NEW ERA UNIVERSITY

NO.9 CENTRAL AVE. NEW ERA, QUEZON CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

ES 314 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

LOGICAL FUNCTIONS

SUBMITTED BY:
CONSTANTINO, BLANCHE E.

SUBMITTED TO:
MS. AUDREY LYLE DIEGO
 LOGICAL FUNCTIONS: AND, OR, XOR and NOT

You use these functions when you want to carry out more than one comparison in your formula
or test multiple conditions instead of just one. As well as logical operators, Excel logical functions return
either TRUE or FALSE when their arguments are evaluated.

Formula
Function Description Formula Description
Example

The formula returns TRUE if a value in cell

Returns TRUE if all of the =AND(A2>=10,
AND A2 is greater than or equal to 10, and a
arguments evaluate to TRUE. B2<5)
value in B2 is less than 5, FALSE otherwise.

The formula returns TRUE if A2 is greater

than or equal to 10 or B2 is less than 5, or
Returns TRUE if any argument =OR(A2>=10,
OR both conditions are met. If neither of the
evaluates to TRUE. B2<5)
conditions it met, the formula returns
FALSE.

The formula returns TRUE if either A2 is

greater than or equal to 10 or B2 is less
Returns a logical Exclusive Or =XOR(A2>=10,
XOR than 5. If neither of the conditions is met
of all arguments. B2<5)
or both conditions are met, the formula
returns FALSE.

Returns the reversed logical

The formula returns FALSE if a value in cell
value of its argument. I.e. If the
NOT =NOT(A2>=10) A1 is greater than or equal to 10; TRUE
argument is FALSE, then TRUE
otherwise.
is returned and vice versa.
 Secondary Logic Functions: NAND/NOR/XOR/XNOR/Buffer

NAND
A NAND gate is a Boolean function that is the opposite of an AND gate ("NOT AND"). It will
output a logical zero, or false, only if all of the inputs are true.

TRUTH TABLE FOR NAND GATE INPUT NAND GATE

Inputs Output
A B Q
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR
A NOR gate is a Boolean function that is the opposite of an OR gate ("NOT OR"). It will output a
logical one, or true, only if all of the inputs are false.

TRUTH TABLE FOR NOR GATE INPUT NOR GATE

Inputs Output
A B Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

XOR
An XOR ("Exclusive OR") gate is a Boolean function that will output a logical one, or true, only if
the two inputs are different. This is useful for circuits that compare inputs; if the inputs are different,
then the output will be true, otherwise it is false.

TRUTH TABLE FOR XOR GATE INPUT XOR GATE

Inputs Output
A B Q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XNOR
An XNOR gate (sometimes called an "equivalence" gate) is a Boolean function that will output a
logical one, or true, only if the two inputs are the same.

TRUTH TABLE FOR XNOR GATE INPUT XNOR GATE

Inputs Output
A B Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

BUFFER
A buffer (sometimes called transfer) is a Boolean function that will transfer the input to the
output without change. If the input is true, then the output will be true; if the input is false, then the
output will be false. It may seem to be an odd function since the gate does not change anything; but it
has an important use in a circuit. As logic circuits become more complex, the signal from input to output
may become weak and no longer able to drive (or activate) additional gates. A buffer is used to boost
(and stabilize) a logic level so it is more dependable. Cleaning up a signal is one other important function
done by a buffer. When an electronic circuit interacts with the physical world (for example, when a user
pushes a button), there is often a very brief period when the signal from that physical device waivers
between high and low unpredictably. A buffer can smooth out that signal so it is a constant high or low
without a lot of spikes in between. There is no symbol to indicate a buffer in a Boolean equation since it
does nothing to change the input.

TRUTH TABLE FOR BUFFER GATE INPUT BUFFER GATE

Inputs Output
A B Q
0 0 0
1 1 1