Garden Path SO

Prosody and rhythm on the sentence level.
Implicit prosody
Anita Soloveva,
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Universität Tübingen
04.12.2018
Anita Soloveva Prosodic Boundaries 04.12.2018 1/24

(Steinhauer et. al., 1999)
?
 Intonational phrasing (rhythm, pauses, accents,
amplitude and pitch variations) & sentence processing
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
Soloveva Hole Semantics
Prosodic Boundaries November 15, 2018
04.12.2018 2/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 1999) : prosody & human parsing performance
(1)
(a) [Peter verspricht Anna zu arbeiten ]IPh1 [und das
Büro zu putzen ]IPh2
‘Peter promises Anna to work and to clean the office’.
(b) [Peter verspricht] IPh1 [Anna zu entlasten] IPh2 [und

das Büro zu putzen] IPh3
‘Peter promises to support Anna and to clean the office’.
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 3/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 1999): prosody & human parsing performance
(1)
(c) *[Peter verspricht ]IPh1 [Anna zu arbeiten ]IPh2 [und
das Büro zu putzen ]IPh3
‘Peter promises Anna to work and to clean the office’.
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 4/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 1999) Methods
 First ERP (event-related potentials) study on influence

of prosody on human parsing (Steinhauer et al., 1999a)
Brain response to
a stimulus
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 5/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 1999) Results
CPS (closure positive shift) is evoked at the IPh boundaries
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 6/ 28
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[PeterversprichtAnnazuarbeiten]IPh1 [unddasBürozuputzen]IPh2
(Semantic integration)
(Syntax)
[Peterverspricht] IPh1[Annazuentlasten] IPh2[unddasBürozuputzen] IPh3

*[Peterverspricht]IPh1[AnnazuARBEITEN]IPh2[unddasBürozuputzen]IPh3
N400 P600
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 7/ 28
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 CPS reflects prosodic phrasing, NOT only related to

the acoustic properties marking the boundary:
 ERP experiment with pause removal
[Peterverspricht] IPh1[Annazuentlasten] IPh2[unddasBürozuputzen] IPh3

*[Peterverspricht]IPh1[AnnazuARBEITEN]IPh2[unddasBürozuputzen]IPh3
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 8/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 1999, 2001) Discussion
 Syntactic parser can be influenced by prosodic
information
 Syntactic parser & commas ? (2001)
 Punctuation
• NOT very strict
• NOT very well known
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 9/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 2001) Introduction
(2)
(a) Since Jay always jogs a mile and a half this seems like
a short distance to him.
(b) Since Jay always jogs a mile and a half seems like a
very short distance to him
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 10/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 2001) Introdution
 Preference to Direct Object (DO)
 (Mitchell and Holmes, 1985; Mitchell, 1987):
Comma insertion prevents readers from being
led up this garden path
(3) Since Jay always jogs, a mile and a half seems like a
very short distance to him.
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 11/
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(Steinhauer et. al., 2001) Introduction
 Reading activates phonological word representations :

‘internal voice’ (Chafe, 1988)
 Punctuation slows down reading locally but readers
profit later in a sentence (Hill and Murray, 1997,
1998; Hill, 1996)
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 12/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 2001) Data
EXPERIMENT 1 – easy to read or not? + additional test in
punctuation
(4)
(a) Peter verspricht Anna zu arbeiten und das Büro zu
putzen
(a’) *Peter verspricht, Anna zu arbeiten und das Büro zu

putzen
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 13/ 28
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EXPERIMENT 1 – easy to read or not? + additional test in
punctuation
(4)
(b) Peter verspricht Anna zu entlasten und das Büro zu
putzen
(b’) Peter verspricht, Anna zu entlasten und das Büro zu

putzen
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 14/ 28
14/24
(Steinhauer et. al., 2001) Rules&Participants
OLD PUNCTUATION RULES – Group 1
(5) Peter verspricht Anna(,) zu arbeiten und das Büro zu
putzen
(6) Peter verspricht, Anna zu entlasten und das Büro zu
putzen
(5) verspricht, Anna

Anna, zu arbeiten
arbeiten, und
(6) verspricht, Anna
Anna, zu entlasten
entlasten, und
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 15/ 28
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(Steinhauer et. al., 2001) Rules&Participants
NEW PUNCTUATION RULES

(7) Peter verspricht Anna(,) zu arbeiten(,) und das Büro zu
putzen
(8) Peter verspricht(,) Anna zu entlasten(,) und das Büro zu
putzen
GROUP 2 -> deviant punctuation
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 16/ 28
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Group 1(influenced by rules) Group 2
4a
4b CNV – contingent negative
4a’ variation;
4b’ CPS – closure positive shift
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 17/
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(Steinhauer et. al., 2001) Discussion
 Reverse garden path (4a’) requiring the mental deletion

of a comma is much harder than the classical garden
path (4b) where a comma was omitted.
 Punctuation habits & comma perception
(G1 &G2)
 Drawback: experimental design, reflecting the
expectation of the disambiguating second verb (“arbeiten”
or “entlasten”) -> Experiment 2
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 18/ 28
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EXPERIMENT 2 only correct punctuation (4a, 4b’) +
(9)
(a/a’) Der Mann sah den Jungen, das Mädchen (,) sah den
Grossvater und ...
‘The man saw the boy, the girl(,) saw the grandfather, and . . ’
(b/b’) Der Mann sah den Jungen, das Mädchen (,) und den
Grossvater, während . . .
‘The man saw the boy, the girl(,) and the grandfather, while . . .’
(,) – no comma is needed, but only in (9a’) it violates

phonological phrasing
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 19/
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Correct punctuation (4a, 4b’) The verb “sah/saw” in condition
Participants did not need to prepare (9a’) is incompatible with the
for a difficult-to-repair structure -> sentence segmentation-> P600.
the expectancy-related CNV was No such effect in (9b’) ->
eliminated, whereas the CPS comma rule violation is not
reflecting subvocal sentence sufficient to explain this effect
phrasing was still elicited.
9a
4a 9b
9a’
4b’
9b’
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 20/
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EXPERIMENT 3 (silent reading & the subvocal prosodic
phrasing) -> separate prosodic and lexical information
 Melodies:
• Type A ([Peter verspricht Anna zu arbeiten] …
• Type B ([Peter verspricht] # [Anna zu entlasten] . . .)
 Silent reading (no commas):

(10) Peter verspricht Anna zu arbeiten und ...
(11) Peter verspricht Anna zu entlasten und ...
Easy to read?
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 21/ 28
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 In delexicalized sentence melodies, prosodic boundaries
elicited CPS component
 In both mismatch conditions B→(10) and A→(11), a
P600 effect (most prominent in the reversed garden path
B→(10))
A -> (10)
A -> (11)
B -> (10)
B -> (11)
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 22/ 28
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RESULTS
 CPS – a universal online reflection of phonological
sentence phrasing (independent of the input modality:
auditory and visual cues)
 Commas influence depends on the rule knowledge and
use
 An overt prosody in speech and a covert prosody in
written language are related to one another
 The larger difficulty in the reversed garden path
condition
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 23/ 28
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Thank You for Your attention!
Literature
Chafe, W. (1988). Punctuation and the prosody of written language. Written Communication, 5, 396–426.
Hill, R. L. (1996). Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Dundee, Scotland.
Hill, R. L., & Murray, W. S. (1997). Poster presented at the 10th CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing,
Santa Monica, California.
Hill, R. L., & Murray, W. S. (1998). Poster presented at the 11th CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing, New
Brunswick, New Jersey.
Mitchell, D. C. (1987). Reading and syntactic analysis. In J. R. Beech & A. M. (Eds.), Colley cognitive approaches to
reading (pp. 87–112). New York: Wiley.
Mitchell, D. C., & Holmes, V. M. (1985). The role of specific information about the verb in parsing sentences with local
structural ambiguity. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 542–559.
Steinhauer, K., Alter, K., & Friederici, A. D. (1999a). Brain potentials indicate immediate use of prosodic cues in natural
speech processing. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 191–196.
Steinhauer, K., & Friederici, A. D. (2001). Prosodic boundaries, comma rules, and brain responses: The Closure Positive
Shift in ERPs a universal marker for prosodic phrasing in listeners and readers. Journal of Psycholinguistic
Research, 30, 267-295.
Iuliia
AnitaKocharina
04.12.2018 24/ 28
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Prosody and rhythm on the sentence level.

Anita Soloveva Prosodic Boundaries 04.12.2018 1/24

(b) [Peter verspricht] IPh1 [Anna zu entlasten] IPh2 [und

 First ERP (event-related potentials) study on influence

CPS (closure positive shift) is evoked at the IPh boundaries

[Peterverspricht] IPh1[Annazuentlasten] IPh2[unddasBürozuputzen] IPh3

 CPS reflects prosodic phrasing, NOT only related to

[Peterverspricht] IPh1[Annazuentlasten] IPh2[unddasBürozuputzen] IPh3

 Reading activates phonological word representations :

(a’) *Peter verspricht, Anna zu arbeiten und das Büro zu

(b’) Peter verspricht, Anna zu entlasten und das Büro zu

(5) verspricht, Anna

NEW PUNCTUATION RULES

GROUP 2 -> deviant punctuation

Group 1(influenced by rules) Group 2

 Reverse garden path (4a’) requiring the mental deletion

(,) – no comma is needed, but only in (9a’) it violates

 Silent reading (no commas):

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