UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth

Resources

BAA4513 Foundation Engineering

Chapter 2:
Shallow Foundation Analysis and Design

Dr. Muzamir bin Hasan

Shallow Foundations

 Shallow foundations transfer structural loads

to relatively small depths into the ground.
 Range from isolated foundations, each
carrying its own column load, to elements
carrying several load columns, walls or even
all the loads for a given structure or building.
ADVANTAGES OF USING SHALLOW
FOUNDATION

1- Cost (affordable)
2- Construction Procedure (simple)
3- Materials (mostly concrete)
4- Labor (does not need expertise)
Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations
DISADVANTAGES OF USING
SHALLOW FOUNDATION

1- Settlement
2- Limit Capacity * Soil * Structure
3- Irregular ground surface (slope, retaining
wall)
4- Foundation subjected to pullout, torsion,
moment.
Shallow vs. Deep Foundations
Shallow Foundations

• Usually the more economical option

• As a general rule, consider deep foundations
only when shallow foundations do not give
satisfactory design
• Types of Shallow foundations
• Spread footings (square, circular, rectangular)
• Combined Footings
• Continuous Footings
• Mat or Raft Foundations
Combined/Strap Footing
 Construction Methods

• Excavation; Backhoe followed by handwork

o Neat footing-no formwork used
o Formed footing
Construction of Shallow Foundations
Construction of Shallow Foundations
Construction of Shallow Foundations
Construction of Shallow Foundations
Construction of Shallow Foundations
Construction of Shallow Foundations
Construction of Shallow Foundations
Construction of Shallow Foundations
Basic Construction Specifications and
Items for Inspection

3 construction requirements must be address

in the construction specification for footings
in soil:-
 Minimum depth to base of footing
 Certain minimum distances with the respect to
buried utilities, cavities, or other foundation elements
 Sequence of construction of individual footings
Basic Construction Specifications and
Items for Inspection
Basic Construction Specifications and
Items for Inspection
Example 8-1

 You’re designing a square footing near the

property line of an adjacent structure. The
local municipality owns an easement along
the property line for a sewer pipe with
diameter equal to 0.5 m and an invert depth
of 4 m below grade. At what distance from
the property line and at what depth would u
consider placing your footing?
Example 8-1
Solution
Basic Construction Specifications and
Items for Inspection
Construction Inspection

 Base elevation
 Nature and type of soil at the base of the excavation
 Base cleaning before concrete placement
 Dimensions and cross section of footings, grade
beams and other foundation elements
 Concrete placement
 Time for concrete placement
 Footing integrity after concrete placement
Dewatering

 Sump pumping
 Wellpoints
Sump Pumping

 Under CERTAIN conditions, be effective

 Pump placed inside a sump, usually partly
backfilled with gravel to prevent the
development of quick condition
 GW accumulates within the sump as it
surfaces, from which it is pumped out
Wellpoints

 Installed in series along the borders of the

zone to be dewatered
 Effective for relatively clean sand
 Higher fines content may lead to wellpoint
clogging
Wellpoints