Sprayed Seal Surfaced Unbound Granular Pavement

Step 1 Pavement composition

Material type Thickness (mm)
Sprayed seal surface
Unbound granular material 475
Subgrade, design CBR (%) = 5 semi-infinite

Step 2 Subgrade
EV = 50 MPa Section 5.6
EH = 25 MPa
vV = vH = 0.45 Section 5.6
f= 34.48

Step 3 Top granular sublayer

EV top of base = 696.44 MPa Section 8.2.3

EV top of base = 500 MPa Table 6.3 assuming High Standard crushed rock base
EV min = 500.00 MPa
EH = 250.00 MPa
vV = vH = 0.35 Table 6.3
f= 370.37

Step 4 Other granular sublayers

Divide the total granular layer thickness into five equi-thick sublayers (Section 8.2.3)
Each granular thickness = 95 mm
Calculate the ratio of adjacent sublayers:
R= 1.585
Therefore, elastic parameters of the first granular sublayer on top of the subgrade are:
EV1 = 79.24 MPa
EH1 = 39.62 MPa
vV = vH = 0.35
f= 58.70
Elastic properties of other sublayers are calculated similarly using the elastic properties of the underlying sublay
 Thickness Elastic modulus (MPa) Poisson's ratio
Material type (mm) EV EH νV νH
Granular material 95 500 250 0.35 0.35
Granular material 95 315.48 157.74 0.35 0.35
Granular material 95 199.05 99.53 0.35 0.35
Granular material 95 125.59 62.80 0.35 0.35
Granular material 95 79.24 39.62 0.35 0.35
Subgrade, semi-infinite 50 25 0.45 0.45

Step 5 and 6 not relevant

Step 7
Permanent deformation allowable loading (Equation 3)

Step 8 and 9 not relevant

Step 10
NDT = 1.00.E+07 HVAG
Permanent deformation is the controlling distress mode.
Using the example traffic load distribution in Appendix F, ESA/HVAG = 0.7
Therefore using Equation 17:
DESA = 7.00.E+06
Using the example traffic load distribution in Appendix F, SAR7/ESA = 1.6
DSAR7 = 1.12.E+07

Step 11
Standard Axle load represented as:
Tyre-pavement contact stress = 750 kPa
Load radius = 92.1 mm
Four circular areas separated centre-to-centre 330 mm, 1470 mm, and 330 mm (Figure 8.2)

Step 12
Critical locations to calculate strains are:
- top of subgrade directly beneath the inner wheel load of one of the dual wheel sets.
- top of subgrade midway between one of the dual wheel sets.

Step 13
Maximum vertical compressive strain from CIRCLY = 906 με
midway between the two loaded wheels.
Step 14
Permanent deformation allowable loading - from Step 7
N= 1.20.E+07 SAR7

Step 15
The allowable loading is 1.20.E+07 SAR7 compared to the design traffic =
from Step 10.

Step 16
As allowable loading exceeds the design traffic, the trial pavement composition is acceptable.
ed rock base

of the underlying sublayer and are listed in the following table:

f Value

370.37
233.69
147.45
93.03
58.70
34.48
1.12.E+07 SAR7
Asphalt Pavement Containing Cemented Material Subbase

Step 1 Pavement composition

Material type Thickness (mm)
Size 14 mm asphalt, E (MPa) = 2200 50
Size 20 mm asphalt, E (MPa) = 2500 125
Cemented material, E (MPa) = 2000 125
Granular material 175
Subgrade, CBR (%) = 5 semi-infinite
Post-cracking phase of the cemented material life may be considered (Section 8.2.4)

Step 2 Subgrade
EV = 50 MPa Section 5.6
EH = 25 MPa
vV = vH = 0.45 Section 5.6
f= 34.48

Step 3 Top granular sublayer

EV top of base = 131.95 MPa Section 8.2.3

EV = 210 MPa Table 6.5
EV min = 131.95 MPa
EH = 65.98 MPa
vV = vH = 0.35 Table 6.3
f= 97.74

Step 4 Other granular sublayers

Divide the total granular layer thickness into five equi-thick sublayers (Section 8.2.3)
Each granular thickness = 35 mm
Calculate the ratio of adjacent sublayers:
R= 1.214
Sublayer elastic properties calculation procedure is shown in the previous example (Appendix K.1)

Step 5 Cemented materials

Pre-cracking cemented material phase:
E= 2000 MPa Table 6.7
vV = vH = 0.2
Post-cracking cemented material phase:

EV = 500 MPa Section 6.4.3

EH = 250 MPa
vV = vH = 0.35 Section 5.6
f= 370.37
No sublayering

Step 6 Asphalt
Size 14 mm asphalt,
EV = EH = 2200 MPa
Size 20 mm asphalt,
EV = EH = 2500 MPa

vV = vH = 0.4
Elastic properties of all materials, including granular sublayers, are listed in the following table:
Thickness Elastic modulus (MPa) Poisson's ratio
Material type (mm) EV EH νV νH
Size 14 mm asphalt, 50 2200 2200 0.4 0.4
Size 20 mm asphalt, 125 2500 2500 0.4 0.4
Cemented material, 125
Pre-cracked 2000 2000 0.2 0.2
Post-cracked 500 250 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 132 65.98 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 108.67 54.34 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 89.50 44.75 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 73.71 36.86 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 60.71 30.35 0.35 0.35
Subgrade, semi-infinite 50 25 0.45 0.45
Step 7
Permanent deformation allowable loading (Equation 3)

Step 8
Cemented material fatigue allowable loading (Equation 7)

Reliability factor, RF = 1 (Table 6.8)

Step 9
Asphalt fatigue allowable loading (Equation 11)
Size 20 mm asphalt,

Assuming volume of bitumen (Vb) = 11 %

Reliability factor, RF = 1 (Table 6.15)

Step 10
NDT = 1E+07 HVAG
Using the example traffic load distribution in Appendix F
ESA/HVAG = 0.7
SAR5/ESA = 1.1
SAR7/ESA = 1.6
SAR12/ESA = 12
Therefore using Equation 17
Design traffic loading (DESA) = 7E+06 ESA

Step 11
Standard Axle load as in Appendix K.1

Step 12
Critical locations to calculate strains are:
- top of subgrade
- bottom of asphalt layer
- bottom of cemented layer
All the above strains are calculated directly beneath one of the loaded wheels and midway between the loaded

Step 13 Critical strains from CIRCLY output

Pre-cracking cemented material phase:
- asphalt - maximum tensile strain is
- cemented material - maximum tensile strain is
- subgrade - maximum vertical compressive strain is
Post-cracking cemented material phase:
- asphalt - maximum tensile strain is
- subgrade - maximum vertical compressive strain is
59 με beneath a loaded wheel
150 με between the loaded wheels
321 με between the loaded wheels
180 με beneath a loaded wheel
473 με between the loaded wheels

Step 14 Calculation of overall allowable traffic loading

As the thickness of asphalt over the cemented material is greater than or equal to 175 mm, the post-cracking ph
the cemented material life may be considered (Section 8.2.4). That is, the allowable loading is the sum of the loa
fatigue cracking of cemented material plus the loading for each distress mode (i.e. asphalt fatigue, permanent d
post-cracking (Section 8.2.4). This calculation requires the allowable traffic loadings to be converted from Standa
Repetition to ESA.
Pre-cracking phase:
Cemented materials fatigue:
N= 4.24.E+05 SAR12
Converted from Standard Axle Repetitons of allowable loading to ESA of allowable loading using SAR12/ESA =
N= 3.54.E+04 ESA
Permanent deformation:
N= 1.71.E+10 SAR7
Converted from Standard Axle Repetitons of allowable loading to ESA of allowable loading using SAR7/ESA =
N= 1.07.E+10 ESA
Asphalt fatigue:
N= 2.16.E+09 SAR5
Converted from Standard Axle Repetitons of allowable loading to ESA of allowable loading using SAR5/ESA =
N= 1.96.E+09 ESA
Post-cracking phase:
Permanent deformation:
N= 1.14.E+09 SAR7
Converted from Standard Axle Repetitons of allowable loading to ESA of allowable loading using SAR7/ESA =
N= 7.10.E+08 ESA
Asphalt fatigue:
N= 8.17.E+06 SAR5
Converted from Standard Axle Repetitons of allowable loading to ESA of allowable loading using SAR5/ESA =
N= 7.43.E+06 ESA
As discussed in Section 8.2.4, the total allowable loading of the pre-cracking and post-cracking phases are:
Permanent deformation allowable loading using Equation 24:

NS = 7.10.E+08 ESA
Asphalt fatigue allowable loading using Equation 23

NA = 7.46.E+06 ESA
Step 15
From Step 14, the following allowable loadings in ESA were calculated:
- permanent deformation = 7.10.E+08 ESA
- asphalt fatigue = 7.46.E+06 ESA
- compared to the design traffic (Step 10) of 7.00.E+06 ESA

Step 16
As allowable loading for each distress mode exceeds the design traffic, the trial pavement composition is
acceptable
elastic cross-anisotropic ν
cohesive 0.45
non cohesive 0.35
f Value

1571.43
1785.71

1666.67
370.37
97.74
80.50
66.30
54.60
44.97
34.48
way between the loaded wheels (Figure 8.2)

oaded wheels
oaded wheels

oaded wheels

mm, the post-cracking phase of

ding is the sum of the loading to
alt fatigue, permanent deformation)
e converted from Standard Axle

ng using SAR12/ESA = 12

ng using SAR7/ESA = 1.6

ng using SAR5/ESA = 1.1

ng using SAR7/ESA = 1.6

ng using SAR5/ESA = 1.1

acking phases are:

nt composition is
Full Depth Asphalt Pavement

Step 1 Pavement composition

Material type Thickness (mm)
Size 14 mm asphalt, E (MPa) = 2200 50
Size 20 mm asphalt, E (MPa) = 2500 210
Subgrade, CBR (%) = 5 semi-infinite

Step 2 Subgrade
EV = 50 MPa Section 5.6
EH = 25 MPa
vV = vH = 0.45 Section 5.6
f= 34.48

Step 3, 4, and 5 not relevant.

Step 6
Size 14 mm asphalt,
EV = EH = 2200 MPa
Size 20 mm asphalt,
EV = EH = 2500 MPa

Step 7
Subgrade strain criterion as in Appendix K.2

Step 8 not relevant

Step 9
Fatigue criterion for asphalt as per previous example in Appendix K.2

Step 10
NDT = 1.0.E+07 HVAG
Using the example traffic load distribution in Appendix F
ESA/HVAG = 0.7
SAR5/ESA = 1.1
SAR7/ESA = 1.6
Therefore using Equation 17 and Equation 18
DESA = 7.0.E+06
DSAR5 = 7.7.E+06
DSAR7 = 1.1.E+07

Step 11
Standard Axle load as in Appendix K.1

Step 12
Critical locations to calculate strains are:
- top of subgrade
- bottom of asphalt layer
Both should be checked directly beneath one of the loaded wheels and midway between the loaded wheels.

Step 13
Critical strains from CIRCLY output:
- asphalt - maximum tensile strain is 166 με midway between the loaded wheel
- subgrade - maximum vertical compressive strain is 412 με beneath one of the loaded wheels

Step 14
Asphalt fatigue allowable loading:
Volume of binder in mix (Vb) = 11 %
Desired Project Reliability is 97.5 %
Project Reliability Factor, RF = 0.67 (Table 6.15)
N= 8.21.E+06 SAR5
Permanent deformation allowable loading:
N= 2.99.E+09 SAR7

Step 15
Compare allowablle loadings (Step 14) to design traffic (Step 10):
Distress mode Damage unit Allowable loading Design traffic loading
Asphalt fatigue SAR5 8.21.E+06 7.7.E+06
Permanent deformation SAR7 2.99.E+09 1.1.E+07

Step 16
As allowable loading for each distress mode exceeds the design traffic, the trial pavement composition is accept
n the loaded wheels.

of the loaded wheels

sign traffic loading

nt composition is acceptable.