Penyakit tanaman
PARASITISME BERASOSIASI
DENGAN PATOGENISITAS
Patogenisitas: Kemampuan pathogen untuk menyebabkan penyakit
(berkaitan dengan mekanisme infeksi dan perkembangan penyakit)
Patogen yang ada
dalam jaringan inang Senyawa‐senyawa
mengeluarkan senyawa tersebut dapat
tertentu berpengaruh terhadap
jaringan tanaman
Tanaman inang
menghasilkan senyawa
Peningkatan respirasi,
tertentu sebagai disintegrasi sel,
respon terhadap kelayuan, gugur,
kehadiran patogen di degenerasi klorofil
dalam jaringan
Patogen tanaman dapat dibedakan atas :
Parasitobligat
Tidak dapat hidup di luar jaringan inangnya
Saprofit fakultatif
Dapat hidup sebagai saprofit, tetapi lebih banyak hidup
sebagai parasit
Parasit fakultatif
Lebih banyak hidup sebagai saprofit, kemampuan
hidupnya sebagai parasit tidak berkembang kuat
Saprofitobligat
Tidak dapat bersifat parasit
Parasit obligat & nonobligat berbeda dalam
cara menyerang tanaman & mendapatkan
nutrisi dari tanaman inangnya tersebut
Kematian sel
Estimated yield losses due to the rust infection were 15-40% in southern Japan and
up
to 70-80% in individual fields and 20-30% in the total crop in Taiwan (Bromfield,
1976). In field trials in Taiwan, yield losses were 18-57% (Chen, 1989).
In a plot trial in Thailand, yield losses were 100% in the most susceptible cultivars
and
0-38% in the most tolerant cultivars (Sangawongse, 1973). In Thailand, seed-yield
losses in the wet season were 100% for the most susceptible cultivars, while the losses
were reduced to 10-15% in the dry season (Sangawpmgse et al., 1977).
In a field trial in Korea, yield losses were 68.7% in a susceptible cultivar and 22.3% in
a
tolerant cultivar (Shin and Tschanz, 1986).
TANAMAN KEDELAI
On susceptible species/cultivars,
infections result in small yellowish-brown
or greyish-
brown spots or lesions which are delimited
by vascular bundles.
P. pachyrhizi has been known to infect and sporulate, in the field, on 35 species in 18
genera of the subfamily Papilionoideae in the Fabaceae.
In Poland at two locations, 17.4 and 60% of the plants were found to be
infected (Fiedorow, 1994).
In eight counties of Ontario, Canada, through 1977-81 the virus, even though
widely distributed, only reached an average incidence of 1.3% (Tu, 1986).
TANAMAN KEDELAI
Aphid transmission
SMV is transmitted non-specifically by aphids in the non-persistent stylet-
borne manner.
Spread of SMV is by several aphid species, but only a few species are
important vectors of the virus. In India, Myzus persicae gave the highest
percentage of transmission of four aphid species (Naik and Venkatesh, 1997).
Stylet-borne viruses may persist for some hours, and they may be carried over long
distances. Long-distance transfer of non-persistent viruses (12 km) by aphids has
been recorded for other non-persistently transmitted legume viruses (Irwin, 1999).
TANAMAN KEDELAI
Seed Transmission
SMV was one of the first viruses detected to be transmitted to plants from
seed harvested from infected plants (Kendrick and Gardner, 1924), Seed
transmission was demonstrated in a field environment by plants developing the disease when
grown from infected seeds while protected from insect-borne inoculum by insect-proof cages.
TANAMAN KEDELAI
Epidemiology
Humans play a dominant and quantitative role in the ecology of SMV by deciding
to grow soyabean and by deciding which cultivar to grow and by choosing the
time,
extent and way of cultivation.
Man also continues to introduce and spread the virus in commercial seed and in
germplasm used for breeding (Cho and Goodman, 1979; Irwin and Schultz, 1981) and
in
breeders' material used for multilocational testing.
Epidemic development (quantitative ecology) depends on the number and quality
of the sources of infection, on vector number, efficiency and activity, on the
distance between source of infection and suscept, and on crop susceptibility.
TANAMAN KEDELAI
Pengendalian
Use of Certified Seed
The use of certified seed is highly advisable . There is remarkably little documentation
on certification standards. Absolute freedom from SMV, and other seedborne pathogens,
is ideal, but the cost of producing and testing such seed would increase the price of
the seed prohibitively. The percentage of seed infestation that is tolerable depends on
the vector population density at the location and season of cultivation. For SMV the
threshold levels have not yet been determined (Irwin and Schultz, 1981).
TANAMAN KEDELAI
Pengendalian
Vector Control
Using biological control, parasitoid
Promising results have been obtained with pesticides with active ingredient:
pyrethroids that have a rapid knock-down effect on insects, but the widespread
because of the
use of such broad-spectrum insecticides has caused concern
possible hazardous effects on beneficial insects and the
possible selection for insecticide resistance.
TANAMAN KEDELAI
Pengendalian
Host-Plant Resistance
The use of resistant cultivars is the simplest method of control , particularly in
developing countries where the infrastructure to provide farmers with reliable certified seed
with guaranteed low levels of virus infestation is virtually absent. There are many soyabean
cultivars with varying degrees of resistance, but the resistances available so far are strain-
specific.
TANAMAN KEDELAI
Pengendalian
Cultural Control
Dense cropping usually reduces aphid landing and movement within the
soyabean crop, but this depends on the aphid species (Halbert and Irwin, 1981).
Mixed cropping with cereals (e.g. sorghum) to intercept virus transfer from soyabean
to soyabean has also been advocated, but the cereal should be of a similar height to
avoid unacceptable reduction of the soyabean yield (Bottenberg and Irwin, 1992).
Overlap in cropping time must be avoided, and volunteer soyabean plants (Fett, 1978)
within 100 m of a soyabean field should be removed. Such measures, including spatial and
temporal isolation, are particularly important when certified seed is produced.
TANAMAN KEDELAI
Pengendalian
Regulatory Measures (Regulation)
SMV does not have quarantine status because it occurs worldwide , but it is
advisable
to avoid the international transfer of new strains of the virus that are still
of limited distribution.
Restricting the introduction of soyabean to new areas where it has not been
grown before, and quarantining the seed of alien cultivars for soyabean
diversification, and alien genotypes for breeding may be useful. The quarantine of
soyabean germplasm is
obligatory for a number of other seedborne viruses (Frison et al., 1990).
Tanaman Kedelai
3. LAYU SKLEROTIUM
GEJALA PENYAKIT
- Menguning atau layu tanaman secara tiba-tiba merupakan gejala awal yang
se-ring ditemukan. Infeksi dimulai dari pangkal batang menimbulkan bercak
coklat dan dapat meluas sampai ke seluruh batang. Jaringan tanaman mati
oleh enzyme dan oxalic acid yang dikeluarkan patogen untuk
menghancurkan pektin dan selulose
- PERTOTROPI
LAYU SKLEROTIUM
PENYEBAB PENYAKIT
Penyebab penyakit Sclerotium rolfsii
Varietas dengan gen resisten Rpm terhadap race 1-32 tetapi tidak terhadap race 33
Benih hendaknya diberi perlakuan fungisida
Sisa tanaman harus dibenam agak dalam
Rotasi dengan tanaman bukan inang minimal setahun
Tanaman Kedelai
5. ANTRAKNOSA
ARTI EKONOMI
Antraknosa pada kedelai tersebar luas di Indonesia
Sudah cukup lama dikenal di Indonesia (1931)
Selalu terdapat pada pertanaman kedelai menjelang dewasa
Kurang merugikan, tetapi bila keadaan cuaca lembab kerugian
yang
disebabkan cukup merugikan; penurunan hasil dilaporkan berkisar 16-
26% (Amerika) atau 30-50% (Thailand)
Tanaman Kedelai
ANTRAKNOSA
GEJALA PENYAKIT
ANTRAKNOSA
PENYEBAB PENYAKIT
ANTRAKNOSA
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
1. Hanya menanam benih sehat. Bila tidak, kejadian damping off dapat mencapai 20%
2. Menanam dengan jarak yang lebih renggang terutama pada musim hujan
3. Karena patogen dapat bertahan pada sisa tanaman dan tanah, maka hindari
penanaman kedelai terus menerus
4. Sebelum menanam kedelai, lahan sebaiknya bersih dari sisa tanaman
kacang-kacangan
5. Beberapa jenis fungisida mungkin efektif untuk antraknosa
6. Penggunaan mikroba antagonis perlu dicoba
Tanaman Kedelai
6. PUSTUL
GEJALA PENYAKIT
seperti
Bercak ini tidak tampak kebasahan
kebanyakan infeksi oleh bakteri
Bercak berkembang menjadi lebih besar
dan bagian tengah (terutama bagian
permukaan bawah daun) terdapat tonjolan
coklat muda (pustul) yang mirip dengan
karat
Bercak mengering dan sering menjadi
sobek-sobek (seperti
hawar daun)
Tanaman Kedelai
PUSTUL
PENYEBAB PENYAKIT
PUSTUL
SIKLUS PENYAKIT
Patogen mempertahankan diri pada sisa tanaman, dapat terbawa benih, dan
pada rhizosphere tanaman lain (gandum)
Dapat disebarkan oleh air pada waktu hujan angin, kegiatan budidaya saat daun-daun
masih basah
Bakteri menginfeksi melalui luka, stomata, atau lubang alami lain ; memperbanyak
diri interseluler
PUSTUL
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
Pergiliran tanaman
Any Question??
1. Resume!
2. Refleksi