FHMM1034 MATMEMATICS III

List of Formulae

Descriptive Statistics

µ=∑ ∑ fm ∑x −µ ∑ fm − µ
2 2
x
or σ 2
= 2
or 2

N ∑f N ∑f
(∑ x) ( ∑ fm )
2 2

∑ x ∑ fm ∑x ∑ 2
− fm −
2

x=
= or s = n or2 n ,n ∑f
n ∑ f n − 1 n − 1
1 
 2 (∑ f ) − ∑ f  
M −1 f −f 
= LM + 
Median M c = Lm + 
Mode m m b
 c
 fM   ( f m − f a ) + ( f m − f b ) 
 

Probability
n! n n!
n
Pr = =
Cr =
n

(n − r ) !  r  r ! (n − r )!

Probability Distribution
Mean, µ = E ( X ) = ∑ xP( x) Standard deviation, σ = ∑x 2
P( x) − µ 2
 n
Binomial Distribution B(n, p ) P( X = x) =   p x q n− x , q = 1 −=
p µ np=, σ 2 npq
 x
λ x e−λ
Poisson distribution P(λ ) P( X= x=) , = x 0,1, 2,... µ= λ , σ =
2
λ
x!
x−µ
Normal Distribution N ( µ , σ 2 ) z=
σ

Correlation and Regression

(∑ x ) (∑ y)
2
∑x ∑y
2

S XX = ∑ x 2 −
n
=
SYY ∑y 2
−
n
S XY = ∑ xy −
n
S XY
r= b=
S XY
a = y − bx
S XX SYY S XX
Table 1 Areas in Upper Tail of the Normal Distribution
The function tabulated is 1 − Φ ( z ) where Φ (z ) is the cumulative distribution function of a standardised Normal variable, z. Thus
∞
1 −z2
1 − Φ( z ) =
2π
∫e
z
2
dz is the probability that a standardised Normal variate selected at random will be greater than a value

 x−µ
of z  = .
 σ 
x−µ
.00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
σ

0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
2.0 .02275 .02222 .02169 .02118 .02068 .02018 .01970 .01923 .01876 .01831
2.1 .01786 .01743 .01700 .01659 .01618 .01578 .01539 .01500 .01463 .01426
2.2 .01390 .01355 .01321 .01287 .01255 .01222 .01191 .01160 .01130 .01101
2.3 .01072 .01044 .01017 .00990 .00964 .00939 .00914 .00889 .00866 .00842
2.4 .00820 .00798 .00776 .00755 .00734 .00714 .00695 .00676 .00657 .00639
2.5 .00621 .00604 .00587 .00570 .00554 .00539 .00523 .00508 .00494 .00480
2.6 .00466 .00453 .00440 .00427 .00415 .00402 .00391 .00379 .00368 .00357
2.7 .00347 .00336 .00326 .00317 .00307 .00298 .00289 .00280 .00272 .00264
2.8 .00256 .00248 .00240 .00233 .00226 .00219 .00212 .00205 .00199 .00193
2.9 .00187 .00181 .00175 .00169 .00164 .00159 .00154 .00149 .00144 .00139
3.0 .00135 .00131 .00126 .00122 .00118 .00114 .00111 .00107 .00104 .00100
3.1 .00097 .00094 .00090 .00087 .00084 .00082 .00079 .00076 .00074 .00071
3.2 .00069 .00066 .00064 .00062 .00060 .00058 .00056 .00054 .00052 .00050
3.3 .00048 .00047 .00045 .00043 .00042 .00040 .00039 .00038 .00036 .00035
3.4 .00034 .00032 .00031 .00030 .00029 .00028 .00027 .00026 .00025 .00024
3.5 .00023 .00022 .00022 .00021 .00020 .00019 .00019 .00018 .00017 .00017
3.6 .00016 .00015 .00015 .00014 .00014 .00013 .00013 .00012 .00012 .00011
3.7 .000108 .000104 .000100 .000096 .000092 .000088 .000085 .000082 .000078 .000075
3.8 .000072 .000069 .000067 .000064 .000062 .000059 .000057 .000054 .000052 .000050
3.9 .000048 .000046 .000044 .000042 .000041 .000039 .000037 .000036 .000034 .000033
4.0 .000032
5.0 → 0.000 000 286 7 5.5 → 0.000 000 019 0 6.0 → 0.000 000 001 0
Table 2 Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution
The table gives the 100 α percentage points, zα of a standardized normal distribution where
∞
1 − z2
α=
2π ∫e
zα
2
dz.

Thus zα is the value of a standardized normal variate which has probability α of being exceeded.

α zα α zα α zα α zα α zα α zα

.50 0.0000 .050 1.6449 .030 1.8808 .020 2.0537 .010 2.3263 .050 1.6449
.45 0.1257 .048 1.6646 .029 1.8957 .019 2.0749 .009 2.3656 .010 2.3263
.40 0.2533 .046 1.6849 .028 1.9910 .018 2.0969 .008 2.4089 .001 3.0902
.35 0.3853 .044 1.7060 .027 1.9268 .017 2.1201 .007 2.4573 .000 1 3.7190
.30 0.5244 .042 1.7279 .026 1.9431 .016 2.1444 .006 2.5121 .000 01 4.2649

.25 0.6745 .040 1.7507 .025 1.9600 .015 2.1701 .005 2.5758 .025 1.9600
.20 0.8416 .038 1.7744 .024 1.9774 .014 2.1973 .004 2.6521 .005 2.5758
.15 1.0364 .036 1.7991 .023 1.9954 .013 2.2262 .003 2.7478 .000 5 3.2905
.10 1.2816 .034 1.8250 .022 2.0141 .012 2.2571 .002 2.8782 .000 05 3.8906
.05 1.6449 .032 1.8522 .021 2.0335 .011 2.2904 .001 3.0902 .000 005 4.4172