I do not need your help.
Correct : I am being able to do the sum. I do not need your help.
"rnEI
Tit, esG s.rq {$t TTCR q<( Cai6{\3 <ICq, q{R$ Erq 4] I Edls
present continuous tense 43[ Fl$ I
<lT{F ifg<ks flRrR = The boy is being able to swim.

sm {lR|9Fts Sbrs "tkcq = They are bling able to climb up the hill.
cq sR-glfr efK(Q= $hs is able to understand the
(6T TEE, '9tfr w+ "t-<le-rc- s-fis c"rc={Q-sll t")

Indirect : He said (that) he had been able to defeat him.
Direct : Mariha sgid, "l have been able to break the stick."
($dt <o-o, 'ffi qtffil qsrc crr<Q r")
Indirect : Mariha said (that) she had been able to break the stick.
Direct : Ruma said, "Badal was able to reach there by 5. p. m."
Indirect : Ruma said (that) Badal had been able to reach there by
5p.m.
^ Ripon had been able to do the sum before his teacher came. (vl3
fis-s qm< qtcul R"F q(sB +-+cs c"rmQq 1')
6$.l{ SIS SrEl-{ ls-q rlq {EE slErq csl-{ Ttfs q q<6s
c{Fllw<lwc.l tqsl{<l]rE could + perfect infinitive qdte,
could + have + Verb (past participle) <I<.qEqs r qfr qsFqsls
DrqsK q{(.lfu-ltfr sR eFFrfi $$r' I RT{ 8
He could have helped you. (c{ CsTq|5s qQ1i S-<1le- ol6v t)
tqF qca <Efr, {fr <qrs EtqcE cc Flq|r{ cRFt r-{F flKs r i5K c{t'trs]
Rq r Tp"rcs otsiF qi6R1
ErEEr €{, T?tteFt ft,q gqs Oiar qqfr{ r
q<r< fi-cF-{ <srfico Eqr-*w <r$iF< qrxFi m{ s

Why did you not tell him that you ran short of money?
He could have helped you. (gfr slrs <sTE {l c<t{ G Fl{l{ Btotx oq
?WRq ? c{ cqllrs{q|{trr{cs "Ilrrv r)
D-{ssFI construction, stl qle q-qcq frrD< EqR<q erEt flg s
If we had known that ihe thief was there, we could have caught
him. (q-q-<l sfr qFrstl c cul:lF €{tr* EE, st{fE qN<t qr+ $rcs "F€tc l)
tqrc@ftEgrrs q<tqrfi; vdte, nreBsclfi rsr<qlrmtett<sF, 6T Rt'R\oT
ql{lrq-{&E rl
Why did you not ask him? He could have shown you the right way,
(qfr sne srqt.<tq +<fr c+-qr fr cst{tc$ qE+ mE chl"tm frcs flFv r)
(\5r{ {k4 CC 'laIF 66r{ I qE{ 'lat 6h"lt-C{l< C{l'Rs] sF frq | fuq qlF
q$<l{Tls-ffF otqBrffi r
Fiad there been enough milk, I could have given you some. (<teB
tf-<mc{ E{ <fr afsu, qtfr cwtrs ftRfrF
'fl?vf{ t)
ef{q-4c{ qlTilStr frRq qEF], Cr s
Had there been enough milk, I would have given you some. (+c{?
"fft$q Eq <ft otr+s, slfr FIqIF$ fr'R ftsfc r)
[could have given =frcs eiEtsl{ I csl'fist a<fke r cq€{l{ Rqt en ft-q
Tq qlfiToKc"i m$qsfr r
Would have given = frqr r 6{trliq 1-<[cFE lt r tet 1-<nre r cq$ Es, sft
crFi qllss I T'q ellsl< s'l{ccf fiTF'tetw"lR rl
q<R q{ffi frco-{ exercisefr F< r
EXERCISEI 1. eiffi q|csn etlr"f Qq..s word-€3r xF-+ qt <foa tTrqF

'
T{"t€ r
(a) He could have me. (help)

(b) They could have-him. (see)
(c) She could have-it. (know)
Ans. (c) known (b) seen (a) helped
2. €Q exercise-$ fto qtc't c{ FK{m fift"te q 6q{ q<( E€ SqR<q ft-{
ffiqpi1a-a I
Ans. ";(<qqtcflF{t cq-{ r
3. fir6< structure tr celro 15F <rsl utf,q o'm cq srql< <l(Et qd cq{ r
there by 5. p.m.
4. 3-q ;tff.e- <lT]e6{]sJ subject-€K SlC5t couldn't filrs r subject-,!< "R-{q

could p6{ qt€ I <lr{l< c.lr< (r) fi< <cts I ,c<f{ qfuF <trq< {(Et qd mrt r
Eq|{{q B Couldn't I have helped the old man? (Wft ft

1n e'foftr+
cfql{.rs-{cs {Ke-Fqlr [ET{ElrqaF'qlfrffi {-{sF t]
mF.+lq c$lEE {c-fiqq f$ sl \fl sffi qI ctfsrq', qdte, fi.R!-cT frfus {l
qsTl crtl4, cqlslq€ could + perfect infinitive
<.|. could + have +verb (Past part.) <r{qE R{ I {q<l( T<tr-\,t
efKq c{ <FcKE qpj x-sQ r
Grammar:SomeAuxiliary,Defective,Modal,andSemi-ModalVerbs263
I found ihe fence broken' Who could have broken it?

(qlfr cTglfr qfl mfitq I cs qqrc flfc<?)
- Gias could have (broken it); I saw him passing over it'r)
(i}lm Fffi ry66E, ffi Etm 6<9rE ffi sc{ cqrc mmfflr
leqi s-{ s fifus s'K <EI <lcEEqt cs Frscq I c{ c+q?] {F EC{Rq alq
sF
oq,tDtE qTn:q oq <E' rl
My pen is missing. Jerry could have taken it for his own use' He
-- been looking
had for a Pen.
i"t"t" qeqd "nuu1 {Eqqf I 6.'R
EI{ frCs:< <'u{R-tr{ n'-o,'frCT q11-s-.u E{s I
fr qsfr qqr mq r)
q{qf{ s-<l qcq' cs cqR s-qrF FC{QE
tEsl's< c eFfr Ar.fu..fi c?nr
I
ql
frq fifts-v-n-< ftR <-fi slcuq. tl
Ram:Ihavenotbeenabletocarrytheboxhome.Itwasheavy.
(vrn umm *u <lfu wrrc "n-a{q lt r eit G<t vrft r)
Sham: You could have asked me' I was there'
$mn+ E €F "iKco I ffi ffi$6q Q4q 1;
[q+lqq 3 Sham, Ram-f,$&-<'{lR+<cq tl
Shumon : I will do everything tomorrow, father'
(qtfi q-<frRqluttftfr{ s-{<, <FI t)
Fathel But why? You could have done every thing yesterday if
you had tried.
' (ftq, c{4'? r< s-{"ce etlrrc sfr v"fi +-<s l)
cu?t
^
RE, frq fr Tr<fr I ER st< <H ffi
'l-$-sl-qlgfi
t-* * s Wcl-{ *Ag ffiu cslutlst
effi{s-{6q{ tl
Rana : Father, there was a snake in the field. FKI, qfr6g q3;E Ct"i
fcq r)
Father : Did you killit? (qfi ft rsBl Cqr<frcqr)
Rana : No, {ather. I was alone there'
(4<l<I,qtfi s?lrc-q cslQng 1;
Father : What a stupid boyl You could have called to me'

(ft 6{r+l e.{r qR ql{lr+vr$ftro "fl-*nv t)
t<m< <],{r3;a1-5o v(ml<l fu<'$T< T-<Tq{ I q'{Fls-<, q{ celc+ vf+l $tfcf, call
d31 el{ to {ffi ll
He was able to kiil the snake. (6r

ffiqr)
He could have killed the snake. (cc
ql{E {l{cs "11-<s rfuqrtr-<fr
ftssl ql{l $cqdl cc cT<Aq ft-at i;
sRm m{l cll"t C{, could have + V(p.p) constructionF sqsslt-{< q{{
wTlq{<tt{{t
ts'dfr, <l
r sdR{
ft-qt st sftil {]tqqt I
€?[( was,/were + able constructionF frcF q€E slrdK q{I q-{ Ftq
$nT
{
r !bKt< clrBsl e +t<ci Rq, e<s,
rEI ffrt rrBRq r
q<R frcr-{ exercisefr T< a
EXERCISEI could have +Verb(p.p.)-constructionfr EKI qT{ 4fr {lsI

ot'a-q o-< {ffl cfiq reproach(v(W) <l irritation (ffi; efslri Tr< r <toierqf{ qd
6E{ I
q<K qrfi <1s-< TTafietsrt{ (dialogue){E +,c< (<}(qt{ fr{rEs D-"K) sl{
qc{i &<tsierER qsF<t1t c+ Rrr+Qrc;'a3qu*,
qqr<i ftq c.Rr &Fq <tsT{ $aii{ qfi <t< r
Ans., t'<ff qfFfD-{R >rj-{|-tri {e r
Could EFrl q-lclgrc-R-ffi ability epqfip R-T@

6aI{ 'i6 { condition E-w A va'o qlFF-C-4
could EKI present tense {
<6flaarE< Rlrfi-siT{tlqT I 6{irq B
Tuhin : He drives very clumsily. (s {< qC"nqra.I v1(< fl& D'El_s i)

Ruhin : Could you drive weil? ($ ft vfq-str< EIElcs "ll{cs,l)
tqqftssfrqmrq-{wER6EqRft aRrcfi-+rsuuncs-- q:ibt q? c{tq{ r
q?[Cl, 6 EE'ffi elTrq-{ W"--<t sTs t]

Biva : I am short of money. (9ffi< Bl<fi T{ 1VR l)
Shuman : I could lend you some. (ffi 6olT1-6s fu <t< frfv "ffft r)
tvetr< gfi qfr uts-\oRcE qft mmn-o frg rror q< frrc {rR r .t6qq .ffi
Et€" tl
Could you?-Ektrl sTfq< q-qfg qx s-fl qT lTfl c{{,

q< qaf <6Frc firft +r< I c{rFr B
Could you show me the way to the school? (q"tF 1t q]{I{s T(E
{f{R "tclF fiFtr{ fus ffir{{?)
Could you help me, please? (q{fr ft ql.t s'c< q1:rfrs ce! iTlE1-qi
s-<-c<-{?)
t<tsuTll €t Wq qq$ "erq"-.mtr €rc{t'f s'c{ n<Icu ER r fuqtrmQrc
qft EfrF €ro rl$st< c{ w-st cccs-cq mFt lf< qel €[5 rj
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Detective, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 265
Could you tell me where Mr. Shuman lives here, please?
(hrl Tm qtqfi ft slqtt$ TEr<'{ q{|cq {q-{ clr{{ cstcflT c|Ire-{?)
Could you lerrd me some money? (vf"rfi ft qf{tro frRbl=rt vI< frK{r)
Could you show me what you are doing? (q"iR ft o-<-cqq q qllllrs
e<q m'rllr<q?)
.{ffi fi-cr{ exercisefr ?Fit I
EXERCISEI 1. G"IK< Tl6Si could you? €i {C{ would you?

' ,.io
.it,
<I€l{ s-{rqs es.t wd< <Isj 'i$\o W tsr{ Could you? EFil utfts <fcof< rc
qq RRft F ll r sQrt B"lcr< EqR<"tqIEI cslq6 61b ?flEEI y-rq eBF <ITrrs
would you?-qT{ln Tr< qq{ qr< f5{ s-{ I q<f{ <fqqIEK <l(ql qd @'{ I
2. {fi T-<.-fr estr r-W qln ltre con <lfu< otrq 'iFtr{ff girls' school
trcs sKR tet qnrv uttmt r q ft{-cr aG <r$i< €nF 61316gue (Tcefi"t-${{)
frrq vm TC{i could you?-construction-(K qFF <]-+I <KqR sT I q<f<
dialogue fr cslql< Ffs-$tr cq:llrs r
Ans : eifu csrqE €ffi< qlrEtDr.l{ cleqj qle r
Couldn't you? TI{{l{ S'C{€ q{C<l{ (polite requesfl 1-t{ efl <1]I t
ffi${ 3
Mina : Could you lend me some money?

Rina : Would one hundred taka do? (qs-f'fislT SC<?)
Mina : Couldn't you lend me a little more?
4vIK ftE c<ft frrv "imml atr)
EXERCISEIl. Possibility <l C'€f<-{.| {{fks maylmight,/can <I{R|< S'C<

3fr qrqra qlqF?t <rs} {f,q o'm sftqr Eld m{ r
2. Permission <l q-flG {$fCE maylmight,/can <Kaj-< STT Sfr Wqtqt

ql{FaT <1T1 uita-q E'm ETcq< qd fi{ I
3. Ability <t qNd (cql"8q) I-{IlcE can,/could/is able/was able <I{qr{ +TR
cB qqtril qmql qlsr uff,q n'm qcq-{ <t(Et qd cq:l r
Ans. €Q q{iKT< qcF cclrs q "lds qq-s {Kfr{ qrcEftr+t 6h=t r
o wish (Flnr{[)
I Wish <l sss-FI{.T q'cd may, pasi tense-€ might <]?tqe qT I C{FI;T
I
May he live long. (c{ ft{fiR Rf$ t)

May he prosper in life. (m fi-<n ffi +-+n t;
May Ruma pass the exam. (*TI eil"t++-s t)
"ifuT
May the ill days be over. 1:rt wxit c+rt <tn r)
{{lT I lfq direct speech-€it reporting verb €K

tense past {FI reported speech-€K may indirect speech-4 might-C
flRKfu er I g,IF{ s
sald, May our
Ind. : He wished thai their President might live long.
Dir. : The people said, "May Bangiadesh remain independent
({ft{)."
Ind.: The people wished that Bangladesh might remain
independent.
Dir. : The mother said, "May God bless you, my son-"
Ind. : The mother prayed that God might bless her son.
I Purpose (Ezq-.11; g
{{fi(9 may,/might <fiIQE :I.T t sfi may €K
"6{6[", "qQBcqr"B GI," '\Tcg<F'6{" I c{T{ B
We eat that (=5e that) we maY live.

qT<l <D-cs 'fiR= qT-<t iIEl-T B'cnr"6
(\irfTfl
"fit cfi "fR ,1
She works hard so that she may pass the examination.
(cq ocSn {k{q sc< 6$t cc 1N
flt"ts-{cs 'trct= c{ {ftst{ {-l +TR
€ffirt] ortr*
"rsl\3rl srr r)
They practise playing football regularly so that (=in order thai =that)
they may win the first prize.
past
We ran fast so that we might catch the train.
He went to the hospiial in order that he might be cured.
I E. Use of ought, should, must, need,

q${s obligaiion <l <l{tsl, 0Fsl, +-6<l {<flR
€Q verbec{f frc-q r
qaF qqFTr{ R&l t"t cq$ {FF r
Present tuture past

ougnr ought oughi ought
should should should should
must must must must
need need need needed
Table-q fa qs]'$sl6{? verb-46{lit I<l tense-€{ f i
qlr Et{cE q-{R qCf,sE verb €3tr ffir- qlC{IF4.f{ Qr<'i q*t<l+ r
Ought= I q< ePGtr to +verb <C{ I C{:l{. CglqK {I€TI

ought to go
She ought to do ii. (q< qil efl €-Gv r)

We ought to play now. (q1-$6q< €?f.I c{ET SEv r)
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 26V
I ought to love them. (qffi EGs strq<rs q-{-<|ql t)

They ought to satisfy their teacher (sIrI1{ E-Es vtrq-< Fm-st-s c-q?
s-<l r)
People ought to abide by the law. (q-{''k*i EGE qA{ crr* Dsl t)
EXERCISEI E'rr+< <fsirlrEte ought to = should ) <frc<

<lsl'srElcs q-w a'c< 6olrr< fii Trs fr{ r qd,!sR r
jt:n qqsq C$T{{I ought to-€< present tense-4.sT <I{CIR CEI?E r efs fuq
:*i -
future tense-€-€ <i?f{31 +-<t <]fi r
to go here tomorrow.
You ought to come here tomorrow.
Mina ought to buy the book next week.
She ought to live with her father from the next month.
4rEI <r3t 8
Incorrect : I shall ought to go to school tomorrow.

Correct : I ought to go to school tomorrow.
Incorrect : They will ought to repay ({ffi{ e<1) the loan (itct) the
next month.
Correct : to repay the loan the next month.
They ought
tense-q ought to ffiT{qr< <r<-q\5 qs ql.{?
Past
lPast tense-q ought

Klma salo (tnat] she ought to studv.
past
6rt<-qq 6qETn flgtEGE)
Direct : Rima said, "l ought to play now".
Indirect : Rima said that she ought to play then.
NOTE. : Ttr{ KI:|C{, ought €i 'K q"< q{-T full infinitive il to+verb {C4 |
€<Rt ive Sef mrII {fS 3

Negative-€ ought to q< clcq do, did, does RI{ds R{ tl r Efi aFought
not to il oughtn't to-€K.C1 <I{qs q{ I C{5FI B
You ought not to go there. (cElTl{ c{?IIr{ <Te{l qr r)

*^ They ought not to play in the school yard: (el[(-{ Ell{-< 9lfB{m C{EI
slDEffi l)
People ought not to walk on this street. fsT{tl("f< qi
"ftq eA BGE
1{ t)
qsB$it 3
Incorrect : He ought do not annoy the bull.
Correct : He ought not to annoy (qlqlsq o<l) the bull.
Incorrect : Shuma does not ought to mix with bad girls.
Correct : Shuma ought not to mix with bad girls. (mix = CTril, 6T{l
m$ s-fl)
Etc<-< <fslerEktr ought not = €Gs dTI I q< "iR-<6t

should not {IIIFT€ Alrq-g qse qdCC< t should not T{lC4 qET to-Tf{qs {6{
ql r EI{IE €E exercise-,C< tf,{-eF <fSjqIEfCs ought not to-€-.tr (4FT should
not <fr6{ clr?rq'frs rqr sr< fi{ q<(vlcr*t qd cq'q r
Ought to 43( should-q< q{]t{t <,T{rT-{ qfff6;ffi Er{{ F-fl-< qtc't

FlTfi qE$6t {l {tfiT"lq CC:r{ \ffrf$<I{ fuTtr{l T-{t q-<-{',l-< I CsFt-fl e Cqr4q
R-
oughi to = should
ought not to
= should not
st'qcq {.{KFtu<Eq1-€'larfl fV s
A boy ought to respect his mother= A boy should respect his
mother.
You ought to
study now = You should study now.
He said (that) he oughtto sleep = He said (that) he should sleep.
An oificer ought not to take bribe (g)
= An officer should not take bribe.
We ought not to look down upon (lcll s-{l) the poor.
= We should not look down upon the poor.
One ought not to neglect (9-<({E.| T-fl) one's duties.
= One should not neglect one's duties.
q<f< CsW< Cq? gO 6<-?t S'G Cn"l ,Fffi exercise qrql* Bg{ tr"S S-$
FnatFcq ft-q r
Ought tol should+continuous infinitive.
<-6qrq $K€ c$R s]q s-dls afiTt vfi\5 (ft-q cc st T<Is rT) .4K"t {.<fiCg ql
constructionfr <K€ E{ I (a'IFI 3
He ought to be trying to do the sum.
or;Eoufd-
(9< ss$F s-<r< q-fl o?t +-<rs' an'rt Bfis r)
lft-q m q{{ Et T'TcQ{1, q<qfl F'G wR o]ftT ftruq r ETIR s<t, <6|c4
T-fie cfl-$.lEGs-qsfl 31rn rl
Why are you studying? You should be (=esght to be) sleeping
now. (gfi elee 64-47 cEITF €?tl{frc.< eflsl BFu r)
lqdtq qR {Xdqfr {qtq-qm1qr{ sH F r dr<q, {s<trs gfr gtsfi rl
They should be (=6,tn1t1 to be) practising much. The tournament
will start only afier ten days.
(eRfiT sR< "ifrftq wgQ-m +<rv cFrr SGs I EE q-tfr{' lmt B.ffi r)
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and Semi-Modal
Verbs 269
fsr< qdqq, ffiq strn-* q{qelil nE ct|st Efis r ft-q vro u s-<(q
qff$ qlc'l qTt"n s'6 Rq, q{T st <tq rt I EtE
ftrl <cc qkq rl
e e<R erF eq'l.f
"tfdsi 8
You should do it.-(cul{k s-fiq +.fl t6\o)
<lsjF cqlt-r st{ sfi s-{t BSE q 1rtt nT.s TI I E{-o €?l{, qt
ET Eftcr{ Tc(j,
ft<<i nfuluu csr+ q{cr{ Tc{r st{ q-rM s-fl E6v_e<-sq
T{t {t{ , Aq_
I:":h:gl{1.9"i"s it. (culq'R qstq s-rcs er$r B6v) <.t+lB c{r$ *E cqr<n
T * *lIry vr< outr +;rco *tTt Efiv r cry etr
sMtr €cq qn"i qrq
sfq F, rs-q q cc r-{rq rI I
E"rc*< <rq EFrs should €< qrE ought to T{l{ Il{ I
EXERCISE
B"lr<-rT structure fr o'cr trF loF <tni rr'a"q o-< q<( ccsml-< qd
<l-{qR
fi{ tEFI'R Q q"F{tr$t-T'be,{<qc{ notifrctyl{s {ofrq-q 4}aa-a
quq{
1
6ETt-tr[ ought tolshould qr-{It{lontinuoui--GfinifG

(be+V+ing)-q< <IE{IR ffiCrle r qqT Cq?tr{ ought to,/should ,qn {.ftei perlect
infinitive q< <f<qf{ I
Ought to,/should +perfect infinitive. gefi9
<r+q|,-{ firlce- {r< qqE Trcq 6fi-{ fiq <F{t gGll

^ e? consJructionF{
q-q"f
r
constructionfr <Fq" En r '4fr qsF Dqspl< q<(
Rq
F-F-Yq
rllsriFil {RlTcs
el{ erqr.R {l{JI I 6{T{ S
You ought to have come here yesterday. = you should have

corne here- gesterday. ('l-rlTtq CqT-R ,{{lr{ Wn Ets fu r)
tL$E S{ qqfi r sK q-{i ,rs fr'{? x.ts <s c{q rl
she should have studied hard. = slie oughi to have studied hard.
(q{ s6r{ qVtL-cT{r e* Sfv ftq ly
lqqcE fi cr6r srg qt rft-q m vI Tt-<ft I qr€{t $f,sre r qglq, sTrs m-E
+-sro qq tl
She should have checked her car. (\5R EGs Aq an&fi cFT T-{l) t\51{c{
s]<Effisieqtrl
They should have tasted the milk before they bought it.
= They ought to have tasted the milk before they bought it.
(cq{< qft't stcm Gfiio frq E<Bt qffi T'6 cq{ r) _
lsk"t rs-{l{ eR m"lt crlEl EI r? I 458 $3r, vK fr-q EGs qs rlq sr*fi rl
You should have called to me= You ought to have called to me.
(Ffrlr< qlnlcs lqq
' UFF 64-{l Etr\9- r)
tsrqrE qr< cDffi "fiF'TR cr[g elr<s:Tl rfuq cc stroft rqrEi {<, Ti caRa
E'Ifl {<fiCs call (-:t 'l{ to <lnQs {{ ll
NOTE. : Eof(<'< {<tQrEI sentence-E affirmative 3I t-ffi<-+, q-ffi<?F <l
negative 3I6€f{ 6SC qd fr<{ Cn q
cElT{l 'i[< ffi1r{ I q< qR{ frcF-<
exerciseil, +{ I
EXERCISE
this to hirn
S"l6i< structrrre-fr <r<EF s'c-{ cqlb roft <t$I'ttq r-?{ q<( mqr{l< qd
6E{ I
<|+refrcs 6q c r-M +<.], SGE frq <'6 qfmef o-fl srrcREIft q<t EctEEr
Ans.G"lt<<q[EID-{i ffi{ r{EE&,ftq,qtffi< rolq'{F"R oR r
Verb(past participle)
'!E construction fi TffiF< negative Tq I rsf{ sM s-<1Bfu frE 4l ftE

sl q{t qcr c'r6q q<( rFcFI gq <l c{rfifr< "iRrr 6qrl qcrcq q{et x<xTq qR
constructionfr <j=lqs q{ I (TIFT 3
She shouldn't (=should not) have told him this.

(q<BFswfrisnre e+{<fl r)
tft-q fr r<Isf{ \tr <'c{ cFmR r GI{R T-<t, srqm !6 c'ftq, ql sm er{
e\9U
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modai, and Semi-Modal
Verbs 27I
You shouldn't have killed (ffitB TFt culTF E6v
tRqS or<R6E -the
q{(W+lsBrr<Rcq
bird. ffi 1;
rl
He shouldn't have made a noise in ihe class. (Fk,l cW{
crite $-fl ER
Etrsq{R r) tfr-q cqnr-<Rq q<(qrrtrstqtrE+r<eq 11
_Th.p shouldn't have^sold_the house. (<tfr-tr C<rF Cmil vlcq< Efis

Esr{' r) tls-q c{o \e-Rt Eq Trqtr Tr<trE I qfi 6{siE mft qr
q+Dw+ c?E rt
3
You should have kilted the dog. (6ElTf{ E6\5 &E q-g*Fr+ rm r)
t*1 yE rqsr T1r r ft-q qfi qrrfi iTl cftr W Rcvcq
F
' :i, You shouldn't have killed the agg (g{,.*fto Effl cglTl-iTn EGis
11
ttuq qF carr&rE r Gc< yq orqt q. iA;Y

v vv qgft
<
ffi'lfr# ' r)
wr€ sLTstr gq{t a

You should have killed the dog. (cqqK S6E eE q-g<Frre q'ITI
r)
rfrq qfr ffiR r il ql<t
w qrrcq rl
You could have killed the dog. (gft
T-{Tft-s \t:lcs {acu r)
-
Lr
ffrqEfr ffi
r {l-<R Wq},t frtr r o"fq< $qsts
Rq i -sBrt q|.cE<'TTrq il6
tqq il
_ If you had known that the dog was mad, you would have killed it.
{Vnlfruqry c<gg<FfuJ*sr<Egft sbrc+ cwc* cs-rcs r)
fftq qfr a-Rfr I qtlrq ffi qmrs I {s<tR. ebt csr{'R gs * oRct qfiE
qr{Cg qI I
qcrsF ftfrq qqi s<; .qErnr,

TErq c<Rrf{ cr cENl{ RtrBsT Rq, st_ll
qcq {f<'(rs- ft +'cqrl
col{ frlils not <l frc.ls(\5 should <]:tr-QE {T; ought <Kq\5 qs qI I
c{sq 3)
NOTICE
should pay up their tuition fees on or before the last date
Students
of each month. (qfqlffiO-<rre qfu ftc-< 6"t{ 5:1RC{ 11 vf{ qk{
*O= e. p,
tRrnqe+F{ra 1)
Advice 31G"lffi{ e-$]r"R w*' o

EI< {< F1-{ frCT <r qlgR-s-\r|c< EftR{ cq-*I
{-<r]rg must iFr{rir a<r q.Fs srE r
(€l qMF c<'q r qil D{ssk r)

You must enjoy the movie. It,s (=it is) interesting.!
A Use of 'Must'
{{ (sF verb (qi S<lt{-{ ArtC{ cnrl)
Must I
Form ({el) B present must :
Future : must
Negative : must not = musn,t
Must = qTfiE; C<F|{ <l{fsl T{ffi rnusl {JTQE q{ present € future

I
tense-{ <Kd\5 q-s t Bq{ tense-€ qffi R't €TE I
CTIFT 3 You must do it qFlq T-S'C?[ t)

She must rise early. (Efr+ qq"Ri rrst-{ {sfq gl crlr+ Uacs qc< = el6$
q.sl{ q-flq T{ celm Effi aq 1;
All must obey the law. (wRr+ q-{d vlfa qFrc Er< 1;
Father : Joy, you must speak the truth. (qa, rqflro Y.{fi c'si scfi
<EKq EC< t)
R|6SI must qq'{ q$18 <t<IEt <l obligation T{Tfq {.t
<t vfi{ftq flfE-{'s-{F Er{ r qRs qTl q{ 3 must-qK "f-{ 6{ verb6 TF \5F qlecl
s/es/ing/ed {s qs {l, sBr qI{ to {ffi {l t qd19 verb q6{ bare infinitive'
lncorrect : You will must go there.
Correct : You must go there.
(FI'{11-$ \r<.Bt cqqtfi Fcs {c{ i = cqqfrs cflIrq ffisi
{r{ r)
Incorrect : He must does it.
Correct : He must do it.
(gn+ uBt+<r'ot << r
=C{ 4Blq-{.{fe T-?rr< I - fr .Cil S<r<?)

eXEnCtSEl 1. Must crFI . . . {t . . . ense-€3 obligation (<lrr$) trAH t
2. He must comes here €{( she will mtlst speak the truth. <fsi E'fb
qE @-{? eh-merfrqr{? RF{Tq-{5lK<rsiEmg\51klun< I
NFffl q\5$q must-(K affirmative <f t 6<tq-f S9i cqc{q I q<f{ 4{ ql filtfs
tr{ft 6q{r< I
Negative Rl6{i must-€i eF not q6q 1 i5t-d"l{ bare infinitive {fq I \5fi
<Isi fiffirlqfr"-E-a, M-@ _l_l 6q!i s
We must not tell a lie. (qiq'<l

He must not teila lie. (mwfi'Q Rqfi<{'r{al r)
They must not tell a lie.
You must not tell a lie.
NOTE : E"tis* <rclarEt q'q 14|id eflfa fq person cstn (u*ffe, first,
second" e third person-4) must-t{{ SI9K CsT{ qfr{sq ql qt I
I q<l< must €rti must not-{R q.l{s srrsft <r<{cl C6',{ c

SCHOOL NOTICE : All Students must keep quiie in the classes.
(c{ft-scs il-< qEqq$q q'iulel E-sra i)
Grammar : Some Auxiliary,Defeclive, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 27g
SCHOOL NOTICE : Students must not make a noise in the class.
erq-qffi-fi cqft+-ffi q<-ue 6{Kc'fiE T-{'c{at r)
FATHER : Matin, you must go to school today.
gBq, 96 qsr v<-Bi Ec-t <r< r)
MOTHER : Fva, you must not mix with baa girts.
(&! gfr q{'B? <ksr trcrcqR qret fr"fc{ $ r)
NorE' ql.icqrqQ ulrs' <cr ql-<r<t@
effCkq Tl-< +TE el3t elS celrs qsF obligation <l <t{fsT A fr-qT <lfu< E,f<
qrflAE qcq I EK€ qrFi o<t s q&fr Tfl],sfR <\tffi <-t sRRrr\9.{ qr]'
Flffi I
" jr'i q\ts'cl must s must not q< c-qq Tf{qld

cs|{-<T
:l: ' qtfqlF-{-{ ffiT 9Ilot frCF-{ exercise fr <r* c
EXERCISE| Translate into English.

1. ErSq-fiIe firtr+ cs-csqr{ r
2. 6qqilR cq{rqqr<qt r
3. qNit\{{llQ q]t{ 66q D-d:T (abide by the law).

4. qR q<.iR q <trrrK (such) 3l books)
"fgr< cI r
CqFKt rCEScl ft-[{q CS must {ftt pr"rnrrt A {utrr" t"n*_q<;biigad;

FII-{ t Past tense-€ qfr Tt{qs RT qr i frg past tense-4R obligation T{frcs
q'6{ Efi ft o-+cv qr{? cqzsrq had to <1:1qR T-Tce q5q {t Cg:l.{-:il have-€K
<l<{< Ftrlts {irl Fft{q r {f,{ Flrlf,{, had to <t<-qg q{ cffi< 6T"@ c{{Ifi
q$n- con TM +Tl{ obligation Rq q<( g ogrss q[TRs I stqB s-fl q-qfr
qs1 $ltcE c{crr€ had to <I=l-qs qC{ {I r srfE TlTao qm
did noi have to {rit
<r{El3€ FIT-<I qt't (eR vvtctl firqq r
He had to do the work. [r5ff$ (e<( cc

We had to go there. (ql{k"i-{r$ c{?[t-4 Cqce S[{R'q t)
They had to finish the work before 4 p.m.
(strq<ro fr-sn FRbR qrcuf ffi
eqr s-{6 Rc{eq 1y
Mina had to cook rice that day; her mother rvas not at home. (mtr-*
-
ft-+r+ sro trsrc qrsRd. Er< rt at&rs'ffi' dI ;
NOTE : eKRs {cr rRrr 6n{f <.fs . efgrsr4Q wqs +tre-{ <l{rsl
{,:bligation} <Is {[-II-CR r
Must €3( *rust not ts{ fr{ obiigation Tl {l{lsl qTH S-{fs? <I{qE qT vl
E{, fsFt qffi .$ckq.t <1 qigRr b"nn.t gtrse L{S(ET <r{.ds {fi5 {m I
FITqs
You rnust buy this shirt. It's fine!
(gft €R qlslF ffi
c+E | ,4h 6xs$iF r)
Karim : i-low can i build up my body, Rahim?
({fu, w.fi-sT}ql-< TAIR
"nVqsxs {R tfun<r,
APTEL*i8
274 A Passage io the English Language
Rahim : You must take exercise regularly.
(9fi fiRfrE <rflr o-{ r)
Pallab : How can I pass in the first division?
(Eilft ft-sfcr qql ftsim Eft{ qco
"nRr)
Pailabi : You must study hard.
I Have to 4T( MusLqi eltf€t s
Must €K gknl second.person (you) <l third person h;, -h-, th"%
Rahim) T<t[E !]faE qfE 6S .A second TI third person-€?t €"ff <R-q5Jf e-g"6 SIS
c{rs q-sffi obligation <t <lErgf qffilg
q[q t'qafis $m'iF <g.m ffi r q<
rnust-€K {6{ $l6s {tr{ G obligation (<l 9.lTqffi Tq qg)
have to iF!-e--s e rq
<lrsl< {sl{ frcq-{ T{: q{t m€ imri't"t fr'eSqlfi-cfl ftm r nqq g
Second person :
Karirn : You r:eust dd it. (qfr qFfq q{fq trgC{ t)
t<fsTF cq <6Kq, You-cQ?tr E1< qfrrrtB'l ur< r e'<fis, qgq-qfi "sqr a-s6 <t
^
$I-TCT-{ tl
Karim : You have to do it. (CsT{n-{' S-$]g1 F-{-(s qr{ :)
[q?[r{ You-cs cq qtcq{ s-{t q6q 6l r{( sRrE-{ T{, q.{i sT{!: .Ei]Tqq
afrqqrcEflfir*fizuq rl
Father : You must go to school tociav" Shitu.
(fiF1, qfr qre q-{$E Trd {rr< i)
l<l$itr< _Tsl qE father. Shitu-< €"K G {{rs] q]I<'f'rs q6€ sl-s s].<
(Father-{<) firq< rl
Rinku : Your father says that grou have to go to school today, Shitu.
(frq, crpl-a <RI <rErq es qM csFl"c$ s.cE firs qr< r)
kffi< Tst Rinku fr-qqtm{tr EFlirsr{ m; ffi Fl Shiir,-r a<ra i
Rinku eIqICa"tF{ sqfi Shitu-C$ qtfoq ficEi r1
'nftFj ftl Must-,{?

,C<R {ryq have to €3i must-fi obligati:n-4B Ti[.c]
obligation ft qe internalqt qErefrq; q emq $dlFt{ {FR sTq c{rs i
ft,E have to-tlsf obliqlrtion 6 qfrrcq wtj sr{s Fl"q CcfFs, Te-l-g R{q erF$
{{I I ?lvl' s{ Et q.lfrrs frm r "neffit f{(E-{ F(q< qlrirffi 6q?fl;t q-Fl €
obligation
must -4it drFCd
have -Qi 6FGI

Grammar: Some Auxiliary,DeIective, Modal, and Semi-Modal \,erts
q-tr-$ct 6ul{'<l second person

e{( third person-€ *"ut e huu* to_qn
(l,we)-q qA *flcrc1qEH.s<.t TEtr I Efi rnust
"ttqfq cq{rE I First person
4t\ have to qgR wd<I{ds,SF fltr3 I ffrFI s
go to library must go to
We will have to
do it. =We must do it.
I rnust ammar book. = I have to rammar book.
fuE habitual action $ qsn-{4\o $M-€< <t{tEI {<$lis e6{ have to RI€,r{
+-rFsfq tR'rFr s
I have to sweep this house everyday. (qftft{ qlil.lcs e? Td a$ fri:s
qr r)
i have to wash my cow once a day. (frn dtT-<l-< q|q|56 qr{TK r*fiFrc
cflTee<-a.1p*
r{FIFr obligation
''
(<ttIq)-F {s1< ote {{ e-eft <l s*q'i4 E'ffi szq q,sl
cc(s-(q' must KFt{<+-fltqq 1 g'q{ g
I rnust tell you an interestinq story. (€fr \n-{.fE CqcNlfs qs.ffi Eqs$.F
qdr-{ t)
'rg
We snust show you a good picture"
FfqlT;t t First person-€K 6S-Gt <If$l-{ qsl qq & <mm first person
ffi r pKI( must KI have to <l-t <r<-q\5 €fs 4t c+T obligation ffi qnre sf
frcsr< T'ls 6e1-5aQ 1 €E-{i first person q< [s-m q-rq< <I{qks{ Ee{i obligation-
qR Esq qrfi-{ cFF
'ltef$j {qs of r etr-* aefu wrce gI Eq habit (q-sr]{),
importance (q+-q)-qcr<< E"r< Fft <.r< r
Er.{g gl6ql6.-{ {c* cqq I qTR qsF exercise s;[ I
EXERCISEI Fill in the gaps with'must' or 'have to.'

1.$fiT s cqqrs q-flr? qrq Trs c65 qr{; qfi qF.r4 srEq4 I
= You-go to schooi today; it's rny order.

2. sfu s cqllr+ F<'RQ)\TtqTrE c{Fqrq.qh p1q'R<R<qtc-tr
= You-go to school today; it's your father's order.
3. Efifr q-{.fR cEF{irs qtq W-{ qEffi 46 qayq 1
= I---tell you a fine story today.

4. qTll-oqfrfiqEtcr{<l'il6{ ffifrreqr r
=l-watertheir garden everyday.

Ans. : 4. have to 3. must 2. have to . must.
5. Second person € third person-4K 6s-fdt must s have to A<-+;1{AI
ftrEqR{q}rcFq&reT<ne r
I Deduction and Assumption

Deduction (cs.l;t ftR cal6s crFI frRq-fllq s'{i) q<( assumption (t{ l.R-$
ror+ ftqq-fl{ s-<1) SFIR\5 must {Ftd\5 q{ I must-{-<r cR <i-qcl-<erfl stR l-qr<
r
?qqft{ft-<rq qq<scdmust oq< qRetct<rEqsEs r
Forms (-d'f) s
Present : nnust + verb (present infinitive) : She must join the party.
must + verb(ing) (continuous infinitive) : She must be
doing the job.
Past : must + have + V(p.p) (=perfect infinitive); He must
have heard this.
must + have been + V(ing) =(continuous perlecl
infinitive). They must have been living here.
Must-€-?{ q {sc*r nI{{T ri{fr{ wrqtFrtT {t€{l{ qk'f cnF e*91"f &fi1'
Tr{<I{r{ 3
Negative deduction <t qt-C(lrc q-{flq eFFIrl S-ff{ sT{ must {FRs {T ql t
qqD, qfttt C{:FI Cq1e[q, q'l-GISF obligation 4 41q19 ef$H S-{F must RI?ldE
{st
I Present tense-4? deduction (qTcl{) c
<TTt't$sqs qsf6{
INP-*6ittl-@
s
verb : s/ es/ingled-ql9l _Fl

q<f{ Ss-seffl example (E:l 3
I saw him reading a drama by Shakespeare; so he must be very
proficient in English.
(wR \onrc 6.Fqfi-{ra{ qsFirtrs ergco cq{qn; dq{l( frffiEcrcQrc
$qs r)
tqry6 s Elr{ clg+s'6s{ qsfr 41}+ qgcs cql?t {$t q$1{ srcq G 64
Qrr-*-Qrc {< qq' r vl-ql E6E ft qR cF{ftfl-T{ Tl?s "M \5rd sKt :T€r{ w?
ffi'+qfr cq3 q<t{ cs6F{l fi1 cs cc q< q"s-sl csffi frfu\o I qtq.Ft El
4'q 1sl{ q-{{l{ qcq c{ cq"roF Qqr+ft:s q-s tqR qsetq{fln-< gfu{s slT"f
qrq<'FE <-s{ t|.6.€'KI 'must' 'fqft q<q< $r{P. rl
He has fifty shirts; he must be rich. (E];l fis|{tr qFrl qTS; cc'fr"6-{A
qft t) t5F B?!l qfsl{ qt-aT eR's {st qx{l{ (deduce} 4?1R ciT cq {ft rl
't$p6
eRcE <ii"fi-{Frs fir*-c"f T<l1{ ql* a
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Deleclive, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 277
qdtq<vt cor{<ifr<tTqtsfifrcrfr{ esFqfdt ,Ffu<Tq 6-<-{ 1 srE Q
qfu <t <"q c?rs Ek q-sB q-{{r{ EE r oit wlqF c{ must <I{qR s'c <lr$j-{
{c{] €rs'Fl TstET I ({5FI 3
She always wears torn shirts; she must be poor. (c{ q-dn qsF cful
qFT fll.<; m ffi'tR-< r)
qi q-{mB ftEn< qqRs qE \ot E"rcT< e,srq G-q <K{T s'G fix-cc"l cnql+
3lT;
LC<K 1C<rq deduction eFFttl T-{Cs Sfi must <K{s qS?

qR€ frg{q$F W{{ cnq s
Who is shouting there? (srlln c+ fiei+-B F-f6q?)

- G-g<) It must be Palash. Nobody but he shouts so loudly. (froxQ
"l6tl.t I frRl-vl CSBqE GIt-< dnR.n r;
He takes exercise regularly. He must be healthy.
(64 ffi <tl{l{ +63 I cc fi'F-sE t@l r)
[<et s{s G cc fr{RE <IlSl{ s-6{ I st CelcS CC

E|-t-s cql?lfr r fir-E R3rry(q
qSF (deduce)o<rq c{ c{ ?lq-<I{ tl
He lives far away from here. But he comes in time every day. He
must have a car.
(fr q{F cefrs qn-s qc< efl1-$ r ftq cq Ef.cfiq q.{T5fe* q'rrc r ffi E|<
€sF'fr&qkq r)
t'il& ql.rq <'cqt qq qrr all'fl ccqs c{ q'{'s{E qlq-ce em<-qssq qflq
(deduction) E€Tli
"fstRsl
must + continuous infinitive. cs'F \nTI c?Rr$ Csl-{ Ffq q{el
W{f{ Sr{ cc 6srq €Q constructionF Ti:rq\o {R I <lsl utfts ql frrcc"l c
FP=*bf"ctl -F,,stu"l -|"*6it"sl -Fl na-q c
We can see smoke . Something must be burning there.

(qtT-fl cftTI6h-?lre t&
rfr.rlQ €<Ir*ftR"ryrq r)
qcFI F{ s c{KI 6qcrt q$I{
4<l {Icq G erllr{ frq lgrq r
Somethin g is burnin g there-.€ <foffi <f+{R s-{6E st ft-q q1{n q<ns

41 r +T<"1 .{< SdEE 'sqlr{ ft? oprq'; vt=l qh T{cq T<fts qn 6 aq sffi
sT'rc{ R r€"llr{, ftR tgcq, El{ qT{F +-sF q<-$1-< 6e r
The train started half an hour ago. It must be running now. (ffi
ql{ffit qft'f qiil e<p +r<RE rffi sbt q.qq Eqcq r)
2V* ,{ Passage to the English l-anguage
larqi pa s q-6qrtE nT .qR qq-{d
ffir{ eTq rbrq eq"f w{qlq {4rrcq i q.t<
-5* **-_
JJ}r W{I{ continuous infinitive <f{qi< O-tr'Cs EE rl
t<.{t6qtK
-s
Karim : i saw a Frenci-i grarnmar on his table. (qtfr sTR 6ftrq ,{TF
tF,g*EKR grarnmar CFC{fuE r}
ffi.ahinr : Tiren he must he [earning French. (v[{q g W qgfft
ew ftrm r;
iqpls? B Karirn ET{ fir=frffi
Fre^ch grammar <? mqRq t'ei tsF Rahirn
sTslqs-r(q mqRe+-*tfr erqi Ftsrq r<6qR-{ R1R qm"lq.{81.4
cs r1
F.{ust-qK sR.{trGl-< <I{qfc elqslr{ qlT-s s-sr E'er sRre eisis easrql
exerr.:igc q{ I
i EXERCISEIl 1.
iE^crg'r.-tct r. (a;
(a) cv€ryctay
Everyday Karim reads the euran at 6 a.
a. m. . jt is
!n a. I. now. So, he must be reading the euran.
; reading the Quran now
in) He is
i *l \3 (b) fiFo
urt<ia niust be reading €R( is reading-SFt Srrc qIdT
larw "nafo lnr confr wfiq q{s (TnE frfts En_dqffrq?
2. He must not be reading now. (fiftwt q?F'fgpil r)
{rfiftcs i+ c-ofq deduction q-{'F.l caicT-Cq? fs{?
Ans. : 2. ;fi t OlT"l, negative deduction effFl T-trCg must RIieE eT iI i
Must = perfect infinitive. ffl-{ St-q

?trSrc €e constructiotrft <f{qv ql r sfi {fsl ffis qs firqc"i e
verb (past participle)
He is a good student. He appeared at the s. s. c. examination this

year" He must have passed"
(m qrcq-{ Elq RlE I cc qR'K qq, qq, fr, {ft+l ffiE I cc fi'F-{E qFf
srs6q t) [qry q
s q1lf{ s-fi qrs c{ fr etFt Fr#6Q, ffiq FMF srt offq rl
That day a dear ran away wiih an arrow in ihe head. It must have
died. (cxfr+ .lsft Cfrq {RK ft{ frq q<'{r cfirV u'o FRTR{ r e6t ffi
lltrt filrmq r) lvdts, q{frs q(q n, qsft.{ cc rtil ifuTcq qdtq, sm s..6
Fka-rs rl
s{r{ fr65< EqR<"iQCEt 6?'q C
He must have been able to do the sum.

1m ftmQ qssF s-rcu ceima r)
She must have reached home by 5 p.m. .
(ffi ffi
fr"ots ffirr
lr<r <tE cftrq Fklrq r)
fio< €qrErq q'fir6 qR <tsr E'6F srllsf cq"t s
He is good at mathematics" So, he must have been able to do the
sum"
Grarnmar : Some Auxiliaryr. Defective, Modai, and Serni-Modal Verbs 279
She walks fast. So, she must have reached home by 5 p. m.
ft-E Sfre has reached : cc cftrq c$frS I (q'm &frc r sfT{-c{n li-trsR
o? i)
1. (a) He has passed"

{b} He must have passed.
i,TftI -{F{ *{Tr ft? crfqfr E{nqFt, ffi wxln mr
qeqf*
2. fiTF{ structure fr cerr$ Rserst q's< <fsi {t{ s-?t €<R cqerql< qaf ffi"I I
f'dF
Must + continuous perfect infinitive. ffil-{ sTq {czi e* EIT qfis
Effiq-€ftel qdi\5 RTE Cce q-{fi{ e-fF.l s-fi€ 4? constructionF {l{qE ET I
trfi <tsi 4$\o S-q frx*rq s [Np= su-subjeE-Fust have-been]-

@@-:l cqqqs
He bought a house in this town two months ago. He does not live in
his old house. He must have been living here.
(fr qq .|<R qlcut
Eillc '{sF <& ftrqRs r cc Et{ "Fm <t&bft\o elr$
I ffi ffi
E"| q{E;r <Fr F{rq/qls[q t) [qs] Fir s qT{r{ s-fl {6q cs Ttqtc
qksf c?|rs fr q{frq epsl sF Tr<Rq q<( q{{\e qfl=rCq r
q-gsal-5Fl F{ 3
He has been living here. (ct q{lc* T{<FI $irR r)

He must have been living here. (6ryffi qffiTfiFf T;Gq t)
<T-stEF< -qd eo q'{ I qeJq <r+rfr cqr-+ c{Ftf slTr cs {st \oerB w-lc{ r ft-s"
frfu fi
<rsjtr cefts r<t+l sH fr frFlr'sv-tr< sqifr qtcq s't; \rflE
srcq {tct I
qKs <FR-SE EER<q e'{ S
They must have been playing.

She must have been sleeping.
He must have been reading.
Fie must have been walking.
q<k firu-{ €qR{"f erarEs Bqrffi <fsi arEI? Ec?Ttlt ch-{ I
George : Where is Ann? (elT{ C$trfi-{ l)
Tom : haven't seen her for about one hour. She must have
been playing in the yard. (ffi EIr+ qS Xtt TRs fifqR,
cc fi'E{q br*cq crFrcq t)
Nipa went to bed two hours ago. She must have been sleeping
since then. (fr"rl RsA w{ frqFl< FkrQq I tr'r{Q c{ E-fi cetm{6{Eq r)
Kamal : Where is Jamal?
Rekha : I saw him in the library.
Kamal : Then he must have been reading since then.
(vl{qffi c{E'fi ce|trF "lgcS r)
The man seems tired. He rnust have been walking for a long time.
(ct.ffi-$ F Is ch"llcq I cc fr"o-{E qrr$$cf {'G ttca I
EXERCISEI 1. He has been walking.

2. He muilhave been walking.
<fsi EF< <tcel qd cq?t I qrq-d qr$ c+I1ft€ E-{qr{ efqFm <-<rqr
American usage 9gl6d present € future-€K deduction effl-l O{-C9

to ?il have to €3( past tense-€K deduction (W$q) efsFl S-{(9 had to <l<-qs
R-T I C{'CS!EI to €3tr 'lf verb Tm r ql verbfr< {k{ s,/es,/ingled ft-?Q {'g; S{
qlr
Fle must be lll = He has to be ill.
It must be a fox = It has to be a fox.
They must be tired = They have to be tired.
She must know it = She has to know it.
.s{R foT-< BqT{<q erqlrs E"rcT{ <l$jsrqK qRtrt cnt] s
He is never absent from school. Today he is absent. He must be (=
has to be)ill then. (cc yffi Tfi€ q{efRe qlrs qI I qlq c{ q-{qfu I sReq
ffi fi'Fnt qT{. r)
Something is moving in the bushes. (C<lfcfi fi(] frq qsfi TWe t)
- (ES<) It must be (= 6"" to be) a fox. There are many foxes here.
(eDtffifrffiq 1 q{fr4'qc{"sFmrEqIs r)
They have walked a long way. (sT<lqr++ t{ qclrq r)
- (S-g<) They must be tired. : They have to be tired. (ffi \5f<j
sls <n 'frwe r)
She told nothing about it. (cq q il"Il6{ ftq <rtfi r)
- But she must know it. = But she has to know it. (ft-q CC F'5-{R
$elcl r)
qffificD<Bqlq<clerfl
'tg s
He must have been ill = He had to be ill.
It must have been a {ox = It had to be a fox.
They must have been tired = They had to be tired.
q<R frcr-< €qFF.fqFilrs E"rr*< <lniecEF €l(-{I't ch-rt s
He is never absent from school, but yesterday he was (absent). He
must have been (: had to be)ill. (cc y[E s?F€ q{1Rs cfirs qt, ft-E
'l-eTtE
ccq-{"iFfrn r cctffiq'q-qRq r)
Last night something was moving in the bushes. (6lll"f)
- It must have been (: had to be) a fox; there are many foxes
here.
Yesierday they walked a long way.
So, they must have been = (had to be) tired.
Deduction T<ll(s must <r<.qsq{ <l Cq:ffl q\5Tcf CqI?E rft-q vf<re Wul
ec{q G may,/might qRt\3 {srfi, q{Tl{ efsF.t s-fl qs r g<q qR Tlqqlr< must
€ maylmight qr r{c{i "n.f$i ft? firu< stqTr{D €Q sr{< Bs-< cqn r
may,/might ElTt rCT{ q-dIF{ {<ItT {T CsE carrs {r{

crF Rr.l< qF+} cRT rryF-$ -tfu< gfu<l Et<I crf{ q1xt{ s<t {6{ c{6vCdr must
<l-{qsE{ tc{5FI3
He may be ill. (c{ wT{ alf$6o qfc< r)
He must be ill. (64ffi q{q l)
ttd+lF frcu-< Eqlsrq< qf{nF qFs vtdMc< c<Rtl <lc-< r
\-rq $-iT, qR Ec {Ic\ qrfr <|{rf,< cficq c{-{ EC-TS I qfr Etcs cD*{ {l, frq
\5t-< c?rs frfu fr<<"t sr{R I q{i 4 q-{ <t{rs< qrF qrE< sks FRT qfr rc
q-{rs cq-c{Tr{ {r{<qTE-
It may/might be Tom. (qnst A qE qE Tom)
frqrfr Gsalct <rcn ql{cg lKcE c{ c{ iT T{ | qsfc{ \{ € eT <T-"rstr{
C<El{€ EF {6{T{rE-
It maylmight be Tom.
qfiqq qrB<r{s<lft,qfrqlc{ 6atr$QWq R qQ D.l-{qrfi \.c<F Tom
srl-cq r rot<q 8d3,1-{sft< CF6q qft {c{ {6q <EIrGf-
It must be Tom. 1ffi-c € Tom).
Tf{q, ,4 <ffiR Tom, o.fCE Cs-l-{ gq fd! |
E may,/might €R( must q< {c{i 'lIdT] ftl

,c<R {-<lfq
qt "ndTi sfil fu s-<-(E E-{ {fi W deduction <t q{flT etsH s-{t{
q-{i <Flds {{ I Must {fr obligation <l <lqsl cl-+lrlo-+Cs Tt{'qs qT \5fi qR
may,/might €< vf<-sl{ R{ {l r SK.l maylmight El-Tlsfiie obligaiion T{tf{ q{
{<KqsK{T ?llt-sil r
q< qlCtt t.lC{S C{ negative deduction <t {t-C{ir$ q-dIF efflI|

6s1T<1
sTl[e mLr51<KaE qT qt r fuq4.t c<lrc qT{Fs FI Erd-{ qc4 Efr\5 qcs qlr< I
E{{ El'rs frsfC< effi{ T-{-fr qr<? ErFt can't (=can not) € couldn,t (=
not) 4{ cF{Ri frts q{ I F{{ s
2f;j.3 A passage io the English Langr-rage
Fresent € future tense-€F n€gative deduction qtrl{ FT.fs

can't,/couldn't <Frq-s q{ | Er{ TI?rr{ qrq-{ er{ q{rlR be-verb clr€:{ i q{ 6$1-.{
verb 4il t
Rahim : The boy is reading an Enqiish novel.

(<ffi,q-sD R<<e Efinc fia r)
F{arin: : It can't/couldn't be an Engiish novel,
He can'r read English. (\€A Rs-{t Rqcft G,ffirR {E I Cc
Ssraq flg-cu "in< d r)
s*F sr t Karim q.{,ft ll_c<,rc wdln s-rcR r <fq+F c{ R(rtrfi qlr{ 4t _
:la-t
11';
it:L:i' JBSa-r*(
-1- , ,s{'< can't/couldn't ql-{A\F E$
6S-Co
6rR Er$l{' <h+b ifu*' UC*'.teX"R'ii'*,
qFI\€ qsT Xr{ _ verb
I {6 be.
*
}Jr'''r Shuman rnay/might be ill.
' He is absent from sehool
--' today.
'-
i!.. $T{ q{q qTs(E eflr{ r m qlsi g-q wmR t)
r-ie can'tr,couldn't be ill. I daw him piaying this morning.
(e qffiR q{q r{ = 6{ vnq E'Gt ET iq.& *r"*'*t*
"Irh-
cstcE c{e6,$ fficltRqF t)
Badal may/might be *"@

3lqq vl< <RR qlCq ,Sfi st-q o<@ r)
Jamal :
He can't/couldn't be working now. hle was to go to
school" cc ,41q s-M a-{r\r-Q fl]-6i fi= qqE qc.R qt*cq m
q{d T.M T-<(Q I sR qcE $<f{ Te[ "ttr<
R{ t)
^ q.Ti s-d s <6Tlr{
qfue?tq<rqqm
cst{ s1q qics qt_s-{t q.{q|{ d<rftq I FIgTE {fr }f,s]
cssEl{{ present continuous
St
<r{{.n s,6( <l$1 ffi e*cs
Shima: Ruma might/may be sleeping now. ({sfsf FI.t €fi
lgrq 1;
Dina : She can't/couldn't be sleeping now. She always rises
up
at 5. a. m.; now it is F a.m.(C{ €?n q{f\rt fl63 rfr, Cq
q-rfq ffitT{ cetrs sd; eficrlqqttfr<]-cw
ffi
r)
fr60-{ structur"F ctro ssarEl q.s4 <-lsi. s3[ I q<e

f,qerqt* <i(Et qd @q I
r@
verb €? {64 read, sleep, play, write Rfr[3 {TI {h{ <r<
qfi qr+-sF<tv< tfrRe?IF+,c< (E"tc-q< Bqq{"terfl-{Eu=; <tintfr{r"R
r
aC{) sR qc<I qrs-{E qffs <rq (q"F <t o-*m)

'fh+ <F{i-{ i
"F<
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal. anci Semi-Modal Verbs 383
qQs ercq 6+'t-{ $fq s* ltrltq .{bt qft-$-F 6r< qqrrF ffi1 6-ss" qafiq,
rst{ s1q qlbR-qR q$t{ a-<"cE st Reu'< structure q"{4RK efs]t
q$-s-<Fleq
6<dsqs 3
rJl"'rt l---r
I
l-l.---
Ftrq-@q*e4ql
*F
+' R5FT 3
He can't/ couldn't have done this =lt is not possible that he has
done this. (fi q TIq $TF\rR Elt< 41 = €:;a qcqQ ffiT i1 ffi cc ,"cfl-q <,-e<'R ri
Rumana can't/eouldn't have said this =lt is not possible that
Rumana has said this. (+aW q4cn Tqcst 1k< Tl = qbf qs{ TTI fi Tpqlil
qsafi Teqrq t)
He can't/couldn't have reached there.
=lt is not possible that he has reaehed there. (f{ cc?ffn cfrqC6R tK-<
ql = qbl{s:rT{ cs cc'fc"lm c{rEcq r)
qs.i+:r s sftfr Efifo.s qr?{€Ti ssfr frfic qqcfr qT{]E {afr@
<.l,rsi< ;
fr firc sRlE {Tqr qr< r qR, s'lsrF {r?fr & q-{ffie 4-<T qrq I q-dl
qtrff{
6a$ 3-q6s fltr< c{ $tqF q&cq, frq <lr$i< <-s]< {b{c"ts q-1lrt qR cs Et
qrDia r
.c<R fi[F-{ Eqf{frctsFfcs Eqr<-< <t+ierqk qr$rt m"t s

Kamran : He may,/rnight have done this. (m qgcs,t qT.M
sr{cq t)
Salman : He can"t/couldn't have done this. He was ill.
(cc qo.Mssl-vq
"ff6sqt rc{q1qftq r)
Tumpa :
Who said this? (qsafi f fiq?)
Rumpa :
Shilpi might/may have (said this). ({$"u ftft <rqRq i)
Tumpa :
Shilpi can't/couldn't have said this. She knows nothing
about it. Ffft qo4t <ftst "t1r* ql I cs .{ <ll"flK frq Wc+ r) *
Kazal : Perhaps he has reached there by now.
(qe<\5.E\e-sq fr fr"1l6{ cdTq c'ttq t)
Azmal : He cam't/ couldn't have reached ihere by now. Ii's (=it
is) a long way. (m q\5sq cqqlr+ cffi {Ird nl I cctrqws elcl t)
qrsjsrEfrs q{-$?T-{ 3
(a) cc q{'t<srce "ft-{ql I (q-fl]n,)

b) ftflt q\o EIFIwt{ F<ruR 'n-cl Tt (qflq)
2. Negative deduction <l 4l-Cfl{o qflf{ e-fi qfis Ctff{ fr rnust R1{${
s-<l<lqr
3. fu{F <tsj <D-{'l $;t $cs 6SFt negative deduction efslfiE q[-{ s qTF
present indefinite, €FF present continuous, q<< qrRfr
past tense-€i
negative deduciion el$l-f F<f< r
4. Present tense-€K negative deductioneff,{ S-{Cg RT €s-ffe be_verb€K

qlcel q<( present continuous
tense-43t negative deduction cs' a$]q verb {(
I.llql s-{t <],-{-gfi ft ,{ B&F{ {sr-q fu{
3-{r Eq-q3"f frm
'l't{ Tqs r
t Use of 'Need'
'Need' verbfr
Eq-"E< <f<q\o E cu 1lc< s
I 1. Auxiliary u".6 frofC{

I 2. principal verb furyC<
lNeed-€K frrqs d<f e-f& qlil< q-dj el e(]lc{"{ aeft{ cq{ rl
fiIit need-4iT RtrXVA*< cqlT qfrqTs-{ s-fl Rrs I
1. Auxiliary verb Rcqrq a

Form (R"l) s present : naed,, need not /neednt .
Future : need, need not/needn't
Need =qgE;g e€Tt-|, q-96'1-g alt$t r N
q{ 4l TErqs D.FT r sr< formal written English-* qfr
RF-{("f only, scarcely,
hardly (-:t {lC{ <I{ds qLT cfit-{ s
I need hardly say: <"11<Tqryffi< <-ql3
She needs only press = ElfS tsX bl"l(re- RC{ IIA r
You need only stand here = Cs|{fr+ tsI {lq qr||r{ qTU ifgrs qC< I
I need hardly mention it : qs$ qIrIICs E-cgq Si Tsi-rEs D-FI I
We need hardly express = qTfffq-<ff.F EIrtlT q*Sl"l CI S-f.r{€ EfE I qT,c[

vFl{ epq;"i p-3'13 q[flst TrC{ Cl_
You need scarcely utter a word = Csfiff$ qSA -fq :ilq E;61gq 4_<1€
Er{I
E"ir<<Eqrq<q em "trs,q? <Isjslqtfr-sTc< riffE qE q 6q{r\, }tel o1-q6q
fr[u-{ structure-qn {l(ql E"fc<-< <f+iers.t fiets c
q<R fuT-{ Eqfq{"farqTs btf<<

<lTlerqR qlqlrf cq"t s
I need hardly say how glad I am now. (ffi c{ q?F TE {ft \51ql.<
<EIrq-{oKsl.<ct l)
= I need not (=needn't) say how glad I am now'

It i nor a haid turt . st]"-needs-only press the buiton and the tea
qrs q{tr nq fr-cs
*i[ ;;;" ;;,. ("4 ,"1u -S. T[n':ou I
',I c{lqrtrF
<r{ I]q q<( \5"1{ 5l D'6 qFTr< I)
You don't have to do anything' You need only stand here'
(CoFrF+
frqs<F qr< ql, S tt q"[c{ q-s?-3vE l)

p*.*t q<s f"trr" t"*nfi *ino-(wvsr) TI advice (€"rcr'l) T4'lr9
need not <r+qs E{ I (c-{
eK'{ff verbF{ q'lc'l to <m 4t I qf*s xrq KltlGt' need
not {E-sI{ Tsl3t authority 6ve) { advice (Eth'i) qs! sr{ I
.!i.,'!
6{5Fl 3
tNP;SCj"4 - |.*a-'-tl -@ -l--l]

(FEtr$ gcE qr< {l = Nl{K {s{R
(=need notl go.
q-{-slT
Y",
"""dt't
oQ r)
He needn't come. (eK

ql{f< E.{of{ c{e l)
She needn't think about this' (\51-c$
q<l'i[< sf{cs EC< 4l l)
You nn"an't go o.t foot. i;"IlR "fic'{ RIi sls{F R<-oR cqt l)
dKK frCF-{ Eqfq1{efirc Eqr<r+< <l$iatnK effint cqrl c
you needn,t go to market now. Rahim will do the shopping (CqTf<

qF-6{ l)
€?H <rqr< <l€TK q-{sl-{ of r <Rq <rql-< sK
Tell him that he needn't come here. I will go qtlllfton to his house
tomorrow" (\5f$ {q 6 ig]< e?fn qlqf< q-<-+t< clt r ffi q-<
<Sre nt< r;
You needn't go on foot. You can use my bicycle'
(CuNl{ "lfcT 6{c?
sl€T]< q-{sF o? r qfr qF1<
qt(-fEtr <F{< s-{r 'fl{ l)
ffi'{4
4{;i <'-< s q&fr iftr$iQ needn't sldl<g;|{ authority KI advice 5$m t
ql
cla qrsifr< Fcfle {fi <'ls I q"lR-{' <]rsl-{ T-tfi bou) sft "flr{
cqd FftT
cffi ficl {F ERcq <lcsi-{ Tgt qq ${l ffis sftq slr$ qqf<frR e-*'re Cc<
SI rqdR authoritY qq {sl-?T, frE,
You have to go on foot. (csl-{lm "ltcR Rct cqcv <r< t)
qfma qTa't6 Es]< Ts I qqs srnl 4l{s sall cc <-6lrq (have to cfrl) ftt<l
qefr<
qRR&<+f<cq subject (you) cs 'll.r{ cCtt firo qc4-ElE KFIrFq I
don't (= do not) have to go on foot' You can take my bicycie'
You
(cutrTr<' {rr qr't cr.cs qc< a r s-ft qm< qffi fico t< t;
qffis 6uthority il <-sT< frrq3 i-{ t
ql<€ssls< 3
Incorrect : You need not to go'

gdls needn't {'f need not
Correct : You need not {=needn't) go'
!q-d el{ bare infinitive <cc;
q4s to R*q infinitive {f{ t
A Fassage to the English Language
need not {l needn't f$

don't (:do not)
doesn't (=does not)
qsiC{€ qF|{K A-$ qR I Eqn need 4? full-infinitive tl to-{p

'|-CS verb TC{ I
frrt{ 3
9?
'.-. You need not go there : You do not need to go there.
They needn't come now. = They don't {=do not) need to come
now
She needn't do it. = She does not need to do it.
says., You
Xndirect iCe says that I needn't go.
Direct She said, "You needn't go."
ilndirect She said (that) I needn't go"
Suhject {I{ first person (1, we) {s sRC-4 need not €lTl external authority (l
<&Ee:role$rFq.|q ic{I'i B
.= i wont l=
q<l{ ,{-$F exercise s-{ I qF 4-{r4 qfr q\e-sq qi <t Fk"R EI{ rK slEslr{
qT{'g$-trF |
'll<'6{
EXERCISEI Write 'C' for 'correct' and 'l' for 'incorrect'.

1. You need not to come here tomorrow.
2. You do not need come here tomorrow.
3. Needn't ftm <-Of< authority {I advice T<t|g Tl, \[{i S'fn€ authority Rl
advice{<tl'l t
4. First person-( need not frcg <-wt <ltsis qqi 6s'l{ <]fu-{ (external)
authority $tl+<l'lt t
5. You don't need to come = You needn't come.

Ans:5,C4.13.12.1"1.1
<) q-{l{ need not 4K past Rq CErI q'fS I
Past tense-4 did not (:did nt) need to <I{q\o {T I qR
-didn't need to = didn't have to = hadn't got to

qql;Isr{ I R5Ft 3
I did not need to go there. (qFl< cq"fl6 s[sB]-{ Er{fq-q EsR r =
ql{fr$ c{"tr{ cslEqqfr rqrj's-{ sqfr mrma<ffifr-q 1;
Gramrnar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and Semi-Modal Verbs 287
= i did not glave to go there :l hatln't got to go there.

She did not need to do it. (slc-{ q-+,fq o-<rs C-{R r
= si{ ,crS[q TK.R q-{SR S{fi r) = She did not have to do it.
= She hadn't got to do it. Biva did not need to buy the book. =
Biva did not have to buy the book. = Biva hadn't got to buv
the book.
Q <1,sis6qR^s qrjrg q<€ vd{+r< gm I vr< sF qkrt frcu-{ exerciseF
s-{t
j,rir
:*,
Solr<-rT structu.e fr celrs {sqrEl csl <ls} qf,q es q<( EI6ES E

Effi qqfu €cq{q s-{ck-< "='fre ft.s <tr$r-{ qc<f{ qvw.l cq"tkq n.T{ r
q<K s-ro-erll qfA-s qd{{ example firl B
Idid not need to go there. He came to see me at my home. (""ff{IR

cc"n'trr <t€$< ri-<-+t< Esfr I fr qll-< clrq qFt< <t&ro cn-+l +-+co qc{Rs r}
(<ffi did not have to €{( had not got to frCT ffi
a-A5q\e eSQ Sd
qr< I sF?tl frrE< SCF example-€Bt ffirE ECSfqf)
She did not need to buy the book; her brother had one
ffi 5q-a6q6-q-aqsfr: wrsRn< cottFe r
did not need to ATf

"f$s m];t <FFIrS interrogative €tr[E q(n dielf,S subject
€-< qm <'cl-cs E{ I c$r{-
LJrdhe not need to go there/
Did she not need to buy the book?
= Did she not have to buy the book?
Verb (past participle)
€t construction fr <V {ar< r qqr mb c+n $Tq +T<RE frq q { s-{rE€

EqE, lcll qkgr T-n qtT&q, qmq grf,tg €E constructionF <lTqio qT I c{{;I s
English Language
I needn't have watered the garden. (ql{l" <lrflr{ "ilfr ql frr{e |es
\ry${<1'1r{ Etfr aamTtr$tr =
ssrt t)
(sEFJ T3r c {
firq\s D-{e; sR"r, c{-s
lE cc{&q; ftq wfr firsQffi I sTqF
ErbRq I qrr +?tro, wbr1qlr <rfrE qcsRq
She needn't have bought the book. (EI{ <?FI
I
ay ft-a6qs u_{v 1)t
tft-q mffie rqrr cqle 6q\oRsttcn-{ A<Q qsFqtq tl
I needn't have sent him a letter. (vR onqqmn 66 *|I}FT{ q.coF R{
TI r) [rR"t, "il5t<I{
'16{ cqfir ccqq<<frur" mVn" qrc.a tl
q{k fuT< exercise fr +-* a
EXERCISE
the work
there
the pen
this chapter
Bclr+;tr structure fr cqlr+ vsqrqt q€?f <fsl.<b-{.t $'R msrE];t qd cE?t s
q<T<ficF{Eqlq{qerEt
ry t€nq<"terql $tuquF.R r
I needn't have sent him a letter to inform him
of the matier. He
came to my house the following day. (v]66 q
<ilep13 ETqIC{R q-{.i W{l{ gilT
{lrA qrtrG6 cq-{Rq-silirR{Tt I cc fifi-itqllt<<Tgcs qrqR{
r)
She needn't have bought the book. Her brother
had a copy of it.
(sF<Efrlt ftTrdT€ E-qs rET< stRcT"
[qs q s qG csrqq qsF FIq s6""FA-
;
fftwftq qI qt $rnrg Ecq-B. tn.t qp r]
Did not need to *a

q Ftrcg q{fr
sefi_&q ft_q ".gn
{fr't 1366s did not need to qq( cs|q Tlq r{l
EcrRq <t Rcsrq fr-q ul l1 TTrl€ Dqs qro1
{rtlrq needn,t have <i.qqg q-s r
64T;1 3
Ds-s I)
[qrlT-{ e orqB qTR scrRfls ft-q qca cq.?Etq c{ <tqfti_< qlft qrq
ErRr
Tsfli cc '+re6 <,-{te qks r qffi xr$ftq
r
11
Grammar : some Auxiriary, Defective,
Modar, and semi-Modar Verbs 2gg
q<k {,urC {dslfi ftr qrarg
rr,.rF c csrrs,f Er-Si 4rdq sL< qq ol.ffiT
freex str sr< <ll"ljt nn< cuh +< r
Needn't have €{(rh@lr I rrdve er5r

{J!<tc{{ RIq?E 3 C+T{ 3.1gi R-<l <srq
sl ql s-.@\e }FIe, qff c<\e- \5' T*s u' q-dl ft
needn't have RffiE cr I ftq c+t{ +lq
cffi*l_C< Bcq_B
"I{"f * ;;G*
+-<t qmre ft-q EI * #;*fi.**l
{{lls shouldn't have <Kd-s ES I CIFFI g
I snouldn t have done it. (qlTR q-slq S"<T
lqqfs, T'K W o.r-rQ , +fqB qzftq rl
.;! I needn't have done it. (qTl< q FIq TI<Tfis uq_e_ 1;
fw4e, +'c<Q fu
sra W ei-<& sr FT, qt cr6r€ D-qg_qm"1 g.|T rJ
'
She shnuldn't have gone there. (v1T c{"ffrf
<}\gTtSfiu ffi 1;
She neednt have gone there. (ul-< c4q154
4l crlrE€ E{s t)
Jema fr-e Eq eR cq, B-.w csrqt otiqfr qzlrq
n rrFeq 11
eR eFr{ Er{ ilqr{ (T,
Shouldn't have done =
Should have done = Til BEE
11ryWfi r g{sorwfirrbAq 9
&t r (w{s, offi vcbfi r)
C{:FT 8
You should have done the work long before. you are too late.
(.erq< ol.qF qrr+ qr.'i T-<i B6=
AE ; cqTd *R E* i,nu qfr *A *1
crrtR r)
I Use of 'Need' as the principal Verb

q\5scl cqqil {-ssrqt SqR-<q mqce s|< ercj<ffts
need €sF auxiliary
verb Rfrfq $fq, srtrfq I qfi 6qqf< Tltrf,t
principal verb Rcryr< need ,q<
<Fql-{ I s6m-Gl need q{ Sdqq .?-<-+.ln
C,sfl., ;
R5FT 3
I need a pen. (qffi1-q eFD <rqT qTiln l)

He needs a pen. (ut< qffi R-fl q-f+'R l)
qsl'Fit s E"|CT-{ efufr flr+j need_R .qzn.{fe
verb q<( qfr € principal
verb {l sS.{ fu$ | qR€ Egl Gt 6{, principal
verb R *_ a*" O_"0r"..,*
tense-€ need i{i{ ck{ s\{EsTfr s,/es
TS q-s r €R'r-< s{T"{tr o*i anl* *u
Brtrq m{;
She needecl money. (\51{ fis13 n<o16 qc,TfqE
r)
Iile needed heip (qi-sil(rr-{ qtf,.1-Grf{ q-sof< qmde
l)
I need to know thn pffi

EilfrqaomRmq.FrcoDjtr) -----'\ " rllT q.["lt ?fiFt{
=
You need to go with me. (cst-qR.q}qi(
clcE sls{tT qTfiq t)
He needs to buy a book.
4Va ee& <i c<,qfc q<$-K t)
APTEL-i9
qs'T3T 3 need to know = qlqlKq-{sK, need to go = {ls{F E-:ltFl3t need
to buy : CS-{K q-d-st{
n""a to 4K rli1 passive verb-€ <{CE eU-C< I Efi verb

need to + be + verb (Past Partici
Thir roo* needs to be washed. ( o{iE-{.oK r)
My garden needs to be watered. (qTK <l'll1{ {fi cq-TF q-<-ff< l)
This problem needs to be solved. (@wqllFqrf${R€$E-<-sF l)

A poor man needs to be helped. ("tR< <tfu< cRt<i< stlfq-{ l)
-!t.:a
::ir;
ffiaSEl 1. Need 6s principal verb 31[n<1-q-q1-5s"r< 101Eqlsi<5;{1
T-{ tEfCEr<tsqlqdsq r
2. Need f$ auxiliary u"r6 ftca-r< <Kqf"< +"6n sfr <fsl'<F-{l s-<
ffierEr<qdoq r
<) F. Use of 'Dare'

'Need' €K {E 'Dare' verbfr€ auxiliary €{( principal Bs{ verb QCC6{
<|<-qs qco fllc{ I €< nt qqf c
I Challenge (*"i'6 tril)

I Venture (q'elq<])
ql
Affirmative sentence-€ dare €K 'lC{"i i.rfi.titiun €< to {l(.l3'ls E-S ?nrs I
Past : dared fr:Fl 3
I-i" d.t." to come in. (c{ gsc< qlqrc rTfEq rr{ = sK

(qsK qFIEtr
qRqwce r)
qT[S l)
Mina dares to tell a lie. (fr-flR fien <ql-< cRI
-sl:tl< Bl+t q'Rc Tr<R{ r)
He dared to spend my money. (cc =l<u o-+p
qsfl'$a s E9t(<-< qls]e(4l a{{irmative q<('{qffi dare €K "|f,{ff infinitive
q< to 8{ {rrfft r
Nobody, anybody, sornebodY, eve nrqer4'I {l€64 dare €

"K{6 infinitiue 4R to U{i <lolte {I{, Tt{ql{€ a<l {lT I 6{:a 3
ffioql<EsqRcsr<qlr)
Nobody dared (to) speak. (mS +*t <c(g Aqq al-<R r)
Everybody dated (to) proceed forward. (er'coir€ xmra eFlc{ cqcs
qrsq$Kfu r)
Somebofo dared (to)go in. (f,sH,s€q{ 65wC{ ffieqE4ffiRq D
@ce-.o dafe qR c6qsh doldid<ITql-{s-dlC{

vRcE Ef{ ,fi-+6 infiniti"e {K to EIT{ €-q {frf I tr{{ 3
,{sqt {EIs qRq r-<-{ r)

He did not dare (rolsay it. (Negative) (Cq .eSctt <-{Ig
qTqc ffi r) He
doesn't (=does not) dare (to) say it.
Grammar : Some Auxiliary, Defective, Modal, and SemlModal Verbs 291
I do not dare (to) say it.
Does he dare (to) say anything?
4EFI {;T S Eelrtr{ <lTiQ(Eks to Q|{E Eq <.Iq qs, \9r{ <I{{r< s-<-6q
6qls CiE rfr-q-
cloldoes not dare = dare
did not dare = dared not
does he dare? = dare he?
: dare you?
do you d,are?
did he dare? = dared he?
€E dare not (uF"llrfi) {rur{l <lr$i <Kq< T-<FI \e-f<
'ffi infinitive-q<
to E-q qlrs, q{iq<rsqsqnnt I R"iln, s
He does not dare (to) say it. = He dare (dares iTtr) not say it.
I do not dare (to) say so. : I dare not say so.
Does he dare (to) say so? = Dare he say so?
Did he dare (to) say so?: Dared he say so?
He did not dare say 6o= He dared not say so.
ESi T-{ 3 dare not, dare you? dare he? ffi for- aC{t{ dare q< I|RI
s,/es {s {g;Tl I
<lti s €lsf'l $-f,F dare I{60-{ :[S <Kd\5 q{ I
6q5FT t
How dare you say so? (present tense) (Sfr C$.n C'R6c qscfl €?)
How dare (dares T{) he do so? (Cc' ff'n q?<-Cq qs,M StT?)
How dare she go there? (C{ Cfn qRTc ffi{lr* {F)?
How dared she do this? (past tense) (C{ m1;i qR6{ q-fisT S-{E?)
How dared they beat my dog? (\5lTl Con Clqc{ qlffi T-f<?k-$ qn-q?)
How dared he complain against me? (C{ CS1-{ {qfq qmn fr-+fa 4lfr{
qFls0
I Use of "Used td"
Used {to) qa <+F defective verb {t3t eg"le past tense-l q.l6q I $iS(
€? verb fr v1 past tense-€ S{qE E{ I
csr{ €M F-d\5 r+-q qfi q-< s.GT qt qR9l {{IIE

(affirmative-4) used to <f{As q{ I q<
"K S+E verb <tC $ Tf<-tr to:t{ qSE
full infinitive.
I used to drink tear now I drink coffee 5-l fllT T-<tsT{; qfi
1l* +R r)
In his boyhood he used to swim in the river. ({lsf+-Re fr Tft6e-

tlrc-Alg r)
qEFI Fd s qfi ijq<lR 4l I <lE-tslm€ G q<-{rnr fiv<]g EI IT-Elc<Wc<i
]iF5-{ls I cfiW sr{ q<-$T wsilclE{ 1ftq crn nQ r
I used to smoke cigarettes; now I don't. (qTfr {{{F <i<s'l:t; '{fi sR

4r)
q$tTit 8 used to-(3 6sF[ present form clt t
.';:i'!
EXERCISEi Translate into English :
1. C{ RTEcfifT q"{Kq< qreJ <ltrlgl s<s t
2. qfr El"tl{ q+co ftq qfi TK {t I
O Negative-q q-SET person (first, second, e third person)-€ used to

Rrcc"tqpqqs{R B
used not to = usedn't to

= did not use to = didn't use to
6{5Ft t
She didn't use to (:used not to) smoke cigareites but now she does'
(cc $"tl{ T<s c]ftq e<a'+r< r;
I usedn't to (= didn'i use to) bath in the river but now I do.
(wR rftr iTs-<ToF q1ftq cfi ffi)
Mother used not to reproach me in my boyhood.
$FR erqr{qF T1 qf{rf$ ftK"sK T<F{ 4l l)
In his school life he used not to watch the T. V.
(sK 3'{ fr<q m tr. &. c!t{F rt t)
cqT{ r (qlr]3t c{r{crq'Is q{fcq-{ CIBI<ltfq S-?|(s? = Did you use

to (=u5.6 you to) quarrel with others in your boyhood?
cqft {fu5 itsa|gl = Used he to swim in the river?
EXERCISEI Used to-qa rt<{f{ cq'"lR-ffd Ei-{i €Escl R <'i$laltrl cqrl

qfS[Q qK 4<alf,lcs interrogative iF-< i q-{1-{ <f$ieFl-{ qd n{ t
NorE 'qlR qfrftq arq slR-e? <r4rm(E <dr{l{ 4l* ffiffi qsltc
ef€fns q-rrp, ,*ftc+ usecl to EFI translate <i31 {l{ il I sT{"I <-61I{ sTrEF sTdl
-incql Jf{qt
use to TlEqF s-fl qg{ Tll; used to s€-wcs foifu a-as <j?r{f"< $-fcs
qr< tqdlq, 4< c$-l{ present form C4t t

Chapter 17-Some Auxiliary, Defective, Model and Semi Model Verbs

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Chapter 17-Some Auxiliary, Defective, Model and Semi Model Verbs

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CHAPTER A 17

SOME AUXILIARYO DEFECTIVE'

(ii) Ordinary verb GF negative (I interrogative-q {ffi S;fCs qfq s.R

qeKefcs need, dare, efi( used (to) {E semlmodal verb.

II. ELABORATE DISCUSSION

I. Use of 'be' as the Principal Verb :

6ry (C{) q$q{ €..E t, \5Fn({*) qlqF <T t

qfr (€) q-ssr{fis-s I F]{-fl (ec) qcq t

ftfiArq-{ sFq-{ 'ftTa I c'tFtt"l (*1) p-ar<<rft r

(c) Fe fiLT E'[Cl3t structure T<fi{ qcT(q I

She is a student. (b) They are my friends (b)

Father is in the room. (c) Allah is almlghty. (a)

Rima is ill. (a) She was absent' (a) etc'

sRlgl{ qq(qtTt{dEq{ lctl'Fl s

Auxiliary-fiF< sdEE ?ies]s.tfr't Es-<t( am_GF auxiliary verb Efi

qirr<qjqcq e qqerfiffi<m{< mrfiqls I

l (i) Continuous Tense

O Present Continuous Tense :

€:llC{ extension (FlF {<llCq y11nn €F elf< qt frE <qGI qT q<tr-g.CO r

i am eating rice. (ffi

O Past Continuous Tense :

q< c<ftCaQ extension

' .,;r.l He was eating rice. (Cc vls {ftqq 1;

We were talking. (qa-fl scfi <eh{ t)

O Future Continuous tense :

I shall be reading a book. (v.tfr q+F <t qVcs elle< r)

They will be playing. (Effl c{EF aIFFr{ l)

I (ii) Passive Voice tht q+co Be-4T <KER I

O Present Indefinite Tense :

O Present Pefiect Tense :

Active : I was calling them'

O Past Perfect Tense :

Active : We burried the cow after we had taken the skin.

Active : She will cook rice.

O Future Continuous Tensc :

Passive : I shall be being helpeci by her'

tense-4?tr have-F shall/will €

Active : I shall have finished the work

11iiru *o,f oT*

She is to go: Ef5q crt-s qsI ";. to

Ram is to so = {tTrs cv6s

He was to go = ETrs c{c\9

frr5< Eqr{n"r erEt 19 q{( E"rrtrn

fifrn tense-ei passive-4R be-verb €< Tel Cq'fl qE r q&fr <fm

<t{igltr<llce be+to et(I{{kqsiqA s

Stay here, Ram. ({III, q{16{ qcaisl GT t)

The presicient is to deliver a speech tomorrow.

ivFffft-slE cefu-sB sr<E\ol m{r{

He was to have done it. (EK qaffiT-.tI<tsallEq; fuq caeffi r)

l be about to + V El<T Frs? gRq]g $lI-{ ET | \5$t <|c<t'Iit verb

He is about to die. (6c EIT T{-cq Erq-6q l)

<r<qr< o'c< s{'lcs 5fr <lsi a'ra

2. principal Verb Rrq-tr{ r

NOTE : hast, hadst e{ofr-sl$ <t{qs Es I

I 1. The Use of 'Have' as an Auxiliary

I have done it. (qffr q-+.M or<R r)

r (b) Past Perfect Tense :

The patient had died before the doctor came.

trrt{(c) Future Petfect Tense :

He will have done the work bY 5 P' m'

r (d) Perfect q-str

I would have met =qIRqlflq+-{s]l r

I would not have met :ffiqtxtqs<sllql t

11iiru o,f oT