Guiding Concepts
In developing this self-review we have endeavoured to create a set of items that address the key challenges of a
teaching professional's work; that can operate within guidelines established by the New Zealand Ministry of Education;
that are applicable to the school environment; and which are firmly based on established conceptual frameworks (ways
of thinking about a topic).
The nature of the work we do at InterLEAD means that, over the years, we have had opportunity to examine various
conceptual frameworks, to incorporate them in our teaching and consulting, and to get feedback on their practical
value from teachers and school leaders. Outlined below are some of the key 'Guiding Concepts' upon which the review
items are based.
Our Philosophy
Humans have yet to invent a tool that cannot be misused. The Hammer can be used skilfully to build, violently to injure,
or ineptly so that it bruises your thumb. The same outcomes are possible with a management tool like this. We don't
think people should stop manufacturing hammers because some use them maliciously. And even though we realise that
some people adopt abrasive or abusive approaches to appraisal and review, we don't think that should stop us from
developing tools that good teachers and school leaders can use to promote professional development.
Outlined below are some of the management principles we hope you will apply when using this review tool to build
capability within your school.
This is Not a Test: Because we use tests so often in education, you might be tempted to treat the feedback given in the
review as if it was a mark for a test. That is not the case. With tests, typically the best students in the class will
consistently score high marks. If you have a history of being a "good student" you might expect highly positive feedback
in each area. That will not be the case here. In some areas, such as the section on Competencies, a person would need
to be gifted to achieve a high score in one of the areas. We doubt that anyone will score highly in all four areas
considered: that would not truly reflect the nature of competencies and giftedness.
Taking a Long View: This tool is designed to be used throughout your career. Beginning teachers may find they get
'Novice' ratings in most of the areas of Teaching Practice. That would be an accurate reflection of where they are in
their professional development. They have years of development ahead of them. Plans based on the feedback provided
need to reflect this reality. It takes years to develop mastery. When making developmental plans on the basis of the
feedback given, aim to be realistic and focused. Think about the "next step" that needs to be taken. Attempting to lift
capability across the board would be trying to do the impossible.
Developmental Tool: Sometimes we forget that adults are learners too. We think they should automatically be experts
at everything. Of course this isn't so. One isn't born a fully capable teaching professional. Even 'child prodigies' have to
work hard to develop their talent. So, the review process is not one of 'command and control': demanding that certain
ratings are achieved and disciplining those who fall short of arbitrary standards that have been set. Rather, feedback is
used developmentally: it is the basis for planning further learning and professional growth.
Appreciation: Development works best when people appreciate and build on strengths. Not every teacher has the same
strengths. Not all deficiencies need be of real concern. A child will encounter many teachers: you don't have to do
everything. You will make a greater impact by being extraordinary at some things. Many people set developmental
goals by default. They just work on their area of greatest weakness. They work on that until it is 'OK', then shift to the
next greatest weakness. At its best, this is a recipe for mediocrity. Aim to use the feedback to identify your areas of
strengths. How could you use these more fully? What currently prevents you from using your strengths effectively?
What could become another strength?
Building Developmental Partners: On one's own it is easy to lose sight of the purpose of feedback. You might start to
focus on deficiencies, treat the review as a test, or take a short-term view. What can help? Having a developmental
partner - a trusted colleague - who can help you make sense of the feedback, check the reasonableness of your plans,
and offer an appropriate level of challenge and support. When you find a developmental partner who you know is
interested in your professional development, who speaks to you openly about your developmental needs, and who you
trust, treat this person as a treasure. Make it easy for them to give you the feedback you need by asking for it, and ask
repeatedly if necessary.
Report Contents
Sections
Appendix
• Novice: While novices may have been introduced to the area of concern, and may have developed some
ability to talk about the subject using appropriate vocabulary, they can only perform the most basic
operations. They may know what the process is, but do not know how to do it. Even the most experienced
teacher will be a novice in regard to some aspect of teaching practice.
• Advanced beginner: People who are advanced beginners are those who have started to perform basic
operations associated with the subject, but are not yet "proficient". They have to think carefully about what
they are doing at each step. Usually they can reliably produce desired results, as long as conditions are
favourable (e.g. they are not required to do something else at the same time) or they are able to refer to
some with experience when things get tricky. They know what they are doing.
• Proficient: People who are proficient have practised the skill to the point where they can perform the
operations in a relaxed state. With proficiency, people know why they do various elements of the work, so
they can adjust what they do when conditions change or complexity in the environment increases.
• Master: People have obtained mastery when they have the subject deeply embedded in their personal
practice. They intuitively sense when to use the skills associated with the subject and display them with a
degree of "artistic flair". Others, including those who are proficient, recognise their depth of understanding
and turn to them for advise when confronted with difficult challenges.
The Big Four is the framework for improving instructional practice developed by the University of Kansas Centre for
Research and Learning. The Big Four are about focussing teachers' attention on high yielding teaching practices. More
specifically it's about asking teachers to:
The Big Four also provide a useful framework for the provision of tailored professional development and learning for
teachers. In sequence each of the Big Four provides the typical developmental pathway teachers take across their
careers. Typically a novice teacher initially focuses on gaining control in the classroom and reinforcing positive
behaviour. Once achieved the next focus becomes deepening knowledge and understanding of essential content (
Curriculum ) and then in sequence, developing effective instruction before typically looking at increasing student
motivation through Formative Assessment.
This Self Review Instrument is designed to generate feedback across all of the Big Four areas. As teachers and school
leaders take part in developmental conversations based on this feedback, they will be able to discuss where to focus
developmental efforts in the context of individual teachers' careers.
Instructional Practice
Formative Assessment
Research shows when teachers focus on knowing, respecting and working with Māori learners, their whānau and their
iwi, we are able to significantly contribute to ensuring educational success. Teaching in this way we are able to integrate
worldviews, aspirations and knowledge of Māori learners into our programmes and the culture of our school. The
cultural competencies support Māori learners to achieve educational success as Māori.
• Wānanga
Participating with learners and their communities in robust dialogue for the benefit of Māori learners’
achievement.
• Whanaungatanga
Actively engaging in respectful working relationships with Māori learners, parents and whānau, hapū, iwi and
the Māori community.
• Manaakitanga
Showing integrity, sincerity and respect towards Māori beliefs, language and culture.
• Tangata Whenuatanga
Affirming Māori learners as Māori. Providing contexts for learning where the language, identity and culture of
Māori learners and their whānau are affirmed.
• Ako
Taking responsibility for their own learning and that of Māori learners.
Unlike the 12 Practising Teachers Criteria, within the framework provided by Tātaiako there are for the purposes of
teacher appraisal and registration three progressive levels (within each Cultural Competency) based on career stage.
Developing an awareness and understanding of one’s own identity, language and culture; developing an
understanding of the relevance of culture in New Zealand’s educational setting; and developing an
understanding and openness to Māori knowledge and expertise.
One knows how to validate and affirm Māori and iwi culture and can apply it.
• Leadership Level
One knows how to lead and engage others in validating and affirming Māori and iwi culture.
Information provided by the Appraisal Connector will support you, through professional reflection and inquiry, to think
about what it takes to successfully teach Māori learners and at what level you and others believe you are working.
More information relating to the levels can be found in the Ministry of Education’s and New Zealand Teachers Council’s
booklet, Tātaiako: Cultural Competencies for Teachers of Māori Students, which can be downloaded from their
websites.
Wānanga
Whanaungatanga
Manaakitanga
Tangata Whenuatanga
Ako
Key Competencies
The New Zealand Curriculum outlines 5 competencies that children need to develop through their education. Work on
competencies by Adult Education expert Douglas Hall encouraged us to apply 4 of these to the review of adults within
schools: they are closely aligned to what he refers to as "meta-competencies". By adopting the terms used within the
NZ Curriculum we hope to encourage teachers and school leaders to see the direct connection between how they
display these competencies personally, and the degree to which learners in the school develop them.
"Thinking" items are based around work by US educationalist Deborah Meier, author of In Schools We Trust. In her work
she encourages 5 different types of thinking, based on 5 key questions: "How do you know?" "What does this look like
from an alternative perspective?" "What would happen if...?" "What patterns can you see?" And "So what?" Each
question provokes a very different kind of thinking.
"Relating to Others" items are based on the work of Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, Professor of Education at Harvard
University. She has described how productive relationships, both in education and in life generally, are based on the
quality of respect. Further she has identified key elements that contribute to respectful relationships, including
curiosity, attention and dialogue.
"Managing Self" items are based on the work of Emotional Intelligence expert Reuven Bar-On. Dr Bar-On has developed
his own measures of emotional intelligence. We have adopted a framework he has published, in which outlines areas in
which emotional intelligence are expressed.
"Participating and Contributing" items are based on the work of change expert Otto Scharmer, author of Theory U:
Leading from the future as it emerges. In his work he explains how effective contribution to collaboration require
individuals to (1) observe reality as it is, (2) challenge assumptions and stimulate new thinking, (3) express their
thoughts in collaboration with others, and (4) act on commitments they have made.
Managing Self
Relating to Others
Thinking
Management Responsibilities
A number of seminal works on the management process have shaped our thinking on the items that appear in this
section of the review. Robert Fritz, author of The Path of Least Resistance and Creating has outlined the power of the
Tension/Resolution process in guiding behavior. This process is based around three stages:
Fritz’s work is directed at the process of managing oneself. However, careful comparison with the work of management
experts show that the same processes are involved when directing the performance of others. We have drawn on the
work of management experts such as Peter Drucker, Walter Mahler, Robert Blake & Jane Mouton, and Joseph Folkman
& Jack Zenger.
These other works emphasize that the basic process outlined by Fritz needs to be applied with a clear focus on results
that matter, and that managers have a responsibility to shape the emotional environment in which people operate, so
that people have the resources and support they need to deal with the tensions involved in performance.
Management Responsibilities
Professional Practices
Teaching is a profession and teachers are professionals. It means teachers are connected by professional association,
operate from a cognitive base, have worked and continue to work through processes of institutionalised training and
licensing, have high degrees of work autonomy and are guided by an overarching code of ethics.
In New Zealand all teachers (from Early Learning to Secondary) must be registered to practise teaching. Teacher
registration is contingent on each teacher’s ability to demonstrate commitment to the attainment of the highest
standards of professional service in the promotion of learning. This complex professional task is undertaken in
collaboration with colleagues, learners, parents/guardians and family/whanau, as well as with members of the wider
community.
The Code of Ethics for Registered Teachers states all teachers’ interactions are governed by four fundamental principles:
The extent to which you demonstrate commitment to the four fundamental principles will dictate the extent to which
your school’s culture is a professional one.
Special Character
This section asks teachers to reflect on their contribution to the Special Character of the school. It recognises that the
School's Special Character lies at the heart of our school and that as teachers we must continue to reflect on how best
we can support it.
In developing this self-review we have endeavoured to create a set of items addressing the key challenges you face in
your ancillary role within a school environment and ones firmly based on established conceptual frameworks (ways of
thinking about a topic).
The nature of the work we do at InterLEAD means over the years we have had the opportunity to examine various
conceptual frameworks. We have incorporated some of these within the Appraisal Connector System™. We wish you to
be able to use this self-review system in ways that allow you to receive reflective information from your colleagues. In
doing so we hope you can make informed choices and decisions around how you can continually improve and grow
within your role. Outlined below are the areas we have based this self review on;
Work on competencies by Adult Education expert Douglas Hall encouraged us to apply four areas to the review and
development of adults within schools: they are closely aligned to what he refers to as "meta-competencies". By
adopting the terms used within the New Zealand Curriculum we hope to encourage everyone working within a school
environment (you in your ancillary roles and teachers and school leaders) to see the direct connection between how
you display these competencies personally, and the degree to which learners in the school develop them.
"Thinking" items are based around work by US educationalist Deborah Meier, author of In Schools We Trust. In her work
she encourages 5 different types of thinking, based on 5 key questions: "How do you know?" "What does this look like
from an alternative perspective?" "What would happen if...?" "What patterns can you see?" And "So what?" Each
question provokes a very different kind of thinking. To be able to problem solve and to be open to new ways of ‘doing’
are critical competencies all successful adults require for continual improvement.
"Relating to Others" items are based on the work of Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, Professor of Education at Harvard
University. She has described how productive relationships are based on the quality of respect. Further she has
identified key elements that contribute to respectful relationships, including curiosity, attention and dialogue. In your
role your ability to effectively build relationships will determine significantly the extent to which you succeed and
continually improve.
"Managing Self" items are based on the work of Emotional Intelligence expert Reuven Bar-On. Dr Bar-On has developed
his own measures of emotional intelligence. We have adopted a framework he has published, in which he outlines
areas in which emotional intelligence are expressed. Your ability to Manage Self will determine considerably the extent
to which you are able to contribute effectively to your school in your role.
"Participating and Contributing" items are based on the work of change expert Otto Scharmer, author of Theory U:
Leading from the Future as it Emerges. In his work he explains how effective contribution to collaboration requires
individuals to (1) observe reality as it is, (2) challenge assumptions and stimulate new thinking, (3) express their
thoughts in collaboration with others, and (4) act on commitments they have made. In your role you play a critical part
in the successful day-to-day running of your school – the way you Participate and Contribute are essential.
Managing Self
Building Relationships
Thinking
Criteria
Tātaiako
Values
Code of
TIKANGA: Showing integrity by doing the right thing in
Responsibility Masterful Masterful
ways that are fair, honest and just.
3
NZ Catholic Education Office – Catholic School Elaborations on the Standards of the Teaching Profession
Appendix
Symbol Description
The red background on a question indicates that this question has been
selected for Kieran Rae to give priority to.
not all of the the teacher still does a students actively of learning and have
intellectual work. lot of thinking for engaged in the developed the ability
Students are overly those who remain challenging work of to learn independently
dependent on the reliant on the teacher problem solving, for lengthy periods of
teacher. for answers when they decision-making and time without the
get stuck. critical thinking. teacher’s assistance.
When students are When students are When students are Extensive curriculum
stuck, the teacher’s stuck, attempts are stuck, the teacher’s and content knowledge
content and curriculum made to deliver depth of content and allows the teacher to
knowledge prevents content in new ways curriculum knowledge adjust mid-stream ‘the
them from identifying but student allows them to deploy parts’ being delivered.
how best to adapt ‘the understanding is different strategies In any one lesson,
parts’ being delivered. compromised because without compromising ‘parts’ of the content
not having in-depth student learning. might be delivered in a
knowledge prevents multitude of different
the teacher helping ways and/or to
students make different students.
connections.
Instructional Practice
Formative Assessment
Students rely almost High expectations for Most students are There is a classroom
solely on the teacher learning are reserved independent and culture of student
to monitor their for those thought to understand their roles independence.
learning, taking little to have natural aptitude. as learners. Most are Students take
no action when this is The majority of committed to learning responsibility for high
required. Students students rely on the and realise that it quality work, initiate
don’t understand, and/ teacher to drive requires effort, so improvements, make
or the teacher has not improvements and consistently expend revisions, add detail
communicated growth. the effort to learn. and assist peers.
expectations around,
the importance of
effort.
Wānanga
Whanaungatanga
Manaakitanga
Tangata Whenuatanga
Ako
Managing Self
Relating to Others
Thinking
Professional Leadership
Management Responsibilities
Professional Values
122 Puts personal differences with others aside for the greater
good.
1 1
Unable to let things go Occasional effort Consistently effective Has the ability to hold
taking differences of made to let things go, when dealing with multiple-perspectives
opinion personally and adjust thinking and to differences of opinion and deal with the
letting personality be flexible of thought and personality complexities of
differences impact when differences of differences; remains relationships without
negatively on their opinion and positive and able to these tensions ever
and/or others’ personality differences continue to work having a negative
workplace occur and it impacts without tensions impact on their
effectiveness. on their effectiveness impacting on their and effectiveness and/or
and others in the others’ workplace others’ effectiveness in
workplace. effectiveness. the workplace.
Managing Self
Building Relationships
Is able to be trusted.
164
Can not be trusted; Trust is an issue; Can be trusted to Can be trusted to
discloses information withholds information withhold information withhold information
which should not be generally but can be from others as and from others as and
shared with others. influenced by others when required. when required and
to disclose. challenges those who
are unable to do so, to
do so.
Thinking
in talk about personal prefer to refrain from critique and greater value on
performance believing engaging in talk about affirmation. developmental areas
it’s at or above personal performance than those things
standard unless it’s believing it’s at or done well and has
praise, which is above standard. found ways to make it
gleefully accepted. safe for others to
share these things.
Demonstrates courage.
186
Avoids taking a Reluctantly and Can be relied upon to Can be relied upon to
personal stand or infrequently confronts speak up or take a stand up for what is
demonstrating issues arising that stand to deal with right, even when
courage when serious could undermine the serious issues that situations involve a
issues arise that could well-being of could undermine the high degree of
undermine the well- colleagues (as well as well-being of personal or
being of colleagues (as teachers, students and colleagues (as well as professional risk and
well as teachers, the school teachers, students and encourages others to
students and the community). the school do the same.
school community). community).
Management Responsibility
MANAGEMENT UNIT HOLDERS 1-5
Section
Note: Question numbers are relative to their question section, and may differ from the question numbering in this
report.
Management Responsibility
MANAGEMENT UNIT HOLDERS 1-5
Section
Note: Question numbers are relative to their question section, and may differ from the question numbering in this
report.